FST 3401- FUNDAMENTALS OF FOOD

ENGINEERING
TITLE: FLOW MEASUREMENT
Lecturer: Prof.Madya Dr.Chong Gun Hen

NO NAME MATRICS NO

1 NUR IMAN HAKIMI BIN MURAT 216348

2 JASMIN AIDA BINTI JASMANI 215327
3 SUHAH RAUDHAH BINTI HADIF 217796
4 KALSOM ALIAH BINTI ABDUL HADI 214164
5 MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN ISHAK 214260
INTRODUCTION

Flow measurement is the technique of determining how much fluid or gas flows through a given
system. Flow can be assessed in several ways. Positive-displacement flow metres gather and count a fixed
volume of fluid. flow is measured by the number of times the volume is filled. Other flow measuring
methods rely on forces created by the flowing stream as it passes through a known constriction to
calculate flow indirectly. The velocity of fluid across a known area can be used to calculate flow. The
flow rate is measured using a venturi metre. It is made up of a pipe with a constriction in the middle, like
a tapered tube. It is typically applied to large diameter pipelines.

The flow rate is measured using a venturi metre. It is made up of a pipe with a constriction in the
middle, like a tapered tube. It is typically applied to large diameter pipelines. As fluid travels through the
constriction, there is a pressure difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the venturi
metre because its velocity increases and its pressure decreases. This pressure differential, which can be
monitored, can be used to calculate the fluid flow rate.

velocity is measured using a pitot tube. It consists of a tube with a closed end parallel to the fluid flow
and an open end pointed directly into the flow. The fluid is brought to rest as it passes through the open
end of the pitot tube, which provides a pressure greater than the fluid's static pressure. This total pressure,
which can be monitored, can be used to calculate the fluid flow rate.

The importance of flow measurement in food processing some of it are Accurate flow measurement aids
in the identification of bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and abnormalities in the manufacturing process.
Manufacturers can optimise processing conditions, alter ingredient dosing, and assure consistent product
quality by monitoring and analysing flow rates at various stages. Flow measurement data can be used to
ensure that the correct component or additive ratios are used during production. Manufacturers can ensure
product consistency and comply with regulatory standards by comparing actual flow rates to desired
specifications.
 OBJECTIVES
To determine the relationship between the cross-sectional area of pipe and the air flow
rate and to determine the relationship between location of pipes and velocity .

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Apparatus

A straight square ducting, fan, pitot tube, venturi meter and U- tube manometer.

Straight square ducting, pitot tube, venturi met re and U-tube manometer were utilised in this
experiment.The basic equipment illustrated in figure 1 was constructed. Then, as indicated in figure 2, u-
tube manometers were linked to the appropriate measurement instruments. To avoid air bubbles inside the
manometer, the high pressure tube was always connected to the high pressure tapping first. After properly
levelling the inclined manometer, the fan was turned on. The pressure differential on the inclined
manometers was then measured. Several measurements were obtained over the cross section of the pitot
tube to determine the average velocity. The fan then came to a halt. The volumetric flow rate determined
using a pitot tube and venturi meter were calculated.
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

0.07

0.06

0.05
Flowrate m^3/s

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0.00126 0.00159 0.00283
Cross-sectional area of pipe , m^2
Figure 3

Figure 3, shows the relationship of cross-sectional areat of pipe and flowrate.

