From early settlers to Confederation +

Food & Wars

FNU 100 F23 – Week 8

https://www.indigenousexperienceontario.ca/listing/yawekon/
 How are you
today?

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/298222806583700778/?d=t&mt=login
 Menu
• Course Issues
– Abstract & Paper
– Stop, Start, Continue

• Norman (2012) Fit for the table…Culinary

Colonialism in the Upper Canadian Contact Zone

• Break

• Tunc “Less sugar, more warship: Food as American

Propaganda in the First World War” &
Dowdeswell “Cooking to Win the War”

• Quiz

https://www.prepareforcanada.com/after-you-arrive/living-in-canada/celebrating-diwali-2022-in-canada/
 Stop, Start, Continue

• Thank you for those who

participated so far!

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
Stop
 Start

Ideas:
• Group projects
• Videos
• Food
• Games & Quizzes
• Concept map
• Recaps
• Weekly Announcement
• Field trips
Continue

In summary,
Interactions
• Group Presentations

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 Proposal
• Week 8 –Nov 2 - Abstract is due – feedback by Sunday
• Week 9 – Nov 9 - Immigration History and Cuisine – No changes
• Week 10 - Nov 16 - Paper is due on Tuesday - In class activity – The Canadian Cuisine
Photo Challenge (visit to Kensington Market OR Chinatown) worth 2 bonus points
• Week 11 - Nov 23 – Cookbooks & Guest Speaker
• Week 12 – Review, Concept Map + Food
Essay
Checklist
Questions?
(1)Early Settlers
L’Anse aux Meadows

Newcomers
• Vikings (1000 A.D.) NFL
• Fisherman
• Missionaries
• Sojourners (temporary) & Settlers
• Families & Individuals

By Dylan Kereluk from White Rock, Canada - Flickr, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=351717

 Reasons
• Barter for furs
• Work on fishing vessels
• Serve in garrisons (troops)
• Religious reasons
• Inducements of free passage
and land grants
• Adventure

Food as primary concern for

everyone!
 How did they manage to eat?
• Brought memories of ingredients, recipes, and known foods
• Challenges: Harsh climate, unknown vegetation, lack of
transportation, forests to clear
• Learned from First Nations the use of native plants, trees,
foods, beverages and medicines.

Think about today? What new

immigrants need to do to survive?

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/h/ho/hoarding_animal_behaviour/hoarding_animal_behaviour_1.jpg
 Culinary Colonialism in Upper Canada
(Norman 2012)
Letter dated 9 May 1833, Catharine Parr Trail – English settler:
Local Aboriginal women (squaws) “ have been several times to see me;
sometimes from curiosity, sometimes with the view of bartering their
baskets, mats, ducks, or venison, for pork , flour, potatoes, or articles of
wearing apparel. Sometimes their object is to borrow ‘kettle to cook’
which they are very punctual in returning.

Culinary and cultural exchanges between

Aboriginal and white British Settler women in
Upper Canada / Canada West ( 1791-1867)

https://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca/english/writers/cparr-traill.php
The Native Diet
• Long history of trade among
Indigenous people
• Long history of contact with
Europeans before Loyalist settlers
began arriving in 1790 (American
Revolutionary War 1775-1783)
• Diets change with contact with fur
traders and Missionaries + colonial
government efforts to settle them
as farmers and Christian people
• Increased British immigration after
Napoleonic Wars (1815)
• Two major groups: Anishinaabe (or
Ojibwa) and the Haudenosaunee
(or Iroquois) in Southern Upper
Canada
 The Anishinaabe
Before contact:
• Ate wild rice, maple syrup, duck, venison, fish ,
wild berries and fruit & traded with the
Haudenosaunee squash and pumpkins who
farmed vegetables. Women did food preparation
& harvesting; men hunt and fish.
After moving to reserves :
• Farming lifestyle: initially were provided with
housing, farming equipment, seed and stock.
Planted potatoes, corn, wheat, oats, peas , kept
cows and oxen. Field work done by men.
Increasingly hard to hunt. Reserves became a
refuge.
Contact with white settlers & government = changes
in gender relations and diets
https://passionpassport-1.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/12023321/Warrior-and-Maiden-min-scaled-e1641973062725-
1200x902.jpg
 The Haudenosaunee
Before contact:
• Farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers
• Corn cultivated in large scale = permanent
settlement fortified villages and longhouses =
grown with beans and squash. Corn made into
flour and used to bread or cakes
• Men hunting and warring. Fishing with nets in
the summer & ice fishing in winter. Hunter
deer, wild turkey, muskrat, beaver.
• Women crops and gardens; clan matrons
ordering planting, cultivation and harvesting.
Women and children gathered wild roots ,
berries, nuts, herbs, making maple syrup

