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Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae as functional foods – a review

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Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae

as Functional Foods – a Review
Klaudija Carović-Stanko1, Marko Petek 2, Martina Grdiša1, Jasna Pintar 3,
Dalibor Bedeković 3, Mirjana Herak Ćustić 2 and Zlatko Satovic 1

1
Department of Seed Science and Technology, 2Department of Plant Nutrition and 3Department
of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

Carović-Stanko K., Petek M., Grdiša M., Pintar J., Bedeković D., Herak Ćustić M., Satovic Z. (2016):
Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae as functional foods – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 34: 377–390.

Historically, species of the family Lamiaceae have enjoyed a rich tradition of use for flavouring, food preservation, and
medicinal purposes, due to both their curative and their preventive properties. It is well known that each species has
a special, complex mixture of bioactive compounds in which each component contributes to its overall bioactivity.
Their value lays in the production of a wide range of secondary metabolites with potent antibacterial, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. This review focuses on the Lamiaceae species
and their secondary metabolites encompassing a wide array of beneficial functions and their applicability as sources
of functional foods. It could help in addressing specific consumer needs as healthy diet is a part of the lifestyle that
maintains or improves overall health.

Keywords: biological activity, food, herbs, nutraceuticals

Throughout the ages, humans have relied on plants
as a source of food, flavours, fragrances, and medi-
cines. Even today a large number of people use tra-
ditional medicinal plants containing mixtures of
various compounds acting individually, additively
or in synergy to improve health.
In the developed world food consumption not only
just satisfies hunger but also it is associated with a
requirement for happiness and well-being. Eating
is a social and cultural act, and consequent health
benefits have an important role in food consumption
(Carrillo et al. 2013). The term ’’functional food’’
was first introduced in Japan in the mid-1980s and
refers to processed foods containing ingredients that
aid specific biological functions in addition to being
nutritive (Arai 1996). Functional foods may improve
health in general, reduce the impact of illness, and
delay the onset of disease (Luthria 2006). There-
fore functional foods blur the distinction between
a food and a medicine and serve as a connection
between them. In contribution to that, the advice of
Hippocrates (an ancient Greek physician, and he is
considered one of the most outstanding personali-
ties in the history of medicine; c. 460–c. 370 BC)
can be used: ’Let food be thy medicine and medicine
be thy food’.
Functional foods
Concept of functional foods. Increasing interest
in improving or maintaining health by intake of
all-natural products in combination with lifestyle
changes has created a desire for a more streamlined
approach to nutrition. Growing consumer health
awareness and available information about the use-
fulness of different diets and their impact on human
health lead to the demand for functional food and
beverages. The concept of functional foods includes
foods or food ingredients that exert a beneficial ef-
fect on host health and/or reduce the risk of chronic
disease beyond basic nutritional functions (Das et al.
2012). According to International Food Information
Council Foundation (2011) there are several groups of

