Human Reproduction - Class-12 Notes - CBSE Biology Cbsebiology4u

11/18/23, 2:40 PM Human Reproduction | Class-12 Notes | CBSE Biology ‣ cbsebiology4u
Human Reproduction | Class-12 Notes |

CBSE Biology
By Ramakanta Biswal October 28, 2020
⮚ Introduction
✔ Gametogenesis: Process of formation of gametes.
✔ Insemination: Process of transfer of the male gametes (sperm)
into the female genital tract.
✔ Implantation: Process of attachment of blastocyst to the uterine
walls.
✔ Gestation: The event of embryonic development.
✔ Parturition: The process of delivery of the baby.
⮚ The male reproductive system
✔ Location: Pelvis region
✔ Consists of :
o Pair of Testes: (Sing. Testis), also called testicles
o Accessory ducts: (Rete Testis, Vasa Efferentia, Epididymis,
Vas Deferens)
o Glands: (Paired Seminal Vesicle, Prostate gland,
Bulbourethral gland)
o External Genitalia: (Penis)
The Testis (Primary Sex Organ)
https://cbsebiology4u.com/class-12/notes/human-reproduction-class-12-notes-cbse-biology/ 1/14
✔ Location: Inside a pouch like structure called scrotum, Present

outside the abdominal cavity.
✔ Shape : Oval
✔ Size: Length 4-5 cm; Width 2-3 cm.
✔ Role of scrotum / Why are testes located outside the abdominal
cavity?
o The production of the sperm requires 2-2.50 C less than the
normal body cavity. To maintain this lower temperature the
testes are located outside the abdominal cavity.
Structural Organisation
✔ Each of the testis has about 250 compartments called

testicular lobules.
✔ Each of the testicular lobules has 1-3 highly coiled structure
called seminiferous tubules.
o Sperm in developed in the seminiferous tubules.
o The seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells on
the inside
▪ Spermatogonia – Male germ cells
● Produces sperm by meiotic cell division.
▪ Sertoli Cells
● Provides nutrition to the developing sperm cells.
▪ Immunologically competent cells
✔ Interstitial spaces: The region outside the seminiferous
tubules, within the testicular lobules.
o It consists of :
▪ Small blood vessels
▪ Leydig cells or interstitial cells.
● Releases Androgen (Testicular Hormone)
Male Accessory ducts: (Secondary Sex Organ)
✔ The seminiferous tubule opens into the vasa efferentia through

the rete testis.
✔ The vasa efferentia opens into the epididymis (located on the
posterior side of the testis).
✔ The epididymis then opens into the vas deferens.
✔ The vas deferens then receives the duct from the seminal
vesicle and opens into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
o Role of ejaculatory duct: to store and transport the sperms
from the testis to the outside through urethra.
✔ Urethra starts from the Urinary Bladder and extends through the
penis.
✔ The external opening of the penis is called the urethral meatus.
The Male Accessory Glands: (Secondary Sex Organ)
✔ Consists of seminal vesicle (paired), Bulbourethral gland (paired)

and a prostate gland.
✔ Together they secrete Seminal Plasma
✔ Prostate gland: Milky secretion. It nourishes and activates the
spermatozoa to swim.
✔ Seminal Vesicle: Secrete mucus and alkaline fluid containing
fructose.
o Only place where fructose is secreted in the body.
o It acts as the substrate for the energy production by sperm.
✔ Bulbourethral gland/ Cowper’s gland: Release mucus fluid that
helps in the lubrication of the penis.
✔ Sperm + Seminal Plasma = Semen
The Penis: (External Genitalia)
✔ Consists of specialized tissue – erectile tissue.

✔ This helps in erection, which is necessary for the process of
insemination.
✔ The Glans Penis (enlarged end of penis) is covered by the
Foreskin (loose fold of skin)
➢ The Female reproductive system
✔ Location: Pelvis region
✔ Consists of
o Pair of Ovaries :(Sing. Ova)
o Accessory ducts 🙁
Paired Fallopian Tube, Uterus, Cervix,
Vagina)
o External Genitalia
o Glands 🙁Vulva)
Paired Mammary gland)
🙁
Ovaries (Primary Sex Organs)
✔ Location: One on each side of lower abdomen.