People from the Long House

https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/who-we-are/
 • Migrated from NY after the American
The Haudenosaunee (Cont.) Revolution – granted land by the British
• Many were already Christian converts:
grew corn, oats, wheat, barley and kept
cattle. Subsistence farming.
• Men continue to hunt (season)
• Retained some culinary customs but
also adopted new farming practices =
dietary changes
• Taught the British arrivals struggling to
survive in the bush

https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/AlmanacStaffArchive/3sisters.jpg
 The British Diet
• Higher middle-class immigrants: newly
distanced from kitchen work, managers of
the household. Habit of hiring cooks,
housemaids & other domestic help.
• Diets prepared and served by servants
included soups, vegetables, fish, poultry,
meat with sauces and gravies, pastries,
breads, deserts
• The “lessen gentry”: grew fruits and
vegetables, raised poultry and cattle, made
cheese, brew beer, baked bread, preserves
and pickles. Bought tea and sugar

https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/images/english-author-jane-austen-news-photo-
1659386882.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.366xh;0,0.144xh&resize=768:*
 The British
(cont).

• (1820-1867) Desirable
Immigrants who would help
create a “really British” Colony
• One million people came
• Preconceived notions of the
“Indians”
 The Settler Diet in
the New World
• Dietary change started when boarded ships
• Complained about food in taverns, cornmeal
bread, poor butter, weak tea, salted or greasy
meat
• Unfamiliar landscape
• Bought large tracts of land, few neighbours, First
Nations people as acquaintances
• Men hunted, fished, ploughed the garden & fields,
heavy work
• Women planted, tended and harvested garden or
farm, oversaw poultry, milked cows, butchered
and preserved meat, fruit, vegetables – most
newly learned skills!
• Often had one servant: many were Irish, or
American
 Settler diet
(cont.)
• Staples: potatoes, bread, salt
pork, beef, products from
hunting, fishing, gardening.
• Relied on native foods when
had problems
• The success of the dinner relied
on women’s abilities
• “Acquiring and using Native
foods was one way that women
could improve the settler diet
and take better care of their
family”

https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/newmarkettoday/images/columns/remember-this/2022-09-29---rt-co-operation-for-
survival.jpeg;w=960;h=640;bgcolor=000000
 “We dined in the woods & eat part of a Raccoon, It was very
fat and tasted like Lamb if eaten with Mint sauce…(...)The
black Squirrel is large and quite black. It is as good to eat as
young Rabbit. (...) Wild ducks, (...) better than in England
from their feeding on wild Rice“
Elisabeth Graves Simcoe, wife of first Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
wo85dzPM4qQ/TVRs_uKB5iI/AAAAAAAACNs/BmHgBTTKH_Y/s1600/6a00d8341c5e0053
ef0147e1c60484970b-800wi.jpg

• Also, local gooseberries, apples, dried apples, strawberries,

raspberries, plums, wild grapes, whortleberries,
watermelons, wild geese, turkey, partridge, wild pigeon,
woodcock, snipe, elk, caribou, moose, venison, bear, pickerel,
cod, eel, black bass, pike, herring, and rattlesnake….

http://brooklynbrewery.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/black-squirrel.jpg
From Dorotte Duncan’s book
 Domestic Contact
in the Backwoods
• First few decades of 19th century:
• British settlers moved to First
Nations lands
• Contact zone for domestic exchange
• Trading and informal meetings
• Food was traded or shared
• Native culinary practices into Upper
Canada culture
• Some friendly and frequent relations
• Female encounters involved
domestic matters = kitchen or
garden
 Exchange of
Foods and
Recipes
• British settlers & Native
People created new hybrid
diets in Upper Canada
• New skills: night fishing, ice
fishing, maple sugaring
• New foods: maize ( Johnny
cakes), maple sugar, wild rice
(later declined), teas ( #
types), fish, venison.
• Some settlers apprehensive to
eat foods prepared by Native
women
• Cooking with pots & kettles =
proper Christian
• Culinary Exchange Model
 What did contact mean for their identity?
For British settlers For First Nations
• Not white Indians, Native food as part • Changes as longer process of
of life in Upper Canada colonialism: “Civilize” the Indian as
• From Britons to Canadians Christian farming households
• Successful in erasing culture but some
traditions persevered
 However…
By the end of 19th Century:
• Contact between these
groups began to change
• Number of British settlers
grew + Native people
increasingly forced to move
to reserves
• Settlers moved to towns =
Contact between them
decreased
• Influence on each-other diet
remained
https://www.indigenousexperienceontario.ca/listing/yawekon/
 Towards
Conferederation
Summer 1864