377
Review
functional components: carotenoids, phenolic acids,
flavonoids, plant stanols/sterols, dietary fibres, fatty
acids, isothiocyanates, minerals, polyols, prebiotics,
probiotics, phytoestrogens, soy proteins, sulphides/
thiols, and vitamins.
Functional foods can include foods used to improve
the nutritional quality of an otherwise nutrient-
deficient food (e.g. calcium in orange juice) or to
resolve public health issues (e.g. iodised table salt).
It can take many forms; some may be conventional
food that is consumed as a part of a usual diet and
has physiological benefits or can reduce the risk of
chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions.
Some may be fortified or enhanced foods as well as
products isolated or purified from foods that are
generally sold in application forms. They are not
usually associated with foods having a physiologi-
cal benefit and are called nutraceuticals (Monge
et al. 2008), such as multivitamin pills. Therefore,
consumers can already select from a wide spectrum
of foods that contain functional components.
Traditional functional foods. Positive effects of
various plant species on well-being and human health
were acknowledged centuries ago and their use in
healing various diseases is as old as the practice of
medicine. The basic knowledge of foods and their
nutritional values was gained and developed in an-
cient times in the process of looking for adequate
foods. The concept of food as medicine was accepted
worldwide, especially in China, Japan, and other
Asian countries where it was understood that foods
have both preventive and curative effects and are an
important part of health. Numerous functional foods
and corresponding recipes for combining specific
foods with culinary and non-culinary herbs to pro-
duce healing remedies have been documented in the
publications of Chinese traditional medicine. Garlic
(Allium sativum L.) is one of the earliest documented
examples of plants used for disease treatment and
maintenance of health (Rivlin 2001). It has been
used for a wide variety of medicinal purposes and
represented a staple crop in the diets of numerous
cultures. The Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, and
Romans used it for many conditions, including blood
pressure disorders, snakebites, and infections (Koch
et al. 1996). Antibacterial activity was discovered in
1858 by Pasteur and it was used as an antiseptic to
prevent gangrene during World War I and II (Mur-
ray 1995). Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) tea has
a long history of use for digestive complaints and
cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon L.) have long
378
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
been known to maintain a healthy urinary tract, as
their juice contains proanthocyanidins that inhibit
the growth of Escherichia coli (Galland 2009). The
health benefits of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
were documented 2000 years ago. It has been used in
Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Unani-tibb herbal medicines
all over the world, for a wide range of conditions in-
cluding arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, sore throats,
infections, digestion disorders, etc. (Ali et al. 2008).
Curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has
been used as spice as well as medicine in ancient
traditional medicinal systems to treat gas, colic,
toothaches, chest pains, stomach, and liver prob-
lems, to heal wounds and scars (Aggarwal 2007).
Chinese herbal tonics prepared with ginger root,
cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum spp.), and liquorice
root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) have been widely used
as a remedy for stomach ailments (Galland 2009).
During the second half of the twentieth century, new
nutritional insights emerged and allowed the develop-
ment of foods and beverages with a claimed health
benefit, based on scientific evidence (Weststrate
et al. 2002). So far, the functional food industry has
focused mainly on ingredients that are inherent in
vegetables, grains, and fruit. Examples for widespread
foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutri-
tion are tomatoes (lycopene), green tea (catechins),
cranberry juice (proanthocyanidins), and psyllium
seeds (soluble fibre). Soybean grain is well-known
for its functional components such as proteins, iso-
flavones, oligosaccharides, and phospholipids with
beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
and diabetes (Dixit et al. 2011). Glucosinolates in
broccoli (Fabek et al. 2012), amino acids in red head
chicory (Herak Ćustić et al. 2009), phosphorus (Pe-
tek et al. 2008), and proteins (Petek et al. 2012) in
beetroot can also improve human health. Phytosterols
found naturally in vegetable oils, beans, and nuts
have proven cholesterol lowering properties. Pome-
granate juice contains antioxidants at much higher
levels than other fruit juices and its consumption
provides several heart-protecting benefits. Carrots,
pumpkins, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, spinach, and
tomatoes are rich in beta-carotene that neutralises
free radicals, stimulates cellular antioxidants, and is
a precursor in vitamin A synthesis. Phenolic acids
(especially caffeic and ferulic acid), determined in
apples, pears, citrus fruits, whole grains, and coffee,
are able to bolster cellular antioxidant defences as
well as support the maintenance of eye and heart
health. Plant stanols/sterols, as those from maize,
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
soybean, and wheat, may reduce risks of the coronary
heart disease (CHD) (International Food Information
Council Foundation 2011).
Rediscovery of the connection between plants and
health is responsible for launching a new genera-
tion of botanical therapeutics that include plant-
derived pharmaceuticals, multicomponent botanical
drugs, dietary supplements, functional foods, and
plant-produced recombinant proteins (Raskin et
al. 2002). There is an increasing number of studies
that highlight the applicability of medicinal plants
and herbs as sources of more potent or even in-
novative ingredients. They are an object of interest
because many of them have been demonstrated that
they possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cancer-
protecting properties.
Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae
Plants have been the source for medicinal treat-
ments for thousands of years. Traditional medicine
uses plants for both their curative and their preventive
properties. When used for preventive purposes, i.e.
for the maintenance of overall good health, medicinal
plants can be classified as functional foods and/or
nutraceuticals. A good example is the use of spices
that besides adding the flavour to foods can improve
digestion or help in prevention of diseases.
The mint family (Lamiaceae) is an important me-
dicinal plant family. It contains about 236 genera
and more than 6000 species, and the largest genera
are Salvia, Scutellaria, Stachys, Plectranthus, Hyptis,
Teucrium, Vitex, Thymus, and Nepeta. It is a family
of great diversity and variety with a cosmopolitan
distribution. Species from the family inhabit differ-
ent natural ecosystems and many members of the
family are cultivated. The species of this family are
easily recognisable by square stems and opposite
leaves. The flowers are zygomorphic with five united
petals and five united sepals, usually bisexual and
verticillaster. Most of the species belonging to the
family are aromatic and possess essential oils (Law-
rence 1992). The aromatic essential oils are mostly
present in leaves, however, they can be found in all
aboveground parts of the plants. They are valuable in
cosmetic, flavouring, fragrance, perfumery, pesticide,
and pharmaceutical industries (Ozkan 2008). Some
of the Lamiaceae species are used as culinary herbs
and grown for edible leaves, e.g. basil (Ocimum spp.),
mint (Mentha × piperita L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus
Review
officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Sa-
tureja hortensis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana
L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus
vulgaris L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)
and perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) (Licina
et al. 2013). The members of the family Lamiaceae
also include plants that are widely used in traditional
medicine as a cure for various disorders.
Secondary metabolites. The metabolic performance
of living organisms can be distinguished into primary
and secondary metabolism. Secondary metabolites
represent features that can be expressed in terms of
ecological, taxonomic, and biochemical differentia-
tion and diversity. The presence of these compounds
in the biochemistry of the plant is often difficult to
explain as they are synthesised by the plants mainly
as a part of their defence system against diseases and
herbivores (Mazid et al. 2011). They can be found
in roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, aerial parts, flow-
ers, fruits, and seeds. Different classes of secondary
metabolites constitute the bioactive compounds in
various plants which can be used as functional foods.
They have attracted particular interest as many of them
have demonstrated to be antiallergenics, antidiabetics,
antioxidants, antimutagenics, anticarcinogenics, an-
timicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agents, enhancers
of the gastrointestinal function, immune-modulators
and stimulators as well as blood pressure and cho-
lesterol reducing agents (Vaishali Rai et al. 2013).
The therapeutic application of medicinal plants is
attributed to the presence of a wide range of second-
ary metabolites or phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenols which
all have various pharmacological activities classifying
them as functional foods.
Phenols belong to the largest group of secondary
metabolites in plants, foremost of the family Lamiaceae,
and they exhibit multidirectional biological activ-
ity. Phenolic classes of pharmaceutical interests are:
simple phenolic compounds (e.g. eugenol), tannins,
quinones, flavonoids, lignans, and some terpenoids.
Flavonoids are attracting interest due to the discovery
of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-tumour,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant
activities. Monoterpenes are the metabolites usually
found in essential oils with anti-inflammatory proper-
ties. Saponins show various pharmacological activities
e.g. anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, anal-
gesic, and cytotoxic. Cardiotonic glycosides are used
as drugs for the treatment of cardiac insufficiency
(Vaishali Rai et al. 2013). Besides being natural
379
Review
colouring agents for food substances and cosmetics,
carotenoids are also used for the treatment of retinal
disease and glaucoma.
Many authors have reported antioxidant, antimi-
crobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Lamia-
ceae species. It is well known that each species has
a special, complex mixture of bioactive compounds
in which each component contributes to its overall
bioactivity. Moreover, in cases of some species a
direct food-related application has been established.
Lamiaceae as antioxidants. In hope to find natural
antioxidants for the food industry and consequently
efficient therapy for numerous present-day human
problems the screening studies for antioxidant prop-
erties of plants have been very common in the last
few decades. Plant antioxidants are very significant
as their presence in the human diet can help the body
to neutralise free radicals and reduce the oxidative
stress damage. On the contrary, synthetic antioxidants
have possible activity as promoters of carcinogenesis
(Suhaj 2006). The antioxidant activity of phenolic
compounds depends on the structure and the natures
of substitutions on the aromatic rings (Balasundram
et al. 2005) while their health benefits depend on their
absorption and metabolism (Parr & Bolwell 2000).
Edible antioxidants commonly found in plants are
ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids, and several
phenolic compounds (Arash et al. 2006) such as
phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins (King and
Young 1999). Phenolic acids, for example caffeic,
ferulic, and vanillic acids have been known as natural
antioxidants widely distributed in the plant kingdom.
Besides, naturally occurring polyphenols whose oxida-
tion inhibiting activities have been known for a long
time are tannins. Additionally, some studies have
revealed that low amounts of tannins (0.15–0.2%)
in the diet can be beneficial to human health and
will create a more astringent feel to the taste, while
at higher concentration, they inhibit the digestive
enzymes and reduce the bioavailability of iron and
vitamin B12 (King-Thom et al. 1998). Most of the
Lamiaceae sources of antioxidants belong to the sub-
family Nepetoideae, including basil, lemon balm,
marjoram, mint, oregano, rosemary, sage, etc. They
contain rosmarinic acid and are frequently abundant
in fragrant volatile terpenes (Wink 2003). Moreover,
the extracts of rosemary were the first marketed natu-
ral antioxidants. In the study of Kaefer and Milner
(2008) thyme, sage, rosemary, and marjoram showed
the greatest antioxidant capacity among the investi-
gated herbs. Albayrak et al. (2013) have shown that
380
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
besides thyme, rosemary, and sage, peppermint, lemon
balm, and basil also contain a considerable amount
of phenolic compounds with strong total antioxidant
and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The afore-
mentioned species are among the most frequently
investigated species of the family Lamiaceae and
their antioxidant activity has been demonstrated in
numerous studies (Gonçalves et al. 2009; Ahmad
et al. 2012; Sodré et al. 2012; Trakoontivakorn
et al. 2012; Lagouri et al. 2013; Licina et al. 2013).
Lamiaceae as antimicrobial agents. Due to the
overall usage of commercial antimicrobial drugs,
multidrug resistance in both human and plant patho-
genic microorganisms has developed (Eldeen et al.
2005). Therefore, scientists are trying to find new
antimicrobial sources from plants which can be used
in food industry, pharmacy, and medicine.
It is well documented that the majority of the in-
vestigated species belonging to the family Lamiaceae,
e.g. lemon balm (Sarac & Ugur 2007), mint (To-
roglu 2009), basil (Carović-Stanko et al. 2010;
Rao et al. 2011), oregano (Dorman & Deans 2004),
and rosemary (Toroglu 2009), possess antimicro-
bial properties. Thymol and carvacrol are the main
components responsible for these actions (proper-
ties) as they interfere with cellular metabolism after
penetrating into the cell (Marino et al. 2001). Plants
have such important biological and pharmacologi-
cal activities also due to the triterpene acids that
also exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cytotoxic,
and cardiovascular effects (e Silva et al. 2012). For
example Eriope blanchetii produces considerable
amounts of betulinic acid, as well as oleanolic and
ursolic acids which are triterpenoid compounds
that widely occur in nature in free acid form or as
an aglycone precursor for triterpenoid saponins (Je-
sus et al. 2015). One of the most famous Lamiaceae
species rich in ursolic acid is rosemary which was
the subject of numerous studies. The Sharma and
Bhadange (2013) study showed that basil (Ocimum
gratissimum L. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum
Baker ex Gürke) and Pogostemon benghalensis Kuntze
possess antimicrobial activity against bacterial (E.
coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium) and fungal (C. albi-
cans and A. niger) strains. Lemon balm, mint, basil,
Brazilian boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews),
and rosemary were the subject of the Araújo et
al. (2014) study and they have shown antibacterial
activity to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacte-
rial strains (E. faecalis, S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli,
K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa).
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Table 1. List of most used Lamiaceae species which can be used as a functional food

