Evolution Book 1

Evolution
• Evolution is change over time
• Change happens in characteristics of a
population from one generation to the next
• Species evolve, NOT individuals!
Discuss some things that have changed over time

write examples in your notes

Name things that have changed
over time
Example: Radios
 Terminology
• Variations - the differences
seen between and among
species
• Species – when one or
more populations of
individuals that can interbreed
– producing fertile offspring.
– The species of every dog is Canis Familiaris
– We have different dog breeds based on their genetic
variations but they are all the SAME species
• Speciation - process in which species are formed
over time
 Terminology
• Alleles - a particular gene on a
chromosome that determines a
certain characteristic
– Hair color

• Frequency - how often

something occurs over time
– For example, the frequency of
Biology students passing their test
increases when students study.
1. Cut the outer edges off around the box shown below.
2. Start on the right side and cut the solid lines. STOP when you get to the short vertical line.
3. Glue or tape the LEFT side into your interactive notebook, then fold the tabs on the right back.
4. Right the correct vocabulary words from page 3 under the tabs.

A group of organisms that have similar features that can breed with one
another

The gene for black is “B” and the gene for blonde is “b”

The chance of a woman birthing a male baby is 0.5.

We see differences in our hair color, eye color, body shape and size.

Small mammals like squirrels that had once been part of a single population
could no longer contact and reproduce with each other across a new
geographic barrier like the Grand Canyon.
A group of organisms that have similar
features that can breed with one another species

The gene for black is “B” and the gene alleles

for blonde is “b”

The chance of a woman birthing a male

baby is 0.5. frequency

We see differences in our hair color, eye

color, body shape and size. variation

Small mammals like squirrels that had

once been part of a single population
could no longer contact and reproduce
with each other across a new geographic speciation
barrier like the Grand Canyon.
 Evolution

Charles Darwin - the father of evolution

• Born in 1809, England
• Was asked to sail on the HMS Beagle to
chart stretches of the South American
coast.
This voyage lasted from 1831 to 1836.
 The Voyage of HMS Beagle
• Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
– 5 year unpaid voyage
– Darwin studied plants, animals, collected fossils
– Found fossils of extinct animals that were similar
to modern species.
– During his voyage, he made observations that led
him to his theory of evolution.
 The Galapagos
On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific
Ocean he noticed many variations
among plants and animals of the
same general type as those in South
America.
Darwin noticed there were several types
of finches on these islands, and they
all looked like a bird he had seen on
the South American continent.
 The Galapagos
• The most distinct difference among finch species
is their beaks
• Why would beaks be different in different
locations on an island?
– They are adapted for the specific diets available on
the islands.
 The Galapagos
• Darwin hypothesized that
some of the birds from
South America migrated
to the Galapagos.
• Once on the islands, the
birds must have changed
over the years.
• This would explain the
numerous species of
birds present.
 The Galapagos
• After returning from the Galapagos and
studying all the different types of plants &
animals he collected during the voyage,
Darwin concluded that organisms change
over time….
– Which is called?

evolution
 Terminology Self Check

Matching

D
______1. Variations A. Change over time

C
______2. Speciation B. Different forms of a gene

E
______3. Frequency C. Process in which species are formed over time

F
______4. Charles Darwin D. Differences seen between and among species or
a population

G
______5. Species E. How often something occurs over time

A
______6. Evolution F. Father of evolution

B
______7. Alleles G. When one or more populations of individuals can
interbreed
Natural Selection
 Natural Selection
• Natural Selection- individuals that are better fit
for their environment have a greater chance to
survive and mate/reproduce.
– AKA- Survival of the fittest
– The genetic traits of “fit” individuals become more
common or frequent over time.
• What does it mean to be “fit”?
– more fit means they are better adapted or more
likely to survive and reproduce; characteristics of fit
individuals increase in in a population over time.
• The genetic traits of less fit individuals become
less common or frequent over time.
 Page 10 - Explain in Your Words

1. What does “survival of the fittest”

mean in your words?

2. What does “to be fit” mean in your

words?

3. What does “variation” mean?

4. What does “characteristics” mean?

 Natural Selection
• The recipe for Natural
Selection:
1. All Species have
genetic variation
2. The environment
presents challenges
to survival
3. Organisms who are
more fit leave more
offspring than those
not fit
4. Characteristics of a fit
individuals increase in
a population over time
1. All species have
genetic variation
2. The environment presents challenges for
survival:
– Environmental:
• Droughts, floods, fires, tornados, hurricanes, etc
– Competition:
• Among species: Food, water, space and
• Within species: Food, water space and mates
– Other:
• Predation, disease, parasitism
3. Individuals that are fit to their
environment leave more offspring
than those who aren’t.
• In other words, he who spreads the
most genes, wins!
– Individuals reproduce more than
can survive to help guarantee their
genes are passed on.