• US Manifest Destiny
• British pressure for self-
sufficiency

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/American_progress.JPG/300px-American_progress.JPG
 Meeting in
Charlottetown
• Colonies of Prince Edward
Island, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick to discuss
unification
• 8 delegates from Upper
Canada (John A. MacDonald
& George Brown great
coalition) and Lower
Canada attended.

http://web.ncf.ca/ex591/CG/images/maps/1862.png
Vessel Queen Victoria arrives in Charlottetown (September 1964)

P.E.I.’s Colonial Secretary William Henry (W.H.) Pope, was rowed out to welcome them.
http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/content/dam/tc/the-guardian/images/2014/8/26/s-s-queen-victoria-september-1864-2701209.jpg
.
 Descriptions of
the trip
Letters from George Brown
to his wife Anne
“great fun . . . having fine weather,
a broad awning to recline under,
excellent stories of all kinds, an
unexceptionable cook, lots of
books, chessboards, backgammon
and so forth.”(September 13,
1864)

http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/008/001/008001-119.01-e.php?&document_id_nbr=75&brws=1&ts_nbr=13&&PHPSESSID=dc4is8d4el3lo41rd6e1irl7o4
Three killing
meals
• Lunch and garden party at
Ardgowan (W.H.) Pope

• Lunch at Queen Victoria

• Grand ball in the Colonial

Building

https://thediscoverblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/blog_442-letter.jpg?w=515&h=670&zoom=2
 (1) Lunch and garden
party at Ardgowan –
William Henry Pope’s
house (Sept 2)
“Grand Dejeuner à la fourchette—oysters, lobster,
Champagne, and other island luxuries.” 23 delegates.
Broke the ice.

• https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/pe/ardgowan/info
 (2) Queen
Victoria lunch
• Princely style
• Champagne cooled in tubes of
ice, jellies flanked with Charlotte
Rousse and fragile meringues
quivered on the long damask-
draped serving tables.
• Lobsters boiled and chilled and
pilled on great platters, the
gleam of freshly polished glass,
glowers and fruit…”

https://www.chowhound.com/recipes/strawberry-cranberry-charlotte-russe-30228
 A stage for the
creation of a nation
• “Whether as a result of our
eloquence or of the goodness of
the champagne, the ice became
completely broken” (George
Brown, 1864)
• “There, in the chief stateroom of
the Queen Victoria, amid the
wineglasses and the cigar smoke,
twenty-three men had warmly
agreed to found a new nation”
(James Careless, 1963)

http://www.museevirtuel.ca/media/edu/FR/uploads/thumbnail/m993x.5.1039.jpg
 (3) The Grand Ball
Sept 8, 1864
• Colonial Building
• Like never before
• Brown got sick
• “Substantial rounds of beef, splendid hams,
salmon, lobsters, oysters, all vegetable
delicacies of the season, pastry in all of forms,
fruits in almost every variety, wines of the
choicest vintage” …
• Several hours of dancing – tea, coffee, cake,
and delicacies
• Sherry, claret, champagne and wine(…)
http://vancouversun.com/life/food/salut-dazzling-lunch-
led-to-formation-of-canada • Seven toasts
 • From the rough life to a time
of prosperity
• Heavy eating and hard
drinking, great banquets and
balls
• Emergency of sophisticated
society in the Colonies
• An elite “Canadian Cuisine”?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg
Charlottetown Confederation Delegates, 1864
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/media/10803/
Which group of people was excluded from
Confederation?
Time for a break
Food & War
What food has to do
with war?

http://filipelucas2.deviantart.com/art/Brainstorm-313239097
 ENTENTE POWER OR ALLIES