No. Species Medicinal properties due to biological activity Edible part

1 Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy
2 Ajuga reptans L.
Agastache mexicana (Kunth.)
3 Ramirez et al. 2012); vasoactive and antioxidant
Link. & Epling
Betonica officinalis (L.) Trevis.
4
syn. Stachys officinalis L.
5 Calamintha officinalis Moench.
6 Clinopodium vulgare L.
Coleus forskohlii Briq. syn.
7 (Mohamed 2013); antioxidant (Khatun et al. 2011);
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews
Dracocephalum heterophyllum
8 antimicrobial and antioxidant (Zhang et al. 2008)
Benth.
9 Elsholtzia splendens
10 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
& Arpita 2013); antimicrobial, toxicity (Xu et al. 2013)
antioxidant and antihemolytic (Alinezhad et al. 2013);
11 Hyssopus officinalis L.
12 Isodon japonicas (Burm.) Hara.
13 Lamium album L.
14 Lamium purpureum L.
15 Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
16 Leucas aspera Willd.
17 Lycopus europaeus L.
18. Marrubium vulgare L.
19 Melissa officinalis L.
(Sodré et al. 2012); antibacterial (Sarac & Ugur 2007)
20 Mentha arvensis L.
21 Mentha x piperita L.
22 Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce
Gharbieh et al. 2013); antimicrobial (Toroglu 2011)
antimicrobial (Jovanovic et al. 2005) leaves
antibacterial and antitumour (Yildirim et al. 2013 ) leaves and young shoots
anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Gonzalez-
leaves and flowers
(Ibarra-Alvarado et al. 2010)
antioxidant (Sliumpaite et al. 2013); anti-inflamma-
tory effect of Stachys species (Háznagy-Radnai et leaves and flowering
al. 2012); antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal tops
(Háznagy-Radnai et al. 2012)
antidiabetic and antioxidant (Singh et al. 2012) leaves
antibacterial (Stefanovic et al. 2011);
leaves
antitumour (Dzhambazov et al. 2002)
activator of adenylyl cyclase (weight-loss)
leaves, tubers
antibacterial (Araújo et al. 2014)
roots
antioxidant (Lee et al. 2013); antibacterial,
flowers and leaves
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant (Guo et al. 2012)
carminative, stomachic, and stimulant (Arijit
whole plant
flowers and leaves
antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004)
anti-bacterial and anti-cancer, for gastrointestinal
leaves
disorders (Sun et al. 2006)
antimicrobial (Chipeva et al. 2013); antioxidant
young shoots, leaves,
(Pereira et al. 2012); free radical scavenging
and flowers
(Yalçin et al. 2007)
antimicrobial and free radical scavenging
leaves
(Yalçin et al. 2007)
anti-inflammatory and analgesic (Hajhashemi et al.
leaves, petals, and
2003); antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004);
flowering tips
antioxidant (Blazekovic et al. 2010)
antimicrobial (Antony et al. 2013); antinociceptive,
antioxidant, and cytotoxic (Rahman et al. 2007); shoots and leaves
hepatoprotective, antioxidant (Banu et al. 2012)
antimicrobial (Radulovic et al. 2010) roots
antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic (Zarai et al.
2011); anti-diabetic (Boudjelal et al. 2011);
gastroprotective (Paula de Oliveira et al. 2011); leaves
vermifuge-respiratory-purgative (Joudi et al. 2011);
anti-inflamatory (El Abbouyi et al. 2013)
digestive, tranquiliser, antimicrobial, antioxidant
aerial part
analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative,
antimicrobial (Akram et al. 2011); antioxidant leaves
(Ahmad et al. 2012)
antimicrobial, sedative, analgesic, carminative (Saller
2004); antioxidant (Ahmad et al. 2012; Gonçalves et leaves
al. 2009); antimicrobial (Toroglu 2011)
anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective (Abu-
aerial part

