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CH 1 S Eng. B 1
CH 1 S Eng. B 1
CH 1 S Eng. B 1
Note-.
substance _____________.
As we know that, the osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of a solution, hence
At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of aSubstance is higher than that at
a dilute solution.
Q.2 Which of the following solutions shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(a) Acetone + Aniline
(b) Acetone + Ethanol
(c) Water + Nitric acid
(d) Chloroform + Benzene
Because, pure ethanol has hydrogen bonds and after mixing acetone which is a non polar compound,
hydrogen bond of alcohol breaks and more vapour generate. Which cause positive deviation.
Answer – (a)
Q.5 Which of the following law shows the relationship between solubility of a gas in liquid and
pressure-
(a) Raoult’s law
(b) Henry’s law.
(c) Lowering of vapour pressure
(d) Van’t Hoff law
Answer –
(a) (iii)
(b) (iv)
(c) (i)
(d) (ii)
Answer –
(a) molality
(b) 7
(c) 98 g
(d) mole fraction
Answer –
(d) 60 g mol-1
Ans-A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition and properties both are uniform
throughout the mixture.The salt water described above is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is
evenly distributed throughout the entire salt water sample.
Q.10. Why is salt sprinkled to clear the snow covered roads in hills?
Ans- Salt is sprinkled to clear the snow covered roads in hills because, when the salt is mixed with snow,
it melts starts melting due to depression in freezing point.
Q.11. The number of moles of the solute present in 1 dm3 volume of the solution is known as....
(a) molarity
(b) molality
(c)normality
(d) formality
Ans-
Q.13. 92 g of ethyl alcohol is dissolved in 90 g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of water in solution.
Mass of water. = 90 g
Normality = n × Molarity
Ans- 1M Solution is more concentrated because, In 1M solution ,1 mole of solute is dissolved in less
than 1000 g of solvent.
Ans- Two solutions having same salt concentration are called as isotic solutions.If these two solutions
are separated by a semipermeable membrane, water will flow in equal parts out of each solution and into
the other.
(i) If, the process is endothermic ( solH> 0), the solubility increases with rise in temperature.
(ii) If, process is exothermic ( solH< 0), the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.
Ans- According to Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”.
p = KH x
where,
KH is the Henry’s law constant and is different for different gases at a particular temperature. Higher the
value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
Where,
P = Vapour pressure of a solution
P0 = Vapour pressure of pure solvent
X = mole fraction of solvent
Limitations-
Q.20. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What
would be the molarity and molality of the solution? (Density of solution = 1.2 g mL–1)
(i) Molarity =
(ii) Molality =
Ans- Boiling point of a solution containing a non –volatile solute is always higher than the boiling point
of the pure solvent. This increase in boiling point is termed as elevation in boiling point.
If Boiling point of pure solvent = T1
Boiling point of Pure Solution = T2
Tb = Kb X
Q.22. Write the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and mole fraction of solute?
Ans- According to Raoult's law, According to Raoult’s law the vapour pressure of a solution of a non-
volatile solute is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at that temperature multiplied by its
mole fraction.
P = P0ΧA
Where,
P = Vapour pressure of a solution
P0 = Vapour pressure of pure solvent
ΧA = mole fraction of solvent
We know that,
ΧA +ΧB =1
ΧA =1- ΧB
Where ΧA is the mole fraction of solvent and ΧB is the mole fraction of solute.
From above equation, we get
P = P0(1- ΧB )
P = P0- P0ΧB
P- P0 = P0ΧB
(P- P0) / P0 = ΧB
Q.23. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are
these deviations ? Explain with one example for each type.
The solutions that do not obey Raoult's law are known as non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions exhibit
either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
When, the partial vapour pressure of each component and total vapour pressure of the solution is less
than expected from Raoult’s law. Such solutions show negative deviation.
Example : Mixture of CHCl3 and acetone.
Ans- Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is temperature
dependent.
Molarity =
Molality =
Ans- According to Henry’s law “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas in the solution “,
p = KH X
(i) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
(ii)To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use oxygen diluted with less
soluble helium gas.
Q.26. Define osmotic pressure of a solution. How is the osmotic pressure related to the concentration of
a solute in a solution?
Ans- Osmotic pressure : It is the external pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the
entry of the solvent through semi-permeable membrane.It is represented by symbol (π).
According to the Boyle-van’t Hoff Law, the osmotic pressure (π) of a dilute solution is directly
proportional to its concentration at constant temperature.
π=
Ans- All the properties of a solution which depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of the
nature of solute are called as colligative properties.
2. Elevation in boiling point - The increase in the boiling point of a solvent upon the addition of a solute
is called as elevation in boiling point.
3.Depression in freezing point - The freezing point of the solvent in a solution will be less than the
freezing point of the pure solvent whether the solution contains a non-volatile solute.
4. Osmotic pressure - It is the external pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the entry
of the solvent through semi-permeable membrane.It is represented by symbol (π).
Ans-
Ideal Solution Non- Ideal solution
1. They obey Raoult’s law over the 1.They do no obey Raoult’s law over
enitre range of concentration. the entire range of concentration
4.
1. Examples:
Acetone +ethanol
Acetone + aniline;
Acetone + chloroform;