British Empire

WW1 -1914-18 •UK

•Dominion of Canada
•Commonwealth of Australia
•British India
•Union of South Africa
•Dominion of New Zealand
CENTRAL POWERS •Dominion of Newfoundland
Russian Empire
French Republic
Germany Empire of Japan
Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Italy
Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Serbia
Bulgaria Kingdom of Belgium’

South African Republic

Dervish movement (Somalia)
X Republic of United States of Brazil
Senussi Order (Libya)
Sultanate of Darfur
Kingdom of Greece
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
Idrisid Emirate of Asir
Kingdom of Romania
Kingdom of Montenegro
Romania (1916-18)
Portugal (1916-18)
United States (1917-18)
Siam (Thailand) (1917-18)
Armenia (1918)
 1 - “Less Sugar, More
Warships: Food as American
Propaganda in the First World
War

Key question:
• What was the role of food in the American war • Tanfer Emin Tunç is a professor
at Hacettepe University, Ankara,
propaganda during WW1? Turkey. She is a social and
cultural historian of the modern
United States. Her area of
specialization is the history of
science, medicine, and
technology.

http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/lang1/pg001.html
 Constructing the enemy
through food

• US entered the war in April 1917 – pres. Wilson

• Committee on Public Information (CPI )
– Pro-war advertisements magazines, pamphlets,
billboards, newspapers…
– Films: The Kaiser: The Best of Berlin (1918), The
Prusian Cur (1919)
– 4 min men (Public Service Announcements)
– Division of Pictorial Publicity: 1500 poster designs

http://img.pars03.fr.topfoto.co.uk/imageflows/imageprevie
w/t=topfoto&f=1294246&z=450
 DPP focus on food
production, conservation,
consumption

• Food & Fuel Control Act

– Herbert Hoover – head of USFA (Food
Administration)
– Authority over distribution, importation,
exportation, production, purchase, and storing of
food
– Task of avoiding food disaster by convincing
Americans to self-regulate their consumption of
food voluntarily
What was Hooverizing?
• Participating in Hoover’s conservation program =
patriotic and fashionable
• A Food Conservation Program convincing Americans –
and in particular, women - that food conservation was
their patriotic duty, and that the best place to start was
in their own kitchen and backyards.
• Support the ‘righteous’ American troops and US Allies
• Reeducating the public about food production &
consumption
• Visual & Print propaganda
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/media/loc.natlib.ihas.20021
1192/0001.tif/4678
It promoted changes in food production & conservation

• Victory (war) gardens

– Backyards & public
spaces (produce
more, consume less)
• Preservation of food
– Drying and canning
• Raising livestock
 It engaged women
• Gendered images: traditional gender roles
– Domesticity, dependency, self-sacrifice, gentility
– Kitchen (domestic) base for women’s war activism:
“Kitchen soldiers”
– Women invited to join Land Army
• Production & self-reliance: civic & patriotic duties
• Food as ammunition!

http://gulahiyi.blogspot.ca/2010/05/every-garden-
munition-plant.html
It engaged immigrants
• Women, Children and immigrants invited to join
the pledge for food conservation
• Immigrants were 1/3 of the American pop in 1917
(or children of)
• Conserving food as a patriotic duty: assimilation of
the ‘right’ immigrants

https://envisioningtheamericandream.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/wwi-
food-conservation-immigrants-food-win-war.jpg?w=710
 It promoted changes in
food consumption

• Reduce sugars Why?

• Reduce red meat and white bread.
• Reduce oils and red meat
• Include more fruits and vegetables
• Consume dry and hot cereals & white meats
• More baked, broiled and boiled foods
• Education about good nutrition during war time

https://1dcem613f5v8509f13ajfcqx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/1917-save-food-620x859.jpg
 Wining the War
through Diet

• Wheatless Mondays and

Wednesdays
• Meatless Tuesdays
• Pork-less Thursdays
• Doctrine of clean plate to
avoid waste
• Dietary Pledges for Adults,
Children & Immigrants

https://exhibits.library.unt.edu/sites/default/files/styles/object_full/public/UNTA_AR0819-002-001_02.jpg?itok=tv4hmyXn
 It promoted Culinary
innovations

