PSP Manual 4 1

Muhammad Hanzala Submitted to: Engr.
Usama
2015-EE-507 Date of Submission: 01-10-2018
EXPERIMENT # 4
Coordination of DTOC Relays in a Power System

Objective:
At the end of this lab session students will be able to

 Understand the concept of Relay Coordination and Selectivity.
 Calculate the time setting of the relays for relay coordination in a power system.
 Analyze the effects of absence of relay coordination.
 Understand the concept of back-up protection.
Introduction:
Definite Time Over-Current Relay: A definite time over-current relay operates like an instantaneous
over-current relay coupled with a timer. Once current reaches the pickup value, it
initiates the timing circuit. As long as current stays above this pickup value, the timer will continue to
time. Once the definite time setting is reached, the relay gives trip signal to the circuit breaker.
Application of DTOC: The DTOC relay is different from the instantaneous over-current relay in a way
that it waits for a definite time once the fault is detected. The purpose of the time-delay setting is to
enable relays to coordinate with each other. When a fault occurs in a power system, the relay closest
to the fault should operate first so that minimum number of customers is affected.
Where there are two or more series protective devices between the fault point and the power
supply, these devices must be coordinated to insure that the device nearest the fault point will
operate first. The other upstream devices must be designed to operate in sequence to provide
backup protection, if any device fails to respond. This is called selective coordination or selectivity.
Consider a radial power line having two relays, one at the start of the line and one at the far end. The
relay at the far end can be set to operate faster than the relay at the start using the delay time
setting. If there is a fault at the far end of the line, a heavy current flows in the line which is picked up
by both relays but we can ensure that the relay closest to the fault operates first and the relay at the
start of the line only operates as a backup protection if the far end relay fails to operate.
Time over-current protection is mainly applied to achieve discrimination, i.e. selective operations for
faults on lines and in transformers in radial power systems. But where selectivity is not the main
objective, a short delay does permit a lower pick-up setting (current-setting) and therefore higher
sensitivity, if the application requires it.
Laboratory Task:
Simulate a small radial power system having a single generating source and multiple
loads. Determine the normal operating current in various sections of the power system so that the
“Pickup setting” for the protection relays can be determined. Model the DTOC relay as in lab
session #2. Install the DTOC relay model for the protection of the system at two different places
in the radial system. Determine the time setting of the relays to ensure relay coordination.
Simulate this circuit for faults at different locations in the system and examine the operation of
the relays.
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Muhammad Hanzala Submitted to: Engr. Usama
Procedure:
Step 1:
Draw a simple power system having a three phase source, three phase circuit breakers,
three phase VI measurement units and three phase series RLC loads. Connect the blocks as
shown below.
Set the properties of each block as mentioned below. Keep all other parameters as it is.
System Frequency: 50 Hz
Total Simulation Time: 0.5 s
Solver: Ode23tb (stiff/TR-BDF2)
Solver reset Method: Robust
Three phase source:

Voltage (Phase to Phase): 11e3 V
Internal connection: Y grounded
3 phase short circuit level: 600e6 VA
Base voltage: 11e3 V
Three-Phase Breakers:
Initial status of breakers: closed
Three-Phase Series RLC Load 1:

Configuration: Y grounded
Nominal voltage: 11e3 V
Active Power (MW): 100e6 W
Inductive reactive power: 100 VAR
Capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR
Three-Phase Series RLC Load 2:

Configuration: Y grounded
Nominal voltage: 11e3 V
Active Power (MW): 150e6 W
Inductive reactive power: 100 VAR
Capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR
Constant (C.B Control):

Value: 1
Note: The constant block is connected to the C.B control to keep the circuit breaker closed
initially. It will be replaced by the relay once we have implemented the relay model.
Step 2:
Measure the RMS value of current at Scope 1 and Scope 2. Calculate the Pick-up value of
current for the relays to be installed.
Current 1 RMS Value = I1 = ………13100…………………..
Current 2 RMS Value = I2 =…………79000………………...
Here I1 is sum of currents drawn by the both loads and I 2 is current drawn by load2. This
thing can be observed in the above figure.
Pick-up Value for Relay 1 = 1.4 x I1 = ………18520………...
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Pick-up Value for Relay 2 = 1.4 x I2 = ………11170………...
Current-setting of relay is also called Pick-up value.
Step 3:
Make a Subsystem named DTOC Relay 1. Implement the model of DTOC relay in this
subsystem as in lab Session 2. Connect this relay block to the circuit breaker. Create a copy of
this subsystem to connect with the other breaker. Set the “pick up” and “time delay setting” in the
relay. The details of this implementation are given below: -
Three Phase Fault:

Ground fault: Select this option
External control of fault timing: Select this option
Initial status of fault: [0 0 0]
Simulate fault at 0.1s.
Current Setting (Pick-up value):

Set the Current Pickup value of the relays as calculated in Step 2.
Step 4:
Set the Time-Delay (time setting) of relay 2 equal to 0.02 seconds. For Coordination the
time setting of relay 1 is determined by: -
Time Setting Relay 1 = Time Setting of Relay 2 + C.B operating time + a small constant
Circuit Breaker interrupts current at zero crossing. So it will take some time to interrupt
the current after operation. It will be the worst case when breaker operation starts just after the
zero crossing of current. In this case breaker operating time will be approximately equal to the
time taken by the half-cycle of the current i.e. half of the time period of current.
A small constant delay is added to ensure no overlap. Put this constant equal 0.015s.
Note: If the simulation is taking a long time to complete, change the “powergui” setting from
“continuous” to “Discrete” and set sample time 50e-6. The “powergui” block is present on the top
left corner of your main Simulink file. If powergui block is not present in the file, place it from
Simpower Systems toolbox.
Step 5:
Simulate the following fault conditions and describe your results:
1. A fault in section 2 of the power system with
Time setting of relay 1 > Time Setting of relay 2
Results: In this condition, as the fault is produced in the zone of Relay 2, so relay 2 will operate and
isolate the faulty part of the power system.
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2. A fault in section 2 of the power system with
Time setting of relay 1 < Time Setting of relay 2
Results: If the time Setting of relay 1 is less the that of relay2, then if fault occurred then the
relay 2 will not operate, relay 1 will operate and isolate the fault.
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3. A fault in section 1 of the power system with any time setting of relay 2.
Results: In this case when fault occurred no current flows through the section 2, so the relay
1 will operate according to the time setting or pick up time of the relay. In this case the
relay2 have no importance.
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Results:
1. Explain how Relay 1 works as a Back-up Protection for section 2 of the power system
There is two type of protection, primary and back up, in our work relay1 is the backup and
relay 2 is the primary relay. Because the time setting of relay 1 is greater than that of relay 2, so when fault
occurred the relay 2 operate quicker than the relay 2. So the relay 2 is primary and relay 1
is primary.
2. What is the necessary condition for Relay Coordination in this system?
If the fault occurred in a zone, then the protection in that zone should operate, if due to
relay fault is not operate then the other zone relay should operate. It is the necessary
condition for relay coordination.
3. What is the disadvantage of setting the DTOC time-delay to a very high value?
DTOC relay some interval of time to operate. So if the fault current is very high magnitude it can destroy
the System before the relay produce trip signal.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that The DTOC relay is different from the instantaneous over-current relay in a
way that it waits for a definite time once the fault is detected. When a fault occurs in a
power system, the relay closest to the fault should operate first so that minimum number of
customers is affected. From this experiment it is also observed that the DTOC relay becomes
dangerous if the fault current magnitude is high in the interval in which the relay waits to let
the fault clear, this fault may destroy the equipment.
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Muhammad Hanzala Submitted to: Engr.

Coordination of DTOC Relays in a Power System

At the end of this lab session students will be able to

Three phase source:

Three-Phase Series RLC Load 1:

Three-Phase Series RLC Load 2:

Constant (C.B Control):

Current 1 RMS Value = I1 = ………13100…………………..

Current 2 RMS Value = I2 =…………79000………………...

Pick-up Value for Relay 1 = 1.4 x I1 = ………18520………...

Pick-up Value for Relay 2 = 1.4 x I2 = ………11170………...

Current-setting of relay is also called Pick-up value.

Three Phase Fault:

Current Setting (Pick-up value):

1. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

Time setting of relay 1 > Time Setting of relay 2

2. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

Time setting of relay 1 < Time Setting of relay 2

2. What is the necessary condition for Relay Coordination in this system?

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