Approximation

Vondermonde method
d lineor in a b
Given f x
af b fax
Xi yd Xz Yz 3,43

seek the best approximation ca b

Afi Xi b fake Ys
t bfz.kz
Afn Xz ya
t bf2K3
af 1 3 43
3 overdetermined cannot besolved
egs 2porometers
f HD fixe Yi

fi Xz fake
e l I
I Xz

XT o a
p t b
o

Find such thatthe error E

s g
p E Y F is minimal
solution F is the projectionof I
g
Ii inthe Ii Ii Ipeone
7
p E'I III E peone

F A a XT biz
g

EL IP TI E I XT C t II Cz Ci Cs E IR
 I
CA I I t a Iit GII
AI I II A A E

A E T AI F to
l
l
T.AT AI Y Io
ET ATA ATI 3 I o t a a
ATAI ATP solution I ab

R2 howgood is the approximation

If I't te'T
Ept t
Eff
IF'T
e
f
R 1 IET C o e
1 12
R2
adj
For m points polynomial of degree m n RE e
oscillations bod approximation

adj R2 1 mm
t R2
n

m number ofpoint
is number
of porometers
increase n reeotive to m R't fi E t AIT n P
Nonlinear regression
b
Example fk g e

Ela b Yi f ki fyi ae
b
5

Minimum
b b
FEA 2
If fyi ae j e o

b
a e a eb x o
fig 2
yi
non linear system of equations
s

V
Xmin
 Fourier Transform

2T periodic functions
f G f Xt 2T tx
exompe Tg an aes nx t bn sin nx is 21T periodic

NE 21

if not 2 not at periodic

discrete frequencies
If f periodic
not periodic continuous spectrum
f
inxte inxjtgy.ceinx.e ing
coefficients ay
in
An bn e ant ibn e
2

Cn C n

Cn C n

Co Ao

An Cnt C n n 0

bn icon C n

Spectrum Ao Idol Kol

An THE 21cm
Note for ferrenfet fCN ftx bn 0 Inez
odd
f ft an o i
 I
Fourier series
discrete spectrum
f 2nF
acne
distinct frequencies
among
orthogonality 2T
Mtn
Tg ein't eim d f e d o n t m

0
0
I
cos mtn x isin mtn x
21T
i o
n m
O
f e DX 21T

im
f
m
II acne dx
le
m
ein dx
e
f dx
II Cne cm.at

0
if ntm
21T if n m
m
dx
cm
0
e
f

Orthogonality for sinnx cos nx

ing
2
sin Knx Sin nx Tfeim e imxyceinx e

T Sm n IT Im n

Gm n n m n
o mtn

cos mx coscnx dx IT8mm IT dm n

T
coscmx sin hx dx O
 x Emo fan cosCnx tbh sincnx HEIN
f
sinCmx
fk dx Info an coknxlsincmxjtbnsincmxjsincnxdd

bm.IT
so not defined
bm sin m x
fix dx

cos Cmx
fk dx Info anceschxkees Cmx tbh cos Cmx sincnx dx

Am I

am
if cos m x
fix dx
2T 2T
For do
ff DX 21T Teo To fix DX
2
To Ae
2

Discrete Fourier Transform

en ta e
f dx
O f 21T

in't
at fj e
II fo Kitty'tZ

CnTH
o fj zhjozII en

i
z t e j I

AN
Cn Cmtn discrete spectrum finite frequencies information
loss
 also Cn C Nth

reconstruction
Signol
Original fan NI
is replacedby
inx
2 one
gk h o

II fjeinxfe.it iY
MY Ny eincx g
e Xj
2
it Eoff n
Let X Xm 2 m me 6 N I interpolation nodes
yI
n
m g a einem j
m
j e µ

ein Xm Xj an
m
tj 1 NI
einem Mi z an ta o
h 0 h o A A

a e FF N Mj

gam t II fj N 8mg fm fam

Xm
f xm t m o N l
gp p
complex reel volued