• Recipes for egg-, butter-, milk-, and wheat-free

cakes and breads
• Victory diners: nuts, vegetables, legumes, cottage
cheese, poultry or fish instead of red meat
• Sugar means ships (honey, molasses, maple syrup
instead)
• Pasta – adding Italian foods to American menu
http://www.pdfbooksworld.com/image/cache/catalog/8
89-390x550.jpg
It promoted new ways of
shopping
Piggly Wiggly
• Memphis, Tennessee 1916
• Later: supermarkets
• First self-service
• Labeled goods with prices
• Provided receipts
• Pass savings to consumers
• Cheaper alternative
• Must follow USFA codes

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Piggly-wiggly.jpg/330px-Piggly-wiggly.jpg
https://allquawater.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/piggly-wiggly-logo.png
 Later gains for women

• Prohibition 1920
• Suffrage 1920

Political cartoon criticizing the alliance between the prohibitionists and women's suffrage movements. The Genii of Intolerance,
"The Genii of Intolerance - A Dangerous Ally for the Cause of Women Suffrage". Cartoon by Cesare, labelled "Prohibition," emerges from his bottle.
Oscar Edward, 1885-1948, published in "Puck" magazine, volume= 78, issue=2012 1915 Sept. 25,
page= 6
 Conclusion
• Important role of food in WW1 (USA)
• Propaganda was used to have the women grow
their own vegetables and eat healthy and
preserve the food that could be sent over to the
starving soldiers.
• Idea that the war could be won by countries
with better food sources/provisions; stronger
soldiers.
• Women played an important role in the war.
Canada in WW1
Food Board posters

• Expansion of Agriculture –
Wheat demand
• Youth recruited as SOS –
Soldiers of the Soil &
Farmerettes

http://www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/002780.html
 Great Depression 1930’s

Poor mother and children during the Great Depression. Elm Grove, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, USA. Unemployed men march in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Photo by Dorothea Nutzhorn Library and Archives Canada C-029397
http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c20000/3c29000/3c29100/3c29107v.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression#/media/File:UnemployedMarch.jpg
Food & War
WW2 Canada
WW2 – 1939-1945
Food production
diverted to export
markets
61
 2 - Dowdeswell
“Cooking to Win the
War”

• What was the role of mothers during WW2 in

relation to food?
• What were the three strategies designed to
produce more food and nutrition during war time?

62
Strategies to produce more
food & maintain nutrition
at home
1. To ration what was
produced
2. To repurpose food
supplies
3. To increase production
• “Housewives”: working women,
single and childless women, and
grandmothers = Cooking to win
the war

63
 Canada’s Food Policy
during War

Main goal:
• Goal to assist Britain in maintaining adequate food
stocks
Also:
• For soldiers fighting overseas
• For men working in industries at home (not children)

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/468655904956792805/
64
 Women
• Acting locally & carried gov. policies
– Formal (16,000) & informal
networks
• Food production and preservation
increased
– Canadian consuming more
calories and eating more
nutritious diets- fruits,
vegetables, milk
• Daily burdens increased
• Enabled women to claim gendered
rights

65
 Rationing

• One policy to control prices

(curbing inflation) and distribute
scarce food supplies (managing
shortages)
• Only small number of products,
such as sugar, tea, coffee, meat,
milk, and butter

66
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~canmil/ww2/home/ration.htm
 Rations & Control
Conserve food, save scraps, and improve nutrition

• Cook nutritious foods for family – specially men

• Birth of Canada’s Official Food Rules (later

Canada’s Food Guide)
http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/the-politics-of-food-
guides-1.1268575

67
 WW2 and Food in Canada

Prof. Ian Mosby,

http://www.ianmosby.ca/
cv/
Nutrition Experiments in Residential Schools
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFN0FawkI5A

Available at RULA
 Repurposing

Militarization of housework:
Collect salvage materials - bones, bottles,
rags, rubber, paper, glass, metals, fats and
oils to produce war supplies
• Meat is material for war
• Children as civilian population
https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/03/31/canadian-ww2-propaganda/
69
 Increase Production
• Militarization of garden
• Along side backyard chicken
• Home canning and pickling
• Great success
• Also needed after the war ended (need for self
sufficiency)

70
 Mothers & Food production
Victory Gardens & Urban Farms

• Initially not encouraged

• Organic X Inorganic fertilizers
• Bottom-up initiative – Garden Brigades
• Wartime Gardens encouraged end of 1942

71
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2f/82/6b/2f826bbd2bdd5ba6ea75efa4992eda7b--total-war-ww-propaganda.jpg
Conservation

http://activehistory.ca/2019/08/eating-history-canada-war-cake/
72
Time for a quiz

73