381
Review
Table 1 to be continued
No. Species
23 Monarda fistulosa L.
24 Nepeta cataria L.
25 Ocimum americanum L.
26 Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum tenuiflorum
27
syn. O. sanctum L.
28 Origanum majorana L.
29 Origanum vulgare L.
30 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
31 Phlomis lychnitis L.
32 Phlomis pungens Willd.
33 Prunella vulgaris L.
34 Rosmarinus officinalis L.
35 Salvia fruticosa Mill.
36 Salvia hispanica L.
37 Salvia officinalis L.
38 Salvia sclarea L.
39 Salvia tomentosa Mill.
40 Satureja hortensis L.
382
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
Medicinal properties due to biological activity Edible part
antibacterial, antimycotic, and anti-inflammatory
leaves and flowers
(Zhilyakova et al. 2009)
antioxidant (Naguib et al. 2012); antibacterial,
leaves
antifungal, antioxidant (Formisano et al. 2011)
antibacterial (Carović-Stanko et al. 2010);
antioxidant (Trakoontivakorn et al. 2012); antiviral leaves
(Yucharoen et al. 2011)
antibacterial (Alzoreky & Nakahara 2003; Carović-
Stanko et al. 2010); antioxidant (Trakoontivakorn
leaves, flowers, and seeds
et al. 2012); antiviral (Carović-Stanko et al. 2010);
antibacterial and antifungal (Rao et al. 2011)
antioxidant (Trakoontivakorn et al. 2012); antiviral
(Yucharoen et al. 2011); antimicrobial and antioxidant leaves and flowers
(Joshi 2013); antibacterial and antifungal (Rao et al. 2011)
antioxidant, antibacterial, expectorant, sedative,
leaves
carminative, and stimulant (Chih-Chien et al. 2011)
antioxidant and antimicrobial, against cold, for diges-
tive, and respiratory problems (Licina et al. 2012);
leaves
antimicrobial antioxidant (Dorman & Deans 2004);
antibacterial (Alexopoulos et al. 2011)
antioxidant, induction of perspiration and dispelchills,
regulation of stomach function (Hong et al. 2011); leaves, inflorescence
antidepressant (Yi et al. 2013)
anti-inflammatory (Algieri et al. 2013);
flowered aerial part
antioxidant (Lopez et al. 2010)
antibacterial and antitumour (Yildirim et al. 2013);
antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral (Ozcelik et al. aerial part
2010); antioxidant (Keser et al. 2012)
antibacterial (Sarac and Ugur 2007); antioxidant
leaves
and anticancer (Hwang et al. 2013)
antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic,
hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcerogenic,
antidepressant, and antioxidant (Yosr et al. 2013); aerial part
antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004; Toroglu 2011);
antioxidant (Lagouri and Alexandri 2013)
antioxidant and anticholinesterase (Topcu et al. 2013);
antimicrobial and antioxidant (Giweli et al. 2013);
leaves
antioxidant (Erdogan et al. 2011); antimicrobial
(Askun et al. 2009)
antioxidant (Reyes-Caudillo et al. 2008); prevent car-
diovascular diseases, inflammatory and nervous system seeds
disorders, and diabetes (Munoz et al. 2013)
antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004); antibacterial, allelo-
pathic, and antioxidant (Bouajaj et al. 2013);
gastroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, leaves and flowers
anti-inflammatory, antispasmatic, virucidal, fungicidal,
and bactericidal (Jug-Dujaković et al. 2003)
antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004); antioxidant
leaves and flowers
and antiviral (Ogutcu et al. 2008)
antioxidant (Erdogan et al. 2011; Dincer et al. 2013)
leaves
antimicrobial (Askun et al. 2009)
antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Hajhashemi
et al. 2002); antibacterial (Dincer et al. 2013); leaves
antioxidant (Yesiloglu et al. 2013)
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Table 1 to be continued

