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Integrity and Authentications for service security in vehicular ad hoc

networks (VANETs): A Review

Conference Paper · June 2021

DOI: 10.1109/HORA52670.2021.9461327

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 Integrity and Authentications for service security in
vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs): A Review
2021 3rd International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA) | 978-1-6654-4058-5/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/H O RA52670.2021.9461327

lst Mustafa Maad Hamdi 2nd Yuser Anas Yussen 3rdAhmed Shamil Mustafa
Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering
Techniques,Al-Maarif University Techniques,Al-Maarif University Techniques,Al-Maarif University
College, Al-Anbar,Iraq. College, Al-Anbar,Iraq. College, Al-Anbar,Iraq.
meng.mustafa@yahoo.com yuseranas99@gmail.com ahmedshamil90@gmail.com

Abstract— A main type of Mobile Ad hoc Networks comes to open, safe communication, communication, and
(MANET) and essential infrastructure to provide a wide range reputation management systems. This affects the trust of the
of safety applications to passengers in vehicles (VANET) are portable system in collaboration and arrangement. They are
established. VANETs are more popular today as they connect to genuinely defenseless to attacks by the fluctuating
a variety of invisible services. VANET protection is crucial as its
performance of the brand, which can lead to life-threatening
potential use must not endanger the safety and privacy of its
users. The safety of these VANETs is essential to safe and conditions as seen in figure 1.
efficient safety systems and facilities and uncertainty continues
and research in this field continues to grow rapidly. We will
explain the characteristics and problems of VANETs in this
paper. Also, all threats and attacks that affect integrity and
authentication in VANETs will be defined. Description of
researchers' work was consequently addressed as the table with
the problems of the suggested method and objective.

Keywords—VANETs, V2V, Integrity, Authentication, RSU.

I. In t r o d u c t io n

The ad hoc network of vehicles (VANETS) has

increasingly called attention to both academic and industrial
considerations. It is a crucial element of the intelligent
transport system aimed at improving driving safety through
vehicle communication and roadside infrastructure
communication^, 2]. With the help of the roadside and web,
this VANETS Base improves the early access of traffic
accident data for end-users. VANETs can be used to provide
reliable indications of prevention systems in the early stage
of a potential transport incident as a monitoring and early
warning framework. In the past few decades, emerging
developments have developed into the intelligent
Transportation System (ITS) and been data-driven ITS as
massive quantities of data are gathered from a wide range of
sources. VANET s are processes that are self-organized and
decentralized[3].
VANET provides Dedicated short-range communication
through the IEEE 802.11p protocol of 5.9 GHz band (DSRC).
In addition, VANET provides another scenario for
networking such as V2V and V2I communications for local
and remote environments. VANET also has a different
communications scenario. Wherever VANET s have been one
of the most exciting and growing mobile ad hoc network sub-
sets (MANETs). These include autonomous devices,
roadside systems, and onboard units (OBUs) that are
connected by unreliable wireless media[4]. They are also
available on the Internet. Besides the lack of infrastructure,
the equipment manufacturers travel at different speeds[5, 6].
The delay is the establishment and effective transfer of secure
end-to-end communications ways. VANETs thus faced
different systems issues and security challenges when it
Fig. 1. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANETS).
In this article, we discuss the challenges of VANET
privacy and security threats. We discuss the architecture,
privacy, and security problems in the performance of
VANET's and cloud computing. The number of private
vehicles on the road has also increased with an increase in
trade and increased progress[7]. The probability of accidents
and road accidents has been increased. The ad-hoc vehicle
networks (VANETs) have shown promise to reduce road
accidents and deaths by allowing vehicles to be
communicated. Furthermore, VANETs allow road users to
control and track rapid rush and relief vehicles. However,
design, routing, communication, and safety problems face
these networks[8]. The use of wireless networks has opened
these networks to various types of security attacks. The
possibility that a malicious vehicle or RSU has several
identities is an important weakness in such a network. The
attack is called an attack by Sybil[9, 10]. VANETs allow for
a malicious vehicle to send inaccurate traffic signals, a
forward collision, a closed lane, etc. This can cause the driver

