Analysis of Strain:

Concepts and Deformations

Assist. Prof.\
Mohamed Kassab
Head of Mechanical
System Division

Egyptian Space
Agency (EgSA)
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 References

 Mechanics of Materials, 6th Edition.

 William Riley.
 Mechanics of materials: A Modern Integration
of Mechanics and Materials in Structural
Design.
 C. H. Jenkins Sanjeev Khanna.
 Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition SI units.
 R. C. Hibbeler.
 Mechanics of Materials,
 Beer Johntson
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 Contents

 Introduction,
 Objectives,
 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading,
 Displacement, Deformation, and Strain,
 Normal Strain,
 Normal and Shear Strain,
 Example 3-1,
 Example 3-2,
 Example 3-3.
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 Introduction

 To understand and deal with the strength of structure

members, there are two important topics of mechanics :
deformations and strains.

 In general terms, strain is a geometric quantity that

measures the deformation of a body. There are two
types of strain：normal strain, which characterizes
dimensional changes, and shear strain, which describes
distortion (changes in angles).

 Stress and strain are two fundamental concepts of

mechanics of materials. Their relationship to each
other defines the mechanical properties of a material, the
knowledge of which is of the utmost importance in
4 design.
 Objectives

♦ Learn and understand the concepts of internal

forces, stresses, and strains.
♦ Learn and understand the key concept of
constitutive relationship of Linear materials.
♦ Know how to compute normal and shearing strains
and stresses in mechanically and thermally loaded
members (axial loading).
♦ Know how to compute strains and stresses of
members belonging to intermediate structures.

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 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading

♦ Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the

deformation in the structure as well as the stresses induced
under loading. Statics analyses alone are not sufficient.

♦ Considering structures as deformable allows determination of

member forces and reactions which are statically
indeterminate.

♦ Determination of the stress distribution within a member also

requires consideration of deformations in the member.

♦ This chapter is concerned with deformation of a structural

member under axial loading.
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 Displacement, Deformation and Strain

 Displacement, Deformation & Strain

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 Displacement, Deformation and Strain

 Displacement: it is a movement of a point or points of a

machine component or structural element due to an
effect of an applied load. This movement of a point with
respect to some convenient reference system of axes is
a vector quantity known as a displacement.

 Deformation: can be occurred due to a force, stress or

to a change in temperature

 Strain: Strain (deformation per unit length) is the

quantity used to measure the intensity of a deformation
just as stress (force per unit area) is used to measure
8 the intensity of an internal force.
 Normal Strain

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 Normal Strain

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 Normal and Shearing Strain

(3-1)

(3-3)

(3-2)

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 Example 3-1

 Example Problem 3-1: A 1.00-in.-

diameter steel bar is 8 ft long. The diameter is
reduced to l/2 inch in a 2-ft central portion of
the bar. When an axial load is applied to the
ends of the bar, the axial strain in the central
portion of the bar is 960 µ.in/in., the total
elongation of the bar is 0.04032 in., and the
diameter of the central portion shrinks to
0.49986 in. Determine:
a) The elongation of the central portion of the bar.
b) The axial strain in the end portions of the bar.
c) The diametral strain in the central portion of the
bar.

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• Solution:
 Example 3-1, Cont.

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 Example 3-1, Cont.

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 Example 3-2

 Example Problem 3-2: The shear force V shown in Fig. 3-4a

produces an average shearing strain γavg of 1000 µrad in the block of
material. Determine the horizontal movement of point A (Fig. 3-4b)
resulting from application of the shear force V.

 Solution:
γavg = 1000 µrad
L = 10 mm.

Required: Displacement of A = δA = ??

δA = γavg.L = 1000 x (10-6)(10)

= 0.0100 mm. ≈ 10.00 µm.

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 Example 3-3

 Example Problem 3-3: A rigid bar FEBC is supported by two

steel deformable bars AB and DE, as shown ir1 Fig. 3-5a.
There is no strain in the vertical bars before the load P is
applied. After the load P is applied, the axial strain in bar DE
is 0.0006 in./in. Determine:

(a) The axial strain in bar AB.

(b) The axial strain in bar AB
if there is a 0.001-in.
clearance in the connection
at B before the load is
applied.

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 Example 3-3, Cont.

 Solution:
Since the bar FEBC is rigid, it pivots about the pin at F. and the
end of B will move along a circular arc of radius BF.

The displacement of B has two components –uB, - VB

The strain in member AB is given by:
δn = δAB = Lf.- Li
Where: Lf = AB’ , Li = L
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 Example 3-3, Cont.

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 Example 3-3, Cont.

 Then,
δAB = VB
In similar manner:

δDE = VE

 Thus, for small displacements, the axial deformation in

either bar is equal to the component of the displacement
of one end of the bar (relative to the other end) taken ir1
the direction of the un-deformed orientation of the bar.
 The change in length of bar DE is given by:

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 The End

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