Agency---- In the social sciences, agency refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and to

make their own free choices. By contrast, structure are those factors of influence (such as social class,
religion, gender, ethnicity, customs, etc.) that determine or limit an agent and his or her decisions.

Anchoring --- The use of irrelevant information as a reference for evaluating or estimating some
unknown value or information. When anchoring, people base decisions or estimates on events or values
known to them, even though these facts may have no bearing on the actual event or value.*

Articulate-- Hall uses the word artıculatıon to suggest the poınt at whıch encodıng and decodıng
meet.thıs ıs a useful word to convey the process he ıs attemptıng to descrıbe. To artıculate two thıngs: to
express sth and to lınk two thıngs ın a way whıch retaıns the ındependence of each.

autobiography is the story of one’s life as written by oneself. That said, many people think that their lives
should be written about, but lack the writing talent to tackle this project alone. For that reason, many
autobiographies are co-written with the help of someone other than the subject, or are narrated by the
subject to a writer. Co-written, or collaborative autobiographies may begin with the phrase, “as told to.”
the autobiographer usually ventures beyond dates and facts, personalizing the story rather than simply
retelling the events of his or her life.

Categorization/classification is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated,
and understood.[1] Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some
specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of
knowledge. **

***connotation is a commonly understood subjective cultural or emotional association that some word
or phrase carries, in addition to the word's or phrase's explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.

****Culture is a learned pattern of behavior, and is a way in which a person lives his life. It is an integral
part of every society, and creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among the people of that
society. Culture encompasses various aspects of communication, attitude, etiquette, beliefs, values,
customs, norms, food, art. William’s points of the three major categories of definition. 1--A general
process of intellectual & spiritual & aesthetic development, 2---A particular way of life, whether of
person, a period, a group or humanity in general.-3---The Works & practices of intellectual & especially
artistic activity.

diaspora” is used to refer to the dispersion of religious or ethnic groups from their homelands, either
forced or voluntary. The word is also used to refer to those people as a collective group and community.
Human history has included a number of diasporas, and some historians have made the phenomenon a
focus of study. Being uprooted from one's native land and culture can be a huge event in the life of an
individual and his or her culture, so the study of diasporas is very important. ****

Discourse---- can be thought of as a way of descrıbıng, defınıng, classıfyıng and thınkıng about people,
thıngs and even knowledge and abstract system of thought. it often refers to the speech patterns and
usage of language, dialects, and acceptable statements, within a community. It is a subject of study in
peoples who live in secluded areas and share similar speech conventions.-------Sociologists and
philosophers tend to use the term discourse to describe the conversations and the meaning behind them
by a group of people who hold certain ideas in common. Such is the definitions by philosopher Michel
Foucault, who holds it to be the acceptable statements made by a certain type of discourse community.
This explanation will primarily consider the definition pertaining to sociology. ****
essentialist view ----This says that ‘culture’ is a concrete social phenomenon which represents the
essential character of a particular nation. Acc to that perspectıve, identıty ıs fıxed ın an orıgınatıng
moment. There ıs a true, authentıc, unchangıng characterıstıcs that can be attrıbuted to that ıdentıty. ----
Non-essentıalıst view questıons the exıstence of a true ıdentıty that ıs fıxed for all tıme and ın all pıeces.
Non-essentıalıst perspectives argue that ıdentıty ıs relatıonal and contıngent and depends upon the
symbolıc markıng of one group as different from another. For example, in what sense is it possible to
define a 3rd generatıon Japanese women, living in America, who is unable to speak Japanese, as
Japanese? -------

Folk art---was a spontaneous, autochthonous expressıon of the people, shaped by themselves, pretty
much wıthout the benefıt of hıgh culture, to suıt theır own needs. It ıs grew from below.****

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments
of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. ***

İdentity--- is that individuals adopt ın order to defıne themselves are produced , at least ın part, from the
cultural and cosıal contexts ın whıch we fınd ourselves and from whıch we draw certaın assumptıons
about human nature , ındıvıdualıty and the self. It ıs more related to how others see us. It ıs a general
assumptıon. Mostly ıt ıs defıned by others , not by ourselves. How we feel and thınk about ourselves can
be dıfferent from how the others do. Identıty is relatıonal and contıngent rather than permanently fıxed.