Why does no
one love
me?
 4. Characteristics of a fit individuals increase in a
population over time
a. Individuals that have the better characteristics and are
able to adapt to their environment live long enough to
reproduce those “good genes”
b. Individuals that cannot adapt do not live long enough
to reproduce and those “bad genes” (unfavorable
genes) are removed from the gene pool.
 1. Natural Selection
• Natural Selection and beetles:
1. Beetles have genetic variation
✓ Some are brown, others green
2. There is a struggle for survival
✓ Predation
3. More fit individuals leave more offspring
4. Characteristics of fit individuals increase in a
population over time
2. Geographic Isolation/Separation
• This is when populations of
individuals are geographically
separated and prevented
from mating with one
another.
• One side of the change could
favor different traits than the
other side
• This can be due to the
formation of new mountains,
canyons, rivers, or other
landforms, for example.
Geographic Isolation
 Geographic Isolation in Action

Kaibab Squirrel
Abert
Squirrel
 3. Gene Flow
Gene flow is when the allele frequency of a population is
altered by individuals moving into (or out of) a
population.

Population 1 Population 2 Population 2 over time

Individuals in Population 1 migrate to Population 2 and change the frequency of green beetles
found there
 Gene Flow
• Another word for gene flow is migration
Geographic Separation or Gene Flow?
EXAMPLE
About 10,000 years ago, the Tassel-Eared
squirrel population was split in half by the
formation of the Grand Canyon. Due to
isolation, they weren’t able to breed with
each other. One group evolved on the north
rim of the canyon, which is flatter and
slightly warmer. The other group evolved on
the south rim. They are now two separate
species.
Geographic Separation or Gene Flow?
EXAMPLE
Wind takes the pollen (the genetic material)
from a population of purple-flowered plants on
the east side of a valley and that pollen lands
on a population of white-flowered plants on
the west side of the valley. Now the west side
of the valley has both white and purple
flowers.
 4. Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is change in allele (gene) frequency due to chance
(randon)
• Population bottleneck -
when a population is
drastically decreased due to
a natural disaster
(hurricane, disease)
– most die
– Some genes are
completely lost
– Some genes are reduced
so much they can’t
“make a come back” in
their new population Write “bottleneck effect” below
this graphic in your notes booklet
 4. Genetic Drift continued
– founder effect – when a small group splits off from a
larger population and starts their own new population
isolated from the original population
• Amish in America – original population was 14
individuals that immigrated from Europe

Write “founder effect” below this

graphic in your notes booklet
 Mutations
• What is a mutation?
– a change in DNA
• a random mutation can happen to one individual
in a population
– This random mutation can either:
1. Increase an organism’s chance of reproduction
2. Decrease an organism’s chance of reproduction
a. If an individual dies before it can reproduce
that mutation is not passed down to another
generation
3. Not affect an organism’s chance of reproduction
a. Example - dark spots on pigs
• Random mutations can increase chances of
survival and reproduction
• Random mutations can decrease chances of
survival
• If an individual dies before it can reproduce
that mutation is not passed down to the
another generation
• Random mutations
might not affect an
individuals ability to
survive and reproduce
and will become a
natural variation
instead of a mutation
• Example- dark spots
on pigs
 Cut the sheet in half
1. Cut on the solid lines from the right edge, but do NOT cut all the way through to to left edge, so
you have flaps on the fight side of each piece.
2. Follow your teahcer’s instructions, and under each tab write the term that describes what is
happening (or happened) in the pictures

(moths) (beetles and boot)

natural selection genetic drift

(two-headed snake) (beetles)

mutations gene flow

(squirrels) (blank)
geographic separation or
geographic isolation
 natural genetic
selection drift

mutations
gene flow
Write the correct vocabulary word
next to each graphic on this page

gene flow mutation

geographic separation or
natural selection genetic drift
geographic isolation
geographic isolation (or separation)
 Vocabulary Application
A. mutation B. founder effect C. gene flow
D. geographic isolation E. bottleneck F. natural selection

F The brown lizards’ population increased when the climate changed and became very dry. All
____1.
green plants died, causing the habitat of green lizards to disappear. Green lizards died due to
being more visible to hawks.

D The people of Finland, who are secluded to some degree from the rest of the world by water,
____2.
develop certain diseases due to the lack of genetic material from other ethnicities and races.

C
_____3. Pollen from a population of plants on one side of a river is washed to a population of the
same species of plants on the other side of the river, increasing variation in the offspring.

