Chapter 3: Angle Modulation More Examples

1. Consider the signal g(t) = cos(t2 + 10t).

(a) Show that the frequency of this signal varies linearly with time.
(b) Find fi (t = 2).

Solution:
(a)

θ(t) = t2 + 10t
1 dθ 1
fi (t) = = (2t + 10)
2π dt 2π
This is a linear expression in t.
(b) The instantaneous frequency is
1 7
fi (t = 2) = (2(2) + 10) = Hz
2π π

2. A tone modulated signal is expressed as:

φF M (t) = 10 cos[2π × 106 t + 103 sin(2π × 800t)]

Analysis this angle modulated signal.

Solution:

θ(t) = 2π × 106 t + 103 sin(2π × 800t)

1 dθ 1
fi (t) = = [2π × 106 + 2π × 800 × 103 cos(2π × 800t)]
2π dt 2π
= 106 + 800 × 103 cos(2π × 800t)

We can observe that fc = 106 , the maximum frequency deviation is:

∆f = 800 × 103
∆f 800 × 103
β = = = 1000
fm 800

1
 3. Given that m(t) = cos(2π × 1000t), kf = 4, 000π (rad/v), carrier frequency fc = 100 kHz, and
A = 10.

(a) Write the expression for FM signal, φF M (t).

(b) Find the average power of the FM signal without invoking Bessel functions.
(c) Find the bandwidth of FM signal.
(d) Write the expression of single tone modulated FM waveform using Bessel functions as
coefficients.
(e) Draw the spectrum of FM signal using Jn (β) values given in Table 1. Label the important
values with x-axis in Hz.
(f) Find the carrier and sideband power; and then compare the results with the result in (b).

Table 1: Selective values of Jn (β).

n Jn (0.2) Jn (0.5) Jn (1.0) Jn (2.0) Jn (5.0) Jn (10.0)

0 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.22 -0.18 -0.25
1 0.10 0.24 0.44 0.58 -0.33 0.04
2 0.03 0.11 0.35 0.05 0.25
3 0.02 0.13 0.36 0.06
4 0.03 0.39 -0.22
5 0.26 -0.23
6 0.13 -0.01
7 0.05 0.22
8 0.02 0.32
9 0.29
10 0.21

Solution:
(a) The FM signal can be written as
[ ∫ t ]
φF M (t) = A cos 2π × fc t + kf m(λ)dλ
0
∫ t
= 10 cos[2π × 100k t + 4, 000π cos(2π × 1000λ)]dλ
[ 0
]
sin(2π × 1000t)
= 10 cos 2π × 100kt + 4, 000π ·
2π · 1000
= 10 cos[2π × 100kt + 2 sin(2π × 1000t)]

(b) Average power of the signal is

P = 102 /2 = 50

(c) The key parameters are:

k f Am 4, 000π
∆f = = = 2, 000
2π 2π

2
 Deltaf 2000
β = = =2
fm 1000
BF M = 2(β + 1)fm = 2(2 + 1) × 1000 = 6000 Hz

(d) Considering significant component for β + 1 = 3, the FM signal can be expressed as

∑
φF M (t) = 10 Jn (β) cos[2π × fc t + 2π · nfm · t]
n
∑
3
= 10 Jn (β) cos[2π × (100k + 1000n)t]
n=−3

(e) and (f) will be completed in class.