No. Species Medicinal properties due to biological activity Edible part

antimicrobial (Rota et al. 2004); antibacterial (Ne-
dorostova et al. 2011; Sfeir et al. 2013); cytotoxic, leaves and flowered
41 Satureja montana L.
antioxidant, and antimicrobial (Miladi et al. 2013); aerial part
antioxidant and antimicrobial (Cavar et al. 2008)
antioxidant and antiinflamatory (Seok et al. 2016); car-
42 Scutellaria baicalensis leaves
diovascular, kidney, and liver diseases (Lai et al. 2016)
antitumour (Min et al. 1997);
43 Scutellaria indica L. leaves
antioxidant (Kim et al. 2009)
expectorant, pulmonary emphysema, urogenital
diseases, immunostimulant (Ivanova et al. 2005);
44 Sideritis scardica Griseb. leaves, flowers
anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and cytotoxic
(Tadic et al. 2012); antioxidant (Koleva et al. 2003)
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal
45 Stachys byzantina C. Koch. leaves and flowering tops
(Conforti et al. 2009)
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal
46 Stachys chrisantha Boiss. & Heldr. leaves and flowering tops
(Conforti et al. 2009)
antibacterial (Sarac & Ugur 2007); antimicrobial,
47 Stachys cretica L. antioxidant, antifungal, antiradical, and cytotoxic leaves and flowering tops
(Conforti et al. 2009)
antiinflammatory (Joudi et al. 2011); antimicrobial,
48 Stachys inflata Benth. leaves and flowering tops
antioxidant, and antifungal (Conforti et al. 2009)
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal (Conforti
49 Stachys laxa Boiss. and Buhse. leaves and flowering tops
et al. 2009); citotoxic (Khanavi et al. 2012)
antibacterial (Eldeen et al. 2005; Djabou et al. 2013);
50 Teucrium chamaedrys L. flowered aerial part
antioxidant (Stankovic et al. 2010)
antibacterial (Eldeen et al. 2005; Djabou et al. 2013);
leaves and flowered
51 Teucrium polium L. antibacterial (Zerroug et al. 2011);
aerial part
antioxidant (D’abrosca et al. 2013)
antioxidant (Yilmaz & Yilmaz 2012);
52 Thymbra spicata L. flowered aerial part
antimicrobial (Markovic et al. 2011)
antibacterial (Nedorostova et al. 2011; Joshi 2013)
antibacterial, antioxidant, antimalarial, and antiprolif-
53 Thymus serpyllum L. leaves
erative (Hussain et al. 2013); antioxidant and antihy-
pertensive (Mihailovic-Stanojevic et al. 2013)
antioxidant (Cerda et al. 2013); antifungal (Sella-
muthu et al. 2013); antimicrobial (Alinezhad et al.
54 Thymus vulgaris L. 2013); antibacterial (Nedorostova et al. 2011; flowered aerial part
Ballester-Costa et al. 2013; Sfeir et al. 2013); antioxi-
dant and antibacterial (Aliakbarlu & Shameli 2013)
antioxidant and antibacterial (Aliakbarlu & Shameli
55 Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. aerial parts
2013); antibacterial (Aghajani et al. 2008)
anti-diarrhea, febrifuge, and pectoral effects
56 Ziziphora tenuior L. (Joudi et al. 2011); antioxidant and antibacterial aerial parts
(Aliakbarlu & Shameli 2013)

Within the aforementioned properties, a com-
mon need is the availability of natural extracts with
preservative action, aimed to avoid oxidation and
spoilage by microorganisms combined with pleasant
taste or odour. Moreover, the scientific verification
of the biological activity of plants with potential
antimicrobial activities is needed, but unfortunately
most of the medicinal and aromatic plants have not
yet been exploited for their bioactivities.
Lamiaceae as anti-inflammatory agents. Even
today many people, foremost in rural areas, depend
on herbal medicines to treat inflammation-related
conditions such as rheumatism, muscle swelling,
cut wounds, accidental bone fractures, insect bites,

383
Review
etc. Discovery of natural inflammatory agents and
further development of novel dietary supplements
with anti-inflammatory activities is of considerable
public health relevance, since malnutrition (mod-
ern dietary habit) is linked to inflammation, aging,
and other degenerative processes (Charami et al.
2008). The species of the family Lamiaceae are a great
source of phenolic compounds of multidirectional
biological activity, including anti-inflammatory one.
The main classes of phenolic compounds reported
to be present in the family Lamiaceae are phenolic
acids, mainly caffeic and rosmarinic acid and flavo-
noids. The species of the family Lamiaceae known
to possess anti-inflammatory activity are Mexican
giant hyssop (Agastache mexicana (Kunth.) Link. &
Epling.) (Gonzalez-Ramirez et al. 2012), lavender
(Hajhashemi et al. 2003), rosemary (Yosr et al.
2013), sage ( Jug-Dujaković et al. 2012), savory
(Hajhashemi et al. 2002), and horehound (Mar-
rubium vulgare L.) (El Abbouyi et al. 2013).
Lamiaceae and other activity of contained sub-
stances. In addition, the Lamiaceae species are an
important source of preventive agents for the treat-
ment of global health problems. For diabetes Gmelina
arborea Roxb. (Nayak et al. 2013), Marrubium vul-
gare L. (Boudjelal et al. 2011), Salvia hispanica L.
(Munoz et al. 2013) have proven to be effective, while
Salvia elegans Vahl. (Jimenez et al. 1988), Thymus
capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns & Link (Yvon et al. 2012),
Salvia hispanica L. (Mihailovic-Stanojevic et al.
2013), and Thymus serpyllum L. (Jovanovic et al.
2005) can be used for hypertension.
Due to their chemical composition, species of the
family Lamiceae indicate a great potential as func-
tional foods. Numerous studies have shown their
properties that can be relevant to the promotion
of health and the prevention or treatment of some
diseases. Therefore, the most commonly used spe-
cies with a sound scientific basis for the relationship
between foods and health benefits are summarised
in Table 1, while the more detailed list of species and
their health claims is given in the Suplemmentary
material.
Consumer well-being
The Lamiaceae as natural antioxidants, antimi-
crobial, and anti-inflammatory agents are assumed
to be safe. However, the consumption of functional
foods or food ingredients with health claims should
384
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
be based on sound scientific evidence. Even if there is
evidence that certain functional foods or food ingre-
dients can play a role in the prevention or treatment
of illnesses, safety considerations should be in the
first place. As it is permitted to make statements on
food labels related to the health benefits of functional
foods, interest in developing such products for the
health and wellness market is growing. However, we
cannot be certain that all the foods in the market
which are labelled as functional truly are. Claims
about the health benefits from functional foods
must be communicated effectively to consumers and
should be based on scientific criteria including safety
studies. Herbs and spices are normally accepted as
safe, at least at concentrations normally present in
foods. Still, many of such species and their bioac-
tive components are studied for potential disease
prevention at concentrations which exceed those
usually present in food. It is therefore important to
identify any potential safety concerns associated with
the use of various dosages which range from doses
commonly used for culinary purposes to those used
for medicinal purposes (Kaefer & Milner 2008).
CONCLUSION
The intention of this review is to present the re-
ported beneficial effects of Lamiaceae species from
scientific literature. General inspection of the litera-
ture suggests that these species possess antioxidant,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. In
addition, most of them have been reported to pos-
sess several beneficial properties suggesting that
this type of knowledge could affect overall interest
in Lamiaceae as functional foods and encourage the
production and consumption of these species. It
could help in addressing specific consumer needs as
healthy diet is a part of the lifestyle that maintains
or improves overall health. Since the availability of
this type of food in the market is relatively new, its
popularity depends on publications directed at con-
sumer education and development and widespread
use of new and improved functional properties by
the food industry.
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Corresponding author:
Assist Prof Marko Petek, PhD, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Nutrition,
Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-mail: mpetek@agr.hr
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Received: 2015–10–23
Accepted after corrections: 2016–06–20
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae as Functional Foods