✔ Size: 2 to 4 cm in length
✔ Role of Ovaries
o Production of Ovum/Egg (Female gamete)
o Secretion of steroid hormones
▪ Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin
✔ Each ovary is covered by epithelium, and contains the ovarian
stroma.
✔ The ovarian stroma is made up of:
o Peripheral cortex
o Inner medulla
Fallopian Tube / Oviduct (Secondary Sex Organ)
✔ Tube like structure that connects the uterus to the periphery of

the ovary.
✔ Length : About 10-12 cm long
✔ Oviduct is divided into 3 parts:

o Infundibulum : Funnel shaped structure closest to the
ovary
▪ The edges contain finger like structure called Fimbriae
that help in collection of the egg after ovulation and
pass it on to the oviduct.
o Ampulla : Middle wider structure of the oviduct.
o Isthmus : Closest to the uterus and joins with it.
Uterus / Womb (Secondary Sex Organ)
✔ Shape: Inverted Pear.

✔ The uterus opens into the vagina via a narrow opening called the
cervix.
✔ The cavity of the cervix is called cervical canal.
✔ Cervical Canal + Vagina = Birth Canal
✔ Uterine wall has 3 tissue layer:
o Perimetrium: Outer most layer; thin membrane.
o Myometrium: Middle Layer; Thick muscular (Smooth
muscle)
▪ Exhibits strong contraction during the process of child
birth.
o Endometrium: Innermost layer; Glandular
▪ Undergoes cyclic change and play important role in the
menstruation.
External Genitalia
✔ Consists of :
o Mons Pubis
▪ A cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic
hair
o Labia Majora
▪ Fleshy folds of tissue, which extend down from the
mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening.
o Labia Minora
▪ Paired folds of tissue under the labia majora.
o Hymen
▪ Membrane covering the opening of the vagina.
▪ It is often torn during the first coitus (intercourse).
▪ It can also be broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion
of a vaginal tampon, active participation in some
sports like horseback riding, cycling, etc.
▪ In some women the hymen persists even after coitus.
● Therefore, the presence or absence of hymen is not
a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual
experience.
o Clitoris
▪ Tiny finger like structure

▪ Present at the upper junction of the two labia minora
above the urethral opening.
Mammary Gland (Secondary Sex Organ)
✔ Paired structure consists of glandular tissue and variable

amount of fat.
✔ The glandular tissue is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes.
✔ The mammary lobes contain cluster of cells called alveoli.
o The cells of alveoli secrets Milk.
o It is stored in the lumens (cavities) of alveoli.
✔ The alveoli open into mammary tubules.
✔ The mammary tubules join to form a mammary duct.
✔ Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla
✔ The ampulla is connected to lactiferous duct through which
milk is sucked out.
➢ Gametogenesis
✔ It refers to the process of development of sperm and ovum in the
testis and ovaries respectively.
✔ Spermatogenesis is the process of gametogenesis in males while
Oogenesis is the process of gametogenesis in females.
Spermatogenesis
✔ Process begins at the age of puberty.

✔ The process of Spermatogonium (Pl.– Spermatogonia) developing
into the spermatozoa.
✔ Location of spermatogonia: inside wall of seminiferous tubules.
✔ Step #1 : Mitotic division of spermatogonia to increase in
number.
o Ploidy level : Diploid (46 chromosomes)
✔ Step #2 : Some of the spermatogonia undergoes meiosis. These
are called the primary spermatocytes.
o Ploidy level : Diploid (46 chromosomes)
✔ Step #3 : At the end of Meiosis-1, two cells are formed called the
secondary spermatocytes.
o Ploidy level : Haploid (23 chromosomes)
✔ Step #4 : The secondary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis-2 and
produces four cells, called the spermatids.
o Ploidy level : Haploid (23 chromosomes)
✔ Step #5 : Spermatids are transformed into the spermatozoa
(sperms) by the process of spermiogenesis.
✔ Step #6 : The sperms cells heads then gets embedded into the
Sertoli cells to complete the development process.
✔ Spermiation : The process of release of fully developed sperms
from the seminiferous tubules.
Hormonal Regulation:
✔ The process is regulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone

(GnRH) secreted from the hypothalamus.
✔ The GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary and secrets two
gonadotropins: luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH).
Gonadotropin Acts on Secretions Role
LH Leydig Secretion of stimulate the process of
Cells Androgen spermatogenesis
FSH Sertoli Various help in the process of
Cells Factors spermiogenesis
Structure of Sperm
✔ Single celled structure.