Figure 3 shown that the relationship between the pipe's cross-sectional area and flowrate in the
flow measuring experiment is inversely proportional. the highest flow rate is at 0.00126 m2 while
the lowest flow rate is at 0.00283m2 .This indicates that the flowrate decreases as the pipe's cross-
sectional area increases, provided that the fluid velocity remains constant.
 Flow measurement graph
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
Velocity,m/s

0.61
0.6
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55 0.040
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.045
Location of pipes 0.060

Figure 4

Figure 4, shows the relationship of location of pipe and velocity The green curve indicates the diameter
pipe of 0.060m, the red curve indicates the diameter of 0.045m while the blue curve indicates the
diameter of 0.040m.The location of pipes (0.00) is at the surface, (0.5)is at the centre and (0.75) is at 3-
quarters

From figure 4, it shown that each location of pipes and diameter will have a different velocity
profile. As shown from the curve green, red and blue we found out that the location of pipes at the
surface and 3-quarters the velocity are the same. While at the centre (0.5) the velocity at all of
diameters of pipe is highest. The highest velocity is at the center because that is where the flow is
most concentrated and has the least resistance. The velocity at the surface and three quarters are
the same might be because the location is near to each other.
CONCLUSION

This study is to determined the the relationship between the cross-sectional area of pipe
and the air flow rate and to determine the relationship between location of pipes and
velocity .

For the first relationship,the law of Bernoulli states that when a fluid moves faster, its
pressure goes down. The measurement of a pipe's flow rate can be accomplished using
this principle.It was found that as the cross-sectional area decrease the air flow rate
increases , which in turn decreases the pressure of the fluid this is due to the fluid is forced
through a smaller cross-sectional area as the flow lines get closer together, it must move
faster. The fluid's internal flow rate can be determined by measuring this pressure
difference.

For the relationship between location of pipes and velocity . the centre is fastest velocity while
surface supposedly be the slowest because of friction with the container wall. The velocity at the
three-quarter mark will be between the surface and the centre because the resistance to flow is
lower than at the surface but still higher than at the center. we didn’t got the supposed result for
location at 3-quarters maybe due to some error during this experiment like putting the pitot at the
near location of surface .
REFERENCE

Lab report FST3401

OpenStax. (2016, August 3). 14.5 fluid dynamics. University Physics Volume 1.
https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysics/chapter/14-5-fluid-
dynamics/#:~:text=Since%20the%20fluid%20is%20forced,the%20fluid%20will%20move%20faster.

Venturi effect pitot tube - fluids - MCAT content. Jack Westin. (2020, July 21).
https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/fluids/venturi-effect-pitot-
tube#:~:text=Pitot%20tube%3A%20a%20flow%20measurement,velocities%20in%20certain%20industrial
%20applications.

APPEDICES

Part A

Pipes , cm H1 , cm H2, cm

4.0 33.0 21.0

4.5 28.7 26.4

6.0 27.0 27.0

cross-sectional area of pipe,m2 Flow rate, m3/s

0.00126 0.0636
0.00159 0.0370
0.00283 0.00013

Part B

Pipes (cm) Centre (cm) Three-quarter (cm) Surface (cm)

h1 h2 h1 h2 h1 h2
4.0 26.8 18.3 26.6 18.2 25.9 19.1

4.5 25.0 20.2 24.8 20.2 24.5 20.5

6.0 23.5 21.5 23.5 21.6 23.3 21.9

 ( )
2 𝑝𝑡 − 𝑝 𝑠
Velocity = 𝑝

Diameter Velocity, m/s

of
pipes,cm Centre Three- quarter Surface

4.0 2(0.27 − 0.09) 2(0.27 − 0.09) 2(0.26− 0.07)

1.15 1.15 1.15
= 0.5595 = 0.5595 =0.5748

4.5 2(0.25 − 0.05) 2(0.25 − 0.05) 2(0.25 − 0.04)

1.15 1.15 1.15
=0.5898 =0.5898 = 0.6043

6.0 2(0.24 − 0.02) 2(0.24 − 0.02) 2(0.23 − 0.01)

1.15 1.15 1.15
=0.6186 = 0.6186 = 0.6461

Volumetric flow rate, Q= v x A

Diamete Q , m^3/s
r

pipe, m centre 3-quarters surface

0.040 0.0478 0.0492 0.0427

0.045 0.0455 0.0293 0.0415

0.060 0.0522 0.0508 0.0436