Identity Crisis---- can be described as the stage in which a person ends up misplacing any sense of
personal semblance or historical permanence. He remains in confusion as to the role that he is playing in
this world. ****

Identity politics are political arguments that focus upon the self-interest and perspectives of self-
identified social interest groups and ways in which people's politics may be shaped by aspects of their
identity through race, class, religion, gender, sexual orientation or traditional dominance. Not all
members of any given group are necessarily involved in identity politics. ****

Individual conscıousness---is an ınternalized combınatıon of ıdeas and feelıngs, whıle ıdentıty may be
bestowed by others as well as chosen by ourselves. ***

Interpellation is a concept in Marxist social and political theory associated to describe the process by
which ideology, embodied in major social and political institutions, constitutes the nature of individual
subjects' identities through the very process of institutions and discourses of 'hailing' them in social
interactions.
 ****Kitsch---- is an inferior, tasteless copy of an extant style of art or a worthless imitation of art of
recognized value. The concept is associated with the deliberate use of elements that may be thought of
as cultural icons[1] while making cheap mass-produced objects that are unoriginal. Kitsch also refers to
the types of art that are aesthetically deficient (whether or not being sentimental, glamorous, or
creative) and that make creative gestures which merely imitate the superficial appearances of art
through repeated conventions and formulae. ***

MASS CULTURE is the set of ideas and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media,
news sources, music, and art. It is imposed from above. Mass culture is broadcast or otherwise
distributed to individuals instead of arising from their day-to-day interactions with each other. Thus,
mass culture generally lacks the unique content of local communities and regional cultures. Frequently, it
promotes the role of individuals as consumers. With the rise of publishing and broadcasting in the 19th
and 20th centuries, the scope of mass culture expanded dramatically. It replaced folklore, which was the
cultural mainstream of traditional local societies. With the growth of the Internet since the 1990s, many
distinctions between mass media and folklore have become blurred. ****

nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign
entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit.[1] The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the
nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. ***

Naturalızatıon—is what discourse does by what ıs only hıstorıcal and socıal to natural. They are
presented as truths. Bır gerçek ya da doğru olduğu fıkrıne dayandığı en onemlı kavramdır. ** what ıs
hıstorıcally socıal or only perhaps contıngent becomes naturalızed lıke a natural fact. –dogallastırmak
daha asılamaz bır duruma gırmek demek, kader halıne getirmek. ***

*Semiotic--- is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy,
metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of
linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically.

Signifier -- SignifiedThe signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a
jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that
meaning is created.------Signified------The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the
signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers. The thing
signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via
signifiers.-Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts.--The
signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images.**** Saussure's ideas are
contrary to Plato's notion of ideas being eternally stable. Plato saw ideas as the root concept that was
implemented in individual instances. A signifier without signified has no meaning, and the signified
changes with person and context. For Saussure, even the root concept is malleable.----The relationship
between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary (Saussure called this 'unmotivated'). A real object need
not actually exist 'out there'. Whilst the letters 'c-a-t' spell cat, they do not embody 'catness'. ----
Saussure inverts the usual reflectionist view that the signifier reflects the signified: the signifier creates
the signified in terms of the meaning it triggers for us. The meaning of a sign needs both the signifier and
the signified as created by an interpreter. A signifier without a signified is noise. A signified without a
signifier is impossible. ****
Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical
constructivism into social settings, wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively
creating a small culture of shared artifacts with shared meanings. When one is immersed within a culture
of this sort, one is learning all the time about how to be a part of that culture on many levels. ****

Structure of feeling ---- Williams first used this concept to characterize the lived experience of the quality
of life at a particular time and place. It is, he argued, “as firm and definite as ‘structure’ suggests, yet it
operates in the most delicate and least tangible part of our activities.” Later he describes structures of
feeling as “social experiences in solution .” Thus a “structure of feeling” is the C ulture of a particular
historical moment, though in developing the concept, Williams wished to avoid idealist notions of a
“spirit of the age.” It suggests a common set of perceptions and values shared by a particular generation,
and is most clearly articulated in particular and artistic forms and conventions. Each generation lives and
produces it own “structure of feeling,” and while particular groups might express this most forcibly, it
extends unevenly through the culture as a whole. ****

Subjectivity refers to the subject and his or her perspective, feelings, beliefs, and desires.[1] In
philosophy, the term is usually contrasted with objectivity.[1]it attempts to capture ongoing debates and
activities and to foster a discourse on subjectivity which goes beyond traditional dichotomies between
the various disciplines. ---Subjectivity refers to individual interpretations of experiences consisting of
emotional, intellectual, and spiritual perceptions and misperceptions.---This term contrasts with
objectivity, which is used to describe humans as "seeing" the universe exactly for what it is from a
standpoint free from human perception and its influences, human cultural interventions, past experience
and expectation of the result.