✔ Consists of a head, neck, a middle piece and a tail.
✔ A single plasma membrane covers the entire sperm.
✔ Sperm Head : Contains nucleus with haploid set of
chromosomes
o Acrosome– cap like structure on the anterior portion of
head.
▪ Filled with enzymes that is essential for the process of
fertilization/
✔ Middle Piece : Contains numerous mitochondria.
o It is essential for the energy production which is needed for
the sperm movement (motility).
✔ Tail : Helps in the sperm motility.
✔ A single human male ejaculation consists of about 200 to 300
million sperms.
o at least 60 per cent sperms must have normal shape and
size and at least 40 per cent of them must show vigorous
motility.
✔ The testicular hormones or androgens maintain the functions of
male sex accessory ducts and glands.
Oogenesis
✔ The process of formation of the female gamete that starts during

the embryonic development stage.
✔ Step #1: The ovary of the foetus develops a couple of million
gamete mother cells (oogonia).
o No more oogonia are added later.
✔ Step #2: The oogonia undergoes meiosis, but the processes
temporarily arrested at the Prophase-I stage. These are called
primary oocytes.
o Step #3: The primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of
granulosa cells and is called the primary follicle.
▪ At puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left

in each ovary, while the remaining degenerate.
o Step #4: The primary follicle then turns into the secondary
follicle as it gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa
cells and a new theca.
o Step #5: The secondary follicle develops into the tertiary
follicle and it develops a fluid filled cavity called the
antrum.
▪ The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in
size and completes its first meiotic division at this
stage.
✔ Step #6: The primary oocyte after the first meiotic division forms
two unequal cells.
o Large Cell – Haploid Secondary Oocyte
▪ Contains most of the nutrient rich cytoplasm of the
primary oocyte.
o Smaller Cell – First Polar Body
✔ Step #7: The tertiary follicle then develops into the mature
follicle or graafian follicle.
o Step #8: The secondary oocyte gets a new membrane called
the Zona Pellucida.
✔ Step #9 : Ovulation– The graafian follicle ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) under the influence of LH.
➢ Menstrual Cycle
✔ It refers to the reproductive cycle (Cyclic ovarian and uterine
changes) in the female primates.
✔ Menarche – The first menstruation during puberty.
✔ Menopause – The stoppage of the menstruation at around 50
years of age.
✔ Menstrual Cycle – Events between two menstruation that
repeats about every 28/29 days.
✔ Consists of 4 phases: Menstruation, Follicular, Ovulatory, Luteal
phase.
✔ During pregnancy there is no menstruation or menstrual cycle.
Menstrual Phase
✔ First phase lasts for 3-5 days

✔ The endometrium lining of the uterus breaks down.
✔ The blood vessels and other tissues come out via the vagina.
✔ It occurs only if there is no fertilization.
o The absence is an indication of pregnancy.
✔ Menstruation does not occur in some of the following situations
also
o Stress
o Poor Health condition.
Follicular Phase (Proliferative Phase)
✔ Follicular development occurs

✔ Hormones: The level of LH and FSH (gonadotropin) gradually
increases.
o Stimulates follicular development.
o Stimulates the secretion of estrogen by developing follicle.
✔ Ovarian Change: The primary follicle develops into the mature
follicle or graafian follicle.
✔ Uterine Change: The broken endometrium regenerated via cell
proliferation.
Ovulatory Phase (Ovulation)
✔ The level of the LH and FSH is highest during the middle of the
cycle (14th day).
✔ The LH surge induces the rupture of the graafian follicle and
releases the ovum.
Luteal Phase (Secretory Phase)
✔ The graafian follicle changes into corpus luteum.