978-1-6654-4058-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE

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to take another route leaving him vulnerable to an accident.
The objective of this paper considering the importance of
V2V and V2I to explain VANET issues and explained safety
issues like authentication and integrity were discussed[4]. For
each case, a literature survey, and a comparison with previous
studies, as presented in T able 1. Security services were also
discussed as a possible capability attack.
The rest of the paper as follows: The definition of
VANET is explained in section 1. Describing the
characteristics of VANETs in section 2. In Section 3,
VANETs present the most challenges. Section 4, which
explains all kinds of authentication and integrity in VANETs.
Section 5 shows the conclusion and future work.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF VANETS
A. Highly Dynamic Topology
Due to the very design of vehicles, it is especially demanding
to describe a specific configuration for a VANET s network.
the nodes are in constant movement, and communication
between v2i and v2v will take place within a very short time.
this makes it difficult to define the configuration of these
networks [11].
B. Variable channels in time and frequency
The communications may be more heavily degrading in time
or frequency, due to the speed of vehicles, the environment
in which they circulate, and the possible barriers to the
wireless signal (buildings, trees, etc..). than other mobile
networks.
C. Autonomy
It refers to the right of each Network Node to access the
medium, to transmit, route, and, where necessary, to receive
packets without centralized control. The OBU and the RSU
are also independently involved in these tasks.
D. Unlimited power supply
The power use nodes have no limitations as the battery
supplies enough for OBU and/or AU operation [12].
E. High computational capacity
Node OBUs can handle high network traffic flows with low
(video streaming) or low data rates with high priority,
depending on the application (security applications). They
monitor the routing and connection to the RSU, so that the
devices need the computational power, especially in critical
applications, to perform these tasks simultaneously and
without very high latencies [13].
III. Ch a l l e n g e o f VANET s
A. Data Distribute over the Mesh Nodes
We can conclude that, for data to be disseminated in high
quality, multiple units must be connected side by side
opposite each other on the lane, forming or establishing a
network of connectivity and distribution of the data more
cooperatively to all the various vehicles [14].
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B. Real-Time System
Developing a real-time system is a difficult challenge because
it is difficult to deliver an alert message before the deadline
in an increasingly mobile world.
C. Security and Trust
Security issues are often not addressed specifically in travel
applications, especially the comforts of a traveler, which is
why cooperative leadership exists amongst all [15, 16]. If
security and confidence are not offered, the customers will
not accept the warning systems. Trust and trustworthy
applications are one of the most critical problems for
protection within VANET. The integration of protection
maps in VANET applications can therefore postpone the
message's arrival[17].
D. Mobility
VANET vehicles are highly dynamic, so they can freely
travel during their movement and connect with other vehicles
that can never be approached before. Vehicles remain
connected for quite a long time, and as they travel down the
road which makes it difficult to secure VANET each vehicle
will lose connection[18].
IV. Se c u r it y a n d Pr iv a c y
Although most VANETS security issues are identical to
MANETs, VANETSs make privacy challenges more
challenging. Due to the optimization, frequent change in
topology, high mobility, and various implementations, safety
issues are more complicated. Furthermore, there is a balance
between driver/vehicle privacy authentication and non-
repudiation. lists certain VANETS-related security issues.
Smart onboard applications may monitor a large volume of
data and personal information about the movement of a
vehicle after VANETS is installed. Theft or misuse can lead
to serious problems with privacy and general security. Before
a large-scale implementation of VANETS, these problems
must be addressed. Different attacks and threats vulnerable to
VANETs. Security attacks must be classified because
VANETs involve children and parents cannot open
themselves to risks. Authentication and integrity are the main
classifications of these attacks[19]. The VANET security
service is seen in Figure 2. Now we illustrate the various
possible attacks to authentication and integrity.
Fig.2. VANET security services.
A. Integrity in VANETs
Data integrity is one of the most critical security
objectives of the vehicle network and should be preserved
when transmitting V2V or vehicles to the roadside
(V2R)[20]. As it is from sender to receiver, the message
cannot be changed. If the origin is an actual network user but
the quality of the message has been modified, the validity of
the original user must not be verified. Accuracy and integrity
of the data must be guaranteed. These attacks aim to affect