– a Review
Klaudija Carović-Stanko1, Marko Petek2, Martina Grdiša1, Jasna Pintar3,
Dalibor Bedeković3, Mirjana Herak Ćustić2 and Zlatko Satovic1

1
Department of Seed Science and Technology, 2Department of Plant Nutrition and 3Department
of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Supplementary Online Material (SOM)

The Lamiaceae species which can be used as a functional food

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Golubovic T., Palic R., Kitic D., Zlatkovic B., Ristic M.,
Lazarevic J., Stojanovic G. (2010): Chemical composi-
Acinos graveolens (M.
1 leaves antimicrobial tion and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Bieb.) Link
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645–648.
Ulukanli Z., Ulukanli S., Ozbay H., Ilcim A., Tuzcu M.,
Acinos rotundifolius (2005): Antimicrobial activities of some plants from the
2 leaves antimicrobial
Pers. eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biol-
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Upadhyay S.U., Patel V.B., Patel A.A., Upadhyay U.M.,
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. antimicrobial, Patel N.M. (2012): Ajuga bracteosa: a promising herb.
3 leaves, roots
ex Benth. anti-inflammatory Pharma Science Monitor an International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3: 2085–2104.
Castro A., Coll J., Tandrón Y.A., Pant A.K., Mathela C.S.
Ajuga macrosperma alleviate fever (2008): Phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga macrosperma
4 whole plant
Wall. and remove phlegm var. breviflora roots. Journal of Natural Products, 71:
1294–1296.
Senatore F., Lentini F., Venza F., Bruno M., Napolitano
F. (2003): Composition and antibacterial activity of the
Anisochilus carnosus
5 leaves antibacterial essential oil of Anisochilus carnosus (Linn. fil.) Benth, a
(L.) Wall. ex Benth.
Tamil plant acclimatized in Sicily. Flavour and Fragrance
Journal, 18: 202–204.
Kulkarni R.R., Shurpali K., Puranik V.G., Sarkar D.,
Anisochilus harmandii Joshi S.P. (2013): Antimycobacterial labdane diterpenes
6 tubers antimycobacterial
Doan from Leucas stelligera. Journal of Natural Products, 76:
1836–1841.
Arijit S., Arpita B. (2013): Documentation of some
Anisomeles indica (L.) carminative, astringent, ethno-medicinal plants of family Lamiaceae in Bankura
7 leaves
Kuntze and tonic district West Bengal India. International Research Jour-
nal of Biological Sciences, 2: 63–65.
Gong H.Y., Ding J.B., Zhu M., Liu H.B., Tian S.G., Ma
Agastache rugosa
leaves X.M. (2012): Phytochemical investigation and antimi-
8 (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) antimicrobial
and seed crobial activity of Agastache rugosa growing in Xinjiang
Kuntze
China. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 24: 2961–2964.
Review Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Conforti F., Marrelli M., Statti G., Menichini F., Uzunov
Calamintha grandi-
9 leaves antioxidant D., Solimene U., Menichini F. (2012): Comparative chem-
flora (L.) Moench
ical composition and antioxidant activity of Calamintha
nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Nyman and
Calamintha nepeta
10 leaves antioxidant Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench (Labiatae). Natural
(L.) Savi
Product Research, 26: 91–97.
Ortiz de Urbina A.V., Martin M.L., Montero M.J., Moran
Calamintha sylvatica A., San Roman L. (1989): Sedating and antipyretic activ-
11 leaves sedating and antipyretic
Bromf. ity of the essential oil of Calamintha sylvatica subsp.
ascendens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25: 165–171.
Lopez Garcia R.E., Hernandez Perez M., Rabanal R.M.,
antimicrobial, Darias V., Martinherrera D., Arias A., Sanz J. (1992):
hypoglycaemic, Essential oils and antimicrobial activity of 2 varieties of
and diuretic Cedronella canariensis (L) W & B. Journal of Ethnophar-
Cedronella canariensis macology, 36: 207–211.
12 leaves
(L.) Webb. & Berth. Lopez Garcia R.E., Martin Herrera D., Darias V., Rabanal
R.M. (1996): Study of the hypoglycaemic diuretic and
cardiovascular cardiovascular activity of Cedronella canariensis var.
canariensis (L.) W & B. Phytotherapy Research. 10:
541–543.
Mukherjee A., Bandyopadhyay A., Dutta S., Basu S.
against bronchitis,
Clerodendrum indicum (2013): Phytoaccumulation of iron by callus tissue of
13 fruits asthma, and different
(L.) Kuntze Clerodendrum indicum (L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology,
immunological diseases
29: 564–571.
Li J., Wu F.H., Chen K., Liang J.Y., Ma S.P. (2013): Extract
treatment of endothelial
Clinopodium chinense of Clinopodium chinense inhibits high glucose-induced
14 leaves dysfunction-associated
(Benth.) Kuntze apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Jour-
diseases
nal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 61: 265–271.
Arijit S., Arpita B. (2013): Documentation of some
carminative, against
Coleus amboinicus ethno-medicinal plants of family Lamiaceae in Bankura
15 leaves asthma, and chronic
Lour district West Bengal India. International Research Jour-
bronchitis
nal of Biological Sciences, 2: 63–65.
Arijit S., Arpita B. (2013): Documentation of some
the treatment of
Coleus aromaticus ethno-medicinal plants of family Lamiaceae in Bankura
16 leaves headache, fever, epilepsy,
Benth. district West Bengal India. International Research Jour-
and dyspepsia
nal of Biological Sciences, 2: 63–65.
Sandhya C., Vijayalakshmi N.R. (2001): Antioxidant
Coleus parviflorus
activity of flavonoids from Solenostemon rotundifolius in
17 Benth. syn. Solenoste- roots antioxidant
rats fed normal and high fat diets. Journal of Nutraceuti-
mon rotundifolius
cals, Functional & Medical Foods, 3: 55–66.
Abe R., Ohtani K. (2013): An ethnobotanical study of
Coleus scutellarioides medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan
18 roots cuts and wounds
(L.) Benth. Island, the Philippines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
145: 554–565.
Ibarra-Alvarado C., Rojas A., Mendoza S., Bah M.,
Gutierrez D.M., Hernandez-Sandoval L., Martinez. M.
(2010): Vasoactive and antioxidant activities of plants
vasoactive and antioxidant
used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment
Dracocephalum of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48:
19 leaves 732–739.
moldavica L.
Sonboli A., Mojarrad M., Gholipour A., Ebrahimi S.N.,
Arman M. (2008): Biological activity and composition of
antimicrobial
the essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L, grown
in Iran. Natural Product Communications, 3: 1547–1550.
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Bestmann H.J., Rauscher J., Vostrowsky O., Pant A.K.,
against inflammation and Dev V., Parihar R., Mathela C.S. (1992): Constituents of
colera the essential oil of Elsholtzia blanda Benth (Labiatae).
Elsholtzia blanda Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4: 121–124.
20 shoots
Benth.
Guo Z., Liu Z., Wang X., Liu W., Jiang R., Cheng R.,
antiviral, antibacterial,
She G. (2012): Elsholtzia phytochemistry and biological
anti-oxidant
activities. Chemistry Central Journal, 6: 147.
Guo Z., Liu Z., Wang X., Liu W., Jiang R., Cheng R.,
antibacterial She G. (2012): Elsholtzia phytochemistry and biological
activities. Chemistry Central Journal, 6: 147.
21 Elsholtzia ciliata leaves Liu X., Jia J., Yang L., Yang F., Ge H., Zhao C., Zhang
L., Zu Y. (2012): Evaluation of antioxidant activities of
antioxidant
aqueous extracts and fractionation of different parts of
Elsholtzia ciliate. Molecules, 17: 5430–5441.
Khan M., Ganie S.A., Wani I.H., Ganai B.A., Malik A.H.,
Zargar M.A., Masood A., Hamid R. (2013): Antimicro-
antimicrobial bial potentiality of Elsholtzia densa against pathogenic
bacterial and fungal strains. Journal of Pure and Applied
Microbiology, 7: 1019–1026.
22 Elsholtzia densa Benth. leaves Guo Z., Liu Z., Wang X., Liu W., Jiang R., Cheng R.,
antiviral She. G. (2012): Elsholtzia phytochemistry and biological
activities. Chemistry Central Journal, 6: 147.
Kavidayal C.S., Tandon S., Pant A.K., Kasana V.K. (2006):
antibacterial
Antibacterial activity of essential oils of Elsholtzia spp.
Elsholtzia pilosa and extracts of Vernonia cinerea. Annals of Plant Protec-
23 shoots antibacterial tion Sciences, 14: 506–507.
Benth.
Firuzi O., Javidnia K., Gholami M., Soltani M., Miri R.
Eremostachys adenan- (2010): Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content
24 leaves antioxidant
tha Jaub. & Spach. of 24 lamiaceae species growing in Iran. Natural Product
Communications, 5: 261–264.
Chou S.T., Chan Y.R., Chung Y.C. (2012): Studies on the
antioxidant, antimutagenicity and antioxidant activity of the hot wa-
25 Glechoma hederacea L. leaves
anti-mutagenic ter extract of Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Food and
Drug Analysis, 20: 637–645.
anthelmintic, Nayak B.S., Dinda S.C., Ellaiah P. (2013): Evaluation of
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Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
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84 Nepeta meyeri Benth. leaves
Cigremis Y., Ulukanli Z., Ilcim A., Akgoz M. (2010): In
antioxidant vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial assays of acetone
and antimicrobial extracts from Nepeta meyeri Bentham. European Review
for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 14: 661–668.

Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
anxiolytic
Sharafaldin regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
85 Nepeta persica Boiss. leaves Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.
Formisano C., Rigano D., Senatore F. (2011): Chemical
antibacterial constituents and biological activities of Nepeta species.
Chemistry & Biodiversity, 8: 1783–1818.

carminative- tonic- Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

diaphoretic, refrigerant of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
86 Nepeta racemosa L. leaves
and slightly emmenagogue, Sharafaldin Regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
and mildly timulating Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.
Carović-Stanko K., Orlić S., Politeo O., Strikić F., Kolak I.,
Miloš M., Šatović Z. (2010): Composition and antibacte-
antibacterial
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Ocimum campe- Food Chemistry, 119: 196–201.
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87 leaves
Ocimum micranthum M., Manfredini S., Braccioli E., Bruni R. (2004): Com-
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Carović-Stanko K., Orlić S., Politeo O., Strikić F., Kolak I.,
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Miloš M., Šatović Z. (2010): Composition and antibac-
88 Vis. syn. O. africanum leaves antibacterial
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No. Species Edible part References
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Trakoontivakorn G., Tangkanakul P., Nakahara K. (2012):
Changes of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in Oci-
antioxidant
mum herbs after various cooking methods. Jarq-Japan
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Chiu Y.W., Lo H.J., Huang H.Y., Chao P.Y., Hwang J.M.,
Huang P.Y., Huang S.J., Liu J.Y., Lai T.J. (2013): The
antioxidant antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of Ocimum
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89 Ocimum gratissimum L. leaves Analysis, 21: 253–260.
Joshi R.K. (2013): Chemical composition, in vitro anti-
microbial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils
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Rao B.R.R., Kothari S.K., Rajput D.K., Patel R.P., Darokar
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Carović-Stanko K., Orlić S., Politeo O., Strikić F., Kolak I.,
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Alzoreky N.S., Nakahara K. (2003): Antibacterial activity
Ocimum kilimand- of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed
90 scharicum Baker leaves in Asia. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 80:
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Rao B.R.R., Kothari S.K., Rajput D.K., Patel R.P., Darokar
antibacterial M.P. (2011): Chemical and biological diversity in four-
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Sfeir J., Lefrancois C., Baudoux D., Derbre S., Licznar
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91 leaves
Benth. El Babili F., Bouajila J., Souchard J.P., Bertrand C.,
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Lagouri V., Alexandri G. (2013): Antioxidant properties
of greek O. dictamnus and R. officinalis methanol and
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Alexopoulos A., Kimbaris A.C., Plessas S., Mantzourani
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Bezirtzoglou E. (2011): Antibacterial activities of es-
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Chinou I., Liolios C., Moreau D., Roussakis C. (2007):
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No. Species Edible part References
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anti-spasmodic,
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94 Origanum onites L. leaves antibacterial,
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Awaad A.S., El–Meligy R.M., Qenawy S.A., Atta A.H.,
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Soliman G.A. (2011): Anti-inflammatory antinociceptive
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95 Origanum syriacum L. leaves
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antibacterial Antibacterial effect of essential oil vapours against differ-
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Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 26: 403–407.
Erdemgil F.Z., Ilhan S., Korkmaz F., Kaplan C., Mercan-
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Perovskia atriplicifolia
96 flowers mutagenic, position and biological activity of the essential oil of
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Ozcelik B., Orhan I., Kartal M., Konuklugil B. (2010): In
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Phlomis bourgaei Sarikurkcu C., Ozer M.S., Cakir A., Eskici M., Mete E.
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98 Phlomis fruticosa L. leaves Limem-Ben Amor I., Boubaker J., Ben Sgaier M.,
Skandrani I., Bhouri W., Neffati A., Kilani S., Bouhlel I.,
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Ghedira K., Chekir-Ghedira L. (2009): Phytochemistry
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Olennikov D.N., Dudareva L.V., Tankhaeva L.M. (2010):
roots Chemical composition of essential oils from Galeopsis
99 Phlomis tuberosa L. antimicrobial
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Compounds, 46: 316–318.
Algieri F., Zorrilla P., Rodriguez-Nogales A., Garrido-Mesa
N., Banuelos O., Gonzalez-Tejero M.R., Casares-Porcel M.,
Molero-Mesa J., Zarzuelo A., Utrilla M.P. (2013): Intesti-
100 Phlomis purpurea L. flowers anti-inflammatory nal anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extracts
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of Ethnopharmacology, 146: 750–759.
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
No. Species
Plectranthus ternifolius
101
Don.
Pogostemon
102
benghalensis Kuntze.
103 Salvia argentea L.
104 Salvia castanea Diels
Salvia clevelandii
105
(A. Gray.) Greene.
Salvia columbariae
106
Benth.
107 Salvia elegans Vahl.
108 Salvia glutinosa L.
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botanical study of wild edible plants in Poba reserved
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Sharma S.M., Bhadange D.G. (2013): Antimicrobial po-
leaves antimicrobial tential of Lamiaceae members. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3: 324–327.
Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and
usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
antibacterial
growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
ences, 4: 28–37.
basal leaves Orhan I.E., Senol F.S., Ercetin T., Kahraman A., Celep F.,
Akaydin G., Sener B., Dogan M. (2013): Assessment of
anticholinesterase
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Guerrero I.C., Andres L.S., Leon L.G., Machin R.P.,
Padron J.M., Luis J.G., Delgadillo J. (2006): Abietane
leaves cytotoxic diterpenoids from Salvia pachyphylla and S. clevelandii
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Esquivel B., Sanchez A.A., Vergara F., Matus W., Her-
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seed diterpenoids from the roots of some Mexican Salvia
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Jimenez-Ferrer E., Badillo F.H., Gonzalez-Cortazar M.,
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tion and angiotensin II antagonism. Journal of Ethno-
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Herrera-Ruiz M., Garcia-Beltran Y., Mora S., Diaz-
Veliz G., Viana G.S.B., Tortoriello J., Ramirez G. (2006):
antidepressant Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic
extract from Salvia elegans. Journal of Ethnopharmacol-
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Orhan I.E., Senol F.S., Ercetin T., Kahraman A., Celep F.,
Akaydin G., Sener B., Dogan M. (2013): Assessment of
anticholinesterase
anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of selected
and antioxidant
sage (Salvia) species with their total phenol and flavo-
noid contents. Industrial Crops and Products, 41: 21–30.
leaves Velickovic D.T., Randjelovic N.V., Ristic M.S.,
Smelcerovic A.A., Velickovic A.S. (2002): Chemical com-
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Rota C., Carraminana J.J., Burillo J., Herrera A. (2004): In
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Salvia lavandulifolia flowered
109 Porres-Martinez M., Gonzalez-Burgos E., Accame
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Ogutcu H., Sokmen A., Sokmen M., Polissiou M.,
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Amirghofran Z., Zand F., Javidnia K., Miri R. (2010): The
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111 seed cytotoxic
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Firuzi O., Javidnia K., Gholami M., Soltani M., Miri R.
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Orhan I.E., Senol F.S., Ercetin T., Kahraman A., Celep F.,
Akaydin G., Sener B., Dogan M. (2013): Assessment of
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112 leaves anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of selected
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Mojtaba T., Reza G.H., Borzo S., Shiva N., Esmaeil S.

113 Salvia pomifera L.
114 Salvia pratensis L.
115 Salvia reflexa Hornem.
116 Salvia tiliifolia Vahl.
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Erdogan S.S., Karik U., Baser K.H.C. (2011): The deter-
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antioxidant activity of some sage populations of Salvia
leaves antioxidant
fruticosa Mill, Salvia pomifera Mill and Salvia tomentosa
Mill in the Marmara region of Turkey. Planta Medica, 77:
1319–1319.
Velickovic D.T., Randjelovic N.V., Ristic M.S.,
Smelcerovic A.A., Velickovic A.S. (2002): Chemical com-
position and antimicrobial action of the ethanol extracts
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Kucekova Z., Mlcek J., Humpolicek P., Rop O. (2013):
Edible flowers - antioxidant activity and impact on
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cell viability. Central European Journal of Biology, 8:
1023–1031.
Malencic D., Gasic O., Popovic M., Boza P. (2000):
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Adewusi E.A., Moodley N., Steenkamp V. (2011): Anti-
antioxidant oxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of se-
seed
and acetylcholinesterase lected southern African medicinal plants. South African
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Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
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No. Species
117 Salvia verbenaca L.
118 Salvia viridis L.
Satureja intricata
119
Lange
120 Satureja obovata Lag,
Satureja spicigera
121
(K. Koch.) Boiss.
Satureja subspicata
122
Bartl. ex Vis,
123 Satureja thymbra L.
Scutellaria violacea
124
Heyne ex. Benth.
125 Sideritis hyssopifolia L.