o It secretes the hormone progesterone.
o Progesterone is required to maintain the thick endometrium.
o It is essential in case of fertilization for the implantation to
occur.
✔ In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates.
o It forms corpus albicans.
o Disintegration of the endometrium occurs that leads to the
menstruation.
o A new cycle begins
➢ Fertilization
✔ The process of fusion of the male and the female gamete is
known as fertilization.
✔ Sexual intercourse / coitus/ copulation leads to the release of
semen into the vagina of female (process is referred to as
insemination).
✔ The sperm swims through the cervix, uterus and finally reaches
to the ampullary region of the fallopian tube.
✔ If ovulation has occurred and the egg is present in the
ampullary region then the fertilization occurs.
✔ This is why all the copulation need not lead to pregnancy.
✔ Process of fertilization
o The ovum is surrounded by the plasma membrane and the
zona pellucida
o The acrosome present at the tip of the sperm helps the
sperm to enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum.
o At this time the Meiosis-II division of the secondary oocyte is
completed.
▪ The division is unequal
● Larger cell: Haploid Ovum (ootid)

● Smaller cell: Second Polar Body
o The haploid nucleus of the sperm and the ovum fuses
together to form the diploid cell called the Zygote.
✔ What ensures that only one sperm can fertilise an ovum?
o When the first sperm comes in contact with the zona
pellucida, there is a change in the membranes. This change
prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the ovum.
➢ Sex-determination
✔ Genetically determined at the zygote stage.
✔ Human male has a chromosomal arrangement of 44 Autosome +
XY Sex Chromosome.
✔ Human female has a chromosomal arrangement of 44 Autosome
+ XX Sex Chromosome.
✔ The haploid gametes in females consists of only X type of sex
chromosome.
✔ The haploid gametes in males can contain either the X type or
the Y type of sex chromosome.
✔ There is a 50% chance of the male gamete with X sex
chromosome to fuse with the female gamete with X chromosome.
o This leads to the formation of the zygote with chromosomal
arrangement of 44 autosomes + XX sex chromosomes.
o The child born will be a female child.
✔ There is also a 50% chance of the male gamete with Y sex
chromosome to fuse with the female gamete with X chromosome.
o This leads to the formation of the zygote with chromosomal
arrangement of 44 autosomes + XY sex chromosomes.
o The child born will be a male child.
➢ Events leading to Implantation
✔ Post fertilization the zygote moves through the isthmus to reach
the uterus.
✔ Mitotic division leads to the formation of 2, 4, 8, 16 cell stage
embryos.
o Each of the cells are called the blastomere.
✔ Embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called Morula.
✔ The morula transforms into a Blastocyst due to rapid cleavage.
o It consists of around 70-100 cells.
o The blastocysts are well organized.
▪ Outer later – Trophoblast
● Gets attached to the endometrium
▪ Inner group of cells attached to trophoblast- Inner Cell
Mass (ICM)
● Differentiates as embryo
▪ Fluid filled cavity – Blastocoel (Blastocyst cavity)
✔ Post the attachment of the trophoblast to the endometrium, the
uterine cells divide rapidly and covers the blastocyst.
o The blastocyst gets embedded in the endometrium of the

uterus.
o This process is called Implantation.
➢ Pregnancy And Embryonic Development
Placenta
✔ It is a structural and functional unit between developing embryo

(foetus) and maternal body.
Development of Placenta
o Post implantation, chorionic villi are formed that are

surrounded by uterine tissue and maternal blood.
▪ Chorionic villi are finger like projections on trophoblast.
o Interdigitation of the chorionic villi and the uterine tissue
takes place and together they form the placenta.
✔ Role of Placenta
o Supply of oxygen to the developing embryo.
o Supply of necessary nutrients.
o Removal of CO2 and other excretory/waste materials.
o Acts as endocrine tissue and releases hormones like
▪ human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
▪ human placental lactogen (hPL)
▪ estrogens
▪ progestogen
✔ Placenta is connected to the embryo through the umbilical cord.
Hormones during Pregnancy
✔ hCG, hPL and relaxin are released only during pregnancy, hence
are the pregnancy hormone.
✔ Relaxin is released by the ovary.
✔ The levels of estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin,
thyroxine, etc., increases many folds during pregnancy.
o It is essential for supporting the fetal growth, metabolic
changes in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
Embryonic Development
✔ The ICM contains the stem cells.