the validity and utility of a message. Examples such as
message control, illusion attacks, and timer attacks are
examples of this type. The attackers modify V2V or V2I
messages in message modification. In an attack by deception,
the attackers modify the vehicle's sensors such that they send
incorrect messages on the network and intentionally delete
the messages during time attacks such that critical messages
cannot be sent. Data accuracy and reliability represent what
is known as data confidence globally. The information
involved should not be changed, and should they be accurate,
fresh (current)[21]. It is important because wrong or
corrupted data could lead to a possible accident, bottlenecks,
and other traffic-security problems. Therefore, in all VANET
communications, data confidence must be established. In
transmitting safety and security applications of the vehicle
network, messages are of great importance. The amongst
certain all possible attacks concerning integrity.
• Message Alteration Attack: Malicious Attackers
modify the message and send false messages to
other people. Attackers modify the security or non-
security messages received from the others or the
RUS and then transmit this alter to other network
users [13]. The example in which attacker X starts
the security message attack. Attacker X gets an error
message Break down Vehicle A's warning.
Therefore, the attacker updates the message content
and delivers this message Road to vehicle B is Clear.
• Message Fabrication Attack: Attackers transmit
false data on a network in a message fabrication
attack [13]. Such attacks are being conducted by
greedy drivers. The greedy drivers create messages
using broadcast methods and begin an attack by
transmitting them to the network. There are two
possible modes of the production of
communications. Incorrect information is
transmitted to other vehicles or an RSU concerning
the ID, speed, and position of an attacker. The
attacker would also be presented as an emergency
vehicle so that the attacker will drive faster.
• Incorrect Data Injecting Attack: Attacker X
monitors communication in the original message
(blue lines) from vehicle C to Vehicle D by inserting
alternate information.
• Masquerading Attack: The attacker uses registered
user IDs and passwords in the VANET system and
is trying to transmit false messages that appear to be
coming from the authorized node.
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• Replay Attack: The goal of the attacker is to
fraudulently duplicate or interrupt transmission by
providing valid data and inserting invariant beacon
messages received afterward on the VANETs,
which can create difficulties in identifying vehicles
by the transport authority in the case of an
emergency[22].
• Message Tampering Attack: The attack usually
occurs as the name of the attack as the attacker
modifies or changes recent message data [23]. For
example, if the route is interrupted, the attacker
changes the data to clarify the path that will affect
the user in changing his paths.
• illusion Attack: This attack obtained antenna data
and malicious information from sensor data
generators that use the existing road condition to
generate an impression for vehicles involved to
generate traffic warning messages[24]. Caption
attack may be caused by road collisions and
congestion and by the usage of unnecessary
bandwidth the efficiency of the VANET device is
minimized.
B. Authentication in VANETs
Authentication attacks and data security attacks: certain
attack types occur when non-authenticated vehicles enter
network messages or monitor private vehicle-related
information [25]. Examples such as Sybil attacks,
impersonation attacks, location monitoring, and identity
revealing attacks include such attacks. When the attacker is
Sybil, they take multiple identities and delivers false
messages to legitimate users. The attacker pretends to be one
of the authenticated vehicles in impersonation attacks and
sends messages. The attacker creates vehicle profiles in
private attacks, including location monitoring attacks, by
tracking a vehicle's route, and by identifying attacks, the
attacker obtains the identity of the owner and driver and can
access his details. The availability of interactive elements in
a vehicle network includes the security of legitimate internal
and/or external nodes that can handle the network by using
false identities, manufacturing, changing, or replaying
legitimate messages as well as revealing scared GPS signals,
to avoid unauthorized information being introduced by the
attacker into the vehicle network. There are some threats as
following:
• Masquerading: The masquerading of attacks is
simple in VANET since only an attacker must be
connected to the network as an onboard device.
Various attacks may be carried out by the attacker
by presenting themselves as a certificate authority of
the network. These attacks involve the development
of black holes or fake messages.
• Replay Attack: In a replay attack, the attacker re-
introduces a message that was previously sent,
which compromises the location table of a node by
replaying beacons. To ensure security, an exact time
source must be established to retain an archive of
messages received previously in addition to
 previous messages because this type of attack does
not occur in VANET working within a wave frame.