B
_____4. An Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa is descended mainly from a few
colonists. Today, the Afrikaner population has an unusually high frequency of the gene that
causes Huntinton’s disease, because those original Dutch colonists just happened to carry
that gene.

E
_____5. Hunting reduced Northern elephant seal population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end
of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000 - but their genes still
carry the marks of this with very little genetic variation in this species.

A
_____6. When a woman drinks alcohol when she is pregnant. this causes the cells of her fetus to
change into abnormal cells.
 End of Notes Book 1

Work on Evolution Worksheet #1 in Canvas

- Unlimited attempts
- Repeat until you get a 100
- Quiz Monday will be over the worksheet
Evolution Book 2
Patterns and Evidence to Support Evolution

Patterns of Evolution
1. Convergent evolution
2. Divergent evolution
3. Phylogenetic trees

Evidence to Support Evolution

1. fossil record
2. biogeography
3. anatomy and development
4. embryology
5. molecular evidence
 Patterns of Evolution
• Convergent evolution - (word part: co = together) individuals
share similarities but they are NOT related, but they need
certain adaptations to survive in their environment
 Patterns of Evolution
• Convergent evolution
Example:
How are the following animals an example of convergence?
 Convergent evolution continued
• Sharks, dolphins, tuna, penguins have
streamlined bodies, and fins.
• HOWEVER Sharks are cartilaginous fish,
dolphins are mammals, tuna are bony fish,
and penguins are birds.
• They share similarities because they both
adapted to the same marine environment and
predatory lifestyle.
Describe the characteristics you would see in
animals living on a snowy mountainside
The picture to the right is a
sea urchin. List other organisms
that look similar to the sea urchin.

Are the organisms related to each

other? NO
Why do they share a similar
characteristic? protection
Sea urchin
(invertebrate)

Cactus
(plant) puffer fish
Hedgehog (mammal)
• Divergent evolution - (word part: di - 2) the
process by which one species begins to split
into two distinct groups with different traits.
• May lead to speciation.
• How are the following animals an example of
divergence?
• All canines have long legs, walk on their toes,
have bushy tails, non-retractable claws, and a
dew claw on the front feet.
• These and other shared characteristics are due
to the fact that they all come from a common
ancestor.
• Different populations
diverged at different
points and created
all these species.
 1. List as many organisms as you can that are
related to a lion

house cat tiger jaguar

leopard lynx bobcat
mountain lion (puma, catamount, panther)
ocelot jaguarundi cheetah

2. What do these organisms have in common?

3. Are they related?

 Phylogenetic Tree

• a diagram showing the evolutionary history of a

species
• Is this convergent or divergent evolution?
divergent
1. Which animal in the phylogenetic tree
is most closely related to the bat? _________________
giraffe

2. How can you tell? (be specific)

Shortest distance on
lines connecting them

3. Which letter represents the

C
common ancestor of the dinosaur and the bat? ______

D
4. Which letter represents the common ancestor of all these animals? ______

5. Which characteristic is found in all the vertebrates

(all animals in the diagram except the spider)? Amniotic egg
 Evidence to Support Evolution
• Evidence to support evolution:
– Fossil record
– Biogeography
– Anatomy and Development
– Molecular Evidence
 Fossil Record
• Fossil - trace of an
organism that lived
long ago; now is rock
• Fossils are how we
know that extinct
animals used to live
here on Earth.
• The oldest fossils are
found on the bottom
The fossil record seems to provide evidence of
both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
• Gradualism- evolution is a gradual process
that occurs continuously
– It does not happen over night!
• Punctuated Equilibrium- period of rapid
change in species are separated by periods of
little to no change
– “spurts in evolution”
– Organisms “appear suddenly” in the fossil record
usually due to climate changes
Term: Term:
Gradualism Punctuated
equilibrium
 Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
Cut butterfly graphics up from bottom
Glue/tape top edge onto page

Gradualism, continuous, Punctuated equilibium,

small changes Gaps in fossil record
 Biogeography
• Biogeography- Is the study of
the geographic distribution of
plants, animals and fossils.
• It is used to test predictions
about the nature, age, and
location of certain fossils.
• Species tend to be more
closely related to other species
from the same area than to
other species with the same
way of life but living in
different areas.
 Scenario - page 11-12 in Book 2

There is a group of islands off the coast of the mainland. The mainland and all the islands have eight
(8) total different bat species. Five (5) species of bats are found on the islands and 3 species of bats
are found on the mainland but are NOT found on the group of islands. The fossil record shows that
the oldest bat fossils are on the mainland.

Based on the information, are the bats indigenous to (originally from) the mainland and spread to the
islands, or are the bats indigenous to the islands and spread to the mainland?
Mainland to island
How do you know this? Fossils on mainland are older

On the map above draw an arrow to show which way the bats migrated.
 Anatomy and Development
• Homologous Structures:
– Similar Structure
– Different Function
– Common Ancestor
 Anatomy and Development
• Homologous Structures:
– Similar Structure
– Different Function
– Common Ancestor
Forelimbs of Vertebrates
 Homologous Structures

– Similar Structure
– Different Function
– Common Ancestor
 Anatomy and Development
• Analogous Structures:
– Same Function
– Different Structures
– Not related
• Examples:
– Bird wing and butterfly wing
– Quills on a sea urchin, hedgehog and cactus
 Analogous Structures

Hedgehog (mammal)

Cactus (plant)

Sea urchin
(invertebrate)
 Anatomy and Development
• Vestigial structures- serve
no useful purpose.
• Examples:
– Pelvis bone in a whale
– Appendix
– Tonsils
– Canine Teeth
Proposed Evolution
of the Whale
Examples of Vestigial Structures
• Extra pad and nail on dog & wolf paws
Vestigial Structures (cont’d)
Eyespot on a
cave
salamander.
This little guy
NEVER sees
light.
 Vestigial
Structures
cont’d
• Other examples
 Page 14
Homologous / Analagous / Vestigial

• Cut flaps up from bottom

• glue/tape top edge onto page 14
• Cut out 3 small pictures and glue or tape
the bottom of each to the bottom of the
boxes on page 14
• Fill in blanks under flaps using notes on
page 13
 Homologous Analogous Vestigial
ancestor
Same: _____________________ function
Same: __________________
useful purpose
No _______________________
structure
Same: ___________________ related
Not ______________________

function
Different: __________________ structure
Different: __________________
 4. Molecular Evidence
DNA
– ALL organisms (plants, animals, bacteria) have DNA, and
therefore share common ancestors
– Some very different organisms have very similar DNA,
therefore they are more closely related than organisms that
have more different DNA
Proteins
– ALL organisms have proteins they use to perform their daily
functions.
– ALL organisms, even very different ones, use some of the
same proteins.
– ALL of them use the same amino acids to build their
proteins.
• remember, the DNA
sequence dictates
the amino acid
sequence through
the processes of
transcription and
translation
 Molecular Evidence

1. Compare a Horse to a Kangaroo. Circle the amino acids are different.

2. How many amino acids do they have that are different? ______
9
3. Compare a Human and a Gorilla. Circle the amino acids are different.
4. 1
How many amino acids do they have that are different? ________
5. Which set of animals is MORE related based on the amino acids sequence you
human and gorilla
analyzed? __________________________________
5. Embryology
• Similarities in
embryological
development among
organisms is evidence of
common ancestry
• All organisms shown are

• Vertebrates – have a backbone

• Cephalization – sense organs and brain are in one place
• Have similar eye structure
• All 4 shown have, at some point in development:
• Post-anal tail
• Pharyngeal pouches (gill slits) – become gills in fish and
disappear in other vertebrates
(1868)
 E molecular evidence
____1. A. common ancestor, similar structure, different
function
C embryology
____2. B. structure that is no longer needed for organisms
survival
I
____3. fossils C. similarities in embryological development among
organisms
H phylogenetic tree
____4. D. individuals share similarities not because they are
related
J divergent evolution
____5. E. use of DNA, amino acids & proteins to support
evolution

D Convergent evolution
____6. F. not related, different structures, same function
B vestigial Structures
____7. G. the study of the geographic distribution of plants,
animals and fossils
F analogous
____8. H. diagram showing the evolutionary history of a
species of an organism
A homologous
____9. I. dead organism that shows us evidence that older
species gave rise to new species
G
____10. biogeography J. one species begins to split into two distinct groups
with different traits
Example: Term from Previous Page:
1. convergent evolution
2. analogous structure

3. molecular evidence

4. divergent evolution
5. homologous structure
6. phylogenetic tree

(one more slide!)

Evolution Notes Book 2 - Page 2

• Cut around edges of half sheet

• Cut sheet in half
• Cut dotted lines
• Glue or tape the left and right edges onto
page 2 in Book 2, so the flaps open from the
middle
• Follow teacher’s directions and write terms
under flaps
1. Cut around edges of half sheet
2. Cut sheet in half
3. Cut dotted lines
4. Glue or tape the left and right edges onto page 2 in Book 2, so the flaps
open from the middle
5. Follow teacher’s directions and write terms under flaps

(horses skeletons) (phylogenetic tree)

Fossil record Phylogenetic trees

(map) (embryos)

Biogeography Embryology

(shark/whale) (dog-like mammals)

Convergent evolution Divergent evolution
(amino acid table) (arm bones and wings)
Molecular evidence Anatomy & development
Evolution in Action - California Salamanders