o They have the ability to develop into all the tissues and
organs.
✔ After implantation the ICM differentiates into ectoderm (outer
germ layer) and endoderm (inner germ layer).
✔ Mesoderm (middle germ layer) appears in between the ectoderm
and endoderm.
✔ The ectoderm, mesoderm and the endoderm together give rise to

all the tissues and organs.
Events during the gestation period (development period of 9
months)
✔ End of One Month

o the embryo’s heart is formed.
✔ End of Second Month
o the foetus develops limbs and digits (fingers/toes)
✔ End of Third month / 12 weeks (First Trimester)
o most of the major organ systems are formed
o the limbs and external genital organs are well developed.
✔ End of Fifth Month
o first movements of the foetus.
o appearance of hair on the head.
✔ End of Six Month / 24 weeks (Second Trimester)
o body is covered with fine hair
o eye-lids separate
o eyelashes are formed
✔ End of Nine Month / 36 weeks (Third Trimester)
o the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.
➢ Parturition
✔ It refers to the process of child birth.
o A complex neuro endocrine event.
✔ Signal for parturition originates from the fully developed foetus
and the placenta.
o It induces mild contraction of the uterine muscles.
o It is referred to as the foetal ejection reflex.
✔ The foetal ejection reflex induced the release of the pituitary
hormone- Oxytocin.
✔ Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and induces stronger
uterine contraction.
o It further stimulates the secretion of more oxytocin.
✔ The stimulatory reflex between the uterine contraction and
oxytocin secretion continues.
✔ This results in stronger and stronger contractions.
✔ This leads to expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the
birth canal.
o The placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.
➢ Lactation
✔ It refers to the process of secretion of milk by the mammary
glands.
✔ The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation
during pregnancy and start producing milk towards the end of
pregnancy.
✔ The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is

called colostrum.
o It contains various antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to
develop resistance.
✔ Breast-feeding during the initial period of infant growth is
recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.
***********************************
Ramakanta Biswal
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11/18/23, 2:40 PM Human Reproduction | Class-12 Notes | CBSE Biology ‣ cbsebiology4u

Human Reproduction | Class-12 Notes |

✔ Location: Inside a pouch like structure called scrotum, Present

✔ Each of the testis has about 250 compartments called

✔ The seminiferous tubule opens into the vasa efferentia through

✔ Consists of seminal vesicle (paired), Bulbourethral gland (paired)

✔ Consists of specialized tissue – erectile tissue.

✔ Location: One on each side of lower abdomen.

✔ Tube like structure that connects the uterus to the periphery of

✔ Oviduct is divided into 3 parts:

✔ Shape: Inverted Pear.

▪ Tiny finger like structure

✔ Paired structure consists of glandular tissue and variable

✔ Process begins at the age of puberty.

✔ The process is regulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone

✔ Single celled structure.

✔ The process of formation of the female gamete that starts during

▪ At puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left

✔ First phase lasts for 3-5 days

✔ Follicular development occurs

✔ The graafian follicle changes into corpus luteum.

● Larger cell: Haploid Ovum (ootid)

o The blastocyst gets embedded in the endometrium of the

✔ It is a structural and functional unit between developing embryo

o Post implantation, chorionic villi are formed that are

✔ The ICM contains the stem cells.

✔ The ectoderm, mesoderm and the endoderm together give rise to

✔ End of One Month

✔ The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is

How to solve Chargaff’s law based Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Class-12 Biology Latest Syllabus & Text Book (2023-24)

Nuclear Meltdown leading to Rapid Evolution – The interesting story of

Video Classes on Heredity | Class-X

Video Classes on Life Processes | Class-X

Important Contact Us YouTube

JEE (Main) Comment or Message *

About Us Contact us Disclaimer Privacy Policy YouTube

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