• GPS Spoofing: The GPS satellite determines the

geographical location and identification of the
vehicle within the network. By providing a false
reading, an attacker can trick the vehicles in a
network into believing they are in various places.
The use of the GPS satellite simulator will provide
stronger signals than the current generated by the
attacking satellite.

• Tunneling: This is a type of attack where an attacker

uses the temporary loss of positioning information
as the vehicle reaches a tunnel and the attacker may
have inserted incorrect information into the vehicles
positioning information before the vehicle regains
positioning.

• Position Faking: Accurate and authentic reports of

a vehicle's placing should be guaranteed. The
vehicle's location information is only given by the
vehicle and it should not be possible to impersonate.
An attacker will penetrate the information about the
location, thereby generating additional identifiers
that could prevent a vehicle from receiving details
of critical security, in an event that the vehicle
communication device is unsecured.

• Message Tampering: The communication

exchanged between V2V or V21 may be modified
to disprove requests for transfer applications by
threatening the authenticity of an attacker.

• Message Suppression/Fabrication/Alteration: An
attacker may either physically disable or change the
application to prevent the application from receiving
or sending beacons.

• Key and/or Certificate Replication: The duplication

of the vehicle identification in many other vehicles
inside the network can be used with a 1n attacker
scheme. The attacker's principal goal is to confuse
authorities and to avoid car detection in hit-and-run
incidents.
Table1: A compilation of recent publications on integrity and
authentication VANETs.

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 Proposed Scheme
Authentication

Objective
Integrity
Authors

Method
Issues
Even from the RSU, the real identity A new pseudo-identity system of The cost-effectiveness and
x x if it compromised. integrity and authentication for sufficiency of VANET work.
[26]
contingent privacy in a VANET.

The safety requirements such as A cluster-based VANET trust-based Provides lower overhead and delay
[27] - x message anonymity, integrity, and authentication system is proposed. for high security.
authentication need to be satisfied.

It is not possible to authenticate an An efficient ID-CPPA (ID-CPPA) Reduces the overhead of the RSU so
extensive range of messages signature scheme based on a bilinear that many messages can be
[28] x x generated from multiple vehicles map for Vehicle-To-Infrastructure authenticated.
efficiently by a roadside unit (RSU). (V2I) connectivity.

How to ensure communication NERA Scheme is proposed, and Reduce safety threats during
security and privacy in VANETs. Elliptical Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) pseudonyms and the process of
[29] x is proposed to enhance the RSU private key generation.
authentication scheme.

challenges of being rapidly Secure Vehicle Communications Independence of key control,

embedded into vehicles and not DAPPA Protocol. robustness, and fast message
[30] x dependent on ideal tamper-proof delivery, without the perfect TPD,
systems (TPDs). required.

The challenges raised by VANETs EST-Net, a new vehicle ad-hoc REST-Net provides high rates of
for integrity and authenticity. network intrusion detection system detection, adaptive driver disruption
(VANETs). warning speeds, and a false message
[31] x x
renouncing principle until the
attacker is detected.

There is no difference between the Authentication with Multiple Levels It can offer several anonymity levels
requirements for anonymity of of Anonymity (AMLA). to different VANET vehicles and the
various vehicles under the current identity-based signature function
security protocols in VANETs and maintains the protocol overhead low.
[32] x x
the anonymity levels offered by
these protocols are the same for all
network vehicles.

Tough to detect robust confidence MobileTrust: A trust-based hybrid Ensure intelligent and energy-
[33] x evaluation in crowdsourcing. framework for secure VANET sharing efficient security, privacy, and trust.
of resources.

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The above table can be summarized with the researchers'
most important findings as they have devoted their articles to
integrity and authentication, noting that [26] focus on The
cost-effectiveness and sufficiency of VANET work. In [27]
Provides lower overhead and delay for high security. In [28],[29]
Reduces the overhead of the RSU so that many messages can be
authenticated and Reduce safety threats during pseudonyms and the
process of private key generation. Also in [30] Independence of key
control, robustness, and fast message delivery, without the perfect
TPD required. [31] REST-Net provides high rates of detection,
adaptive driver disruption warning speeds, and a false message
renouncing principle until the attacker is detected. In [32]It can offer
several anonymity levels to different VANET vehicles and the
identity-based signature function maintains the protocol overhead
low. Finally, in [33] Ensure intelligent and energy efficient security,
privacy, and trust.
V. Co n c l u s io n
Security messages are vulnerable to attack in an
open access system that broadcast VANETs. VANET
considerations, particularly in V2V and V2I, are protected. In
most trials, however, confidence and availability are
practically non-existent. The essay examines significant
advances to address this gap and discusses in detail the causes
and many threats and hazards. In this paper, we describe the
challenges and characteristics of VANETs. Also, we list and
explain many threats that affect integrity and authentications
in VANETs. In future work, we suggest improving integrity
and authentication by including clustering and firefly
algorithms.
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