INDRAGYAN CLASSES (I.G.C.

)
Class – XII Subject – Mathematics
1. If a variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines l, m, n and l + 𝛿 l, m +
𝛿𝑚, 𝑛 + 𝛿𝑛, show that the small angle 𝛿𝜃 between two positions is given by
(𝛿𝜃)2 = (𝛿𝑙)2 + (𝛿𝑚)2 + (𝛿𝑛)2
2. Prove that the straight lines whose direction cosines are given by the relations 𝑎𝑙 +
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ
𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐𝑛 = 0 and 𝑓 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑔 𝑛𝑙 + ℎ 𝑙𝑚 = 0 are perpendicular, if + + = 0 and
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 2 2 2 2 2
parallel, if 𝑎 𝑓 + 𝑏 𝑔 + 𝑐 ℎ − 2𝑎𝑏𝑓𝑔 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑔ℎ − 2𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑓 = 0.
3. If the edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐: prove that the angles between the
𝑎2 ±𝑏2 ±𝑐 2
four diagonals are given by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ).
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
1
4. Show that the angles between the diagonals of a cube is 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ).
3
5. Find the direction cosines of the lines, connected by the relations: 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 and
1 1 −2 −1 2 1
2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑙𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛 = 0. Ans. ± ,± ,± ;± ,± ,±
√6 √6 56 √6 √6 √6
6. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations
𝜋
(I) 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = 0 Ans.
3
𝜋
(II) 2𝑙 − 𝑚 + 2𝑛 = 0 and 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙𝑚 = 0 Ans.
2
𝜋
(III) 𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0and 3𝑙𝑚 − 4𝑙𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛 = 0 Ans.
2
𝜋
(IV) 2𝑙 + 2𝑚 − 𝑛 = 0, 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑚 = 0 Ans.
2
𝑥−2 2𝑦−5
7. Find the direction cosines of the line = , 𝑧 = −1. Also, find the vector
2 −3
4 3 5 3
equation of the line. Ans. , − , 0 ; 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂)
3, 5 2 2
8. If the points 𝐴(−1,3,2), 𝐵(−4,2, −2) and C (5, 5, 𝜆) are collinear, find the value of 𝜆.
Ans. =10
9. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. The position vectors of the points 𝐴, 𝐵 and C are respectively,
̂ 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ . Find the vector equation of the line
4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 10 𝑘,
𝐵𝐷. Also, reduce it to Cartesian form. Ans. 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ + (𝑖̂ − 13𝑗̂ + 17𝑘̂);
𝑥−2 𝑦+3 𝑧−4
= =
1 −13 17
10.The Cartesian equations of a line are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑑. Find its direction ratios
and reduce it to vector form. Ans. DRS: a,1,c 𝑟⃗ = 𝑏𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑘̂ + (𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂);
11.Find the vector equation of a line passing through the point with position vector
𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ and parallel to the line joining the points with position vector 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂
and 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂. Also, find the Cartesian equivalent of this equation. Ans. 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ −
𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧+3
3𝑘̂ + (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂); = =
1 2 −2

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 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
12.Find the points on the line = = at a distance of 5 units from the point P
3 2 2
(1,3,3). Ans. (4,3,7),(-2,-1,3)
13.The Cartesian equations of a line are 3𝑥 + 1 = 6𝑦 − 2 = 1 − 𝑧. Find the fixed point
through which it passes, its direction ratios and also its vector
−1 1 1 1
equation. ( , , 1) ; 2,1, −6; ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = − 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ + (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂);
3 3 3 3
14.Prove that the line 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑑 and 𝑥 = 𝑎′ 𝑦 + 𝑏′, 𝑧 = 𝑐′𝑦 + 𝑑′ are
perpendicular if 𝑎𝑎′ + 𝑐𝑐′ + 1 = 0.
𝑥−3
15.Find the equation of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line =
2
𝑦−3 𝑧 𝜋 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= at angle of each. Ans. = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
1 1 3 1 2 −1 −1 1 −2
𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
16.⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝐷 = −3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are two vectors. The position vectors of the
points A are C 6𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and –9𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ respectively. Find the position vector of a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵
point P on the line AB and a point Q on the line CD such that 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 both. Ans.P.V of P = 3𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃. 𝑉. 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 = −3𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥 𝑦−2 𝑧+3 𝑥−2 𝑦−6 𝑧−3
17.Show that the lines = = and = = intersect and find their point of
1 2 3 2 3 4
intersection. Ans. 2,6,3
18.Prove that the lines through 𝐴(0, −1, −1) and B (4, 5, 1) intersects the line through C
(3, 9, 4) and 𝐷(–4, 4, 4). Also, find their point of intersection. Ans. 10,14,4
19. Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝜇 (3𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) are intersecting. Hence, find their points of intersection. Ans. -1,-6,-12
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
20.Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line = = . Also, write the equation
1 2 3
of the line joining the given point and its image and find the length of the segment
𝑥−1 𝑦−6 𝑧−3
joining the given point and its image. Ans. 1,0,7; = = ; 2√13
0 −6 4
21.Show that the distance d from point P to the line 𝑙 having equation 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ is given
⃗⃗×𝑃𝑄
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
by 𝑑 = ⃗⃗|
, where Q is any point on the line l.
|𝑏
𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧−0
22.Vertices B and C of ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 lie along the line = = . find the area of the
2 1 4
triangle given that A has coordinates (1, –1, 2) and line segment BC has length 5.
1775
Ans.√ 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
28
𝑥 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
23.Find the perpendicular distance of the point (3, –1,11) from the line = = . Ans.
2 −3 4
√53
24.Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A (1, 0, 3) to the joint of the
5 7 17
points B (4, 7, 1) and C (3, 5, 3) Ans. , ,
3 3 3
25. A (1, 0, 4), 𝐵 (0, –11, 3), C (2, –3, 1) are three point and D is the foot of perpendicular
22 11 5
from A on BC. Find the coordinates of 𝐷. Ans. , − ,
9 9 9

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26.Find the equation of the perpendicular drawn from the point 𝑃(2,4 − 1)to the line
𝑥+5 𝑦+3 𝑧−6 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧+1
= = . Ans. = =
1 4 −9 −6 −3 −2
27.Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ to the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑗̂ +
2𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂). Also, find the length of the perpendicular. Ans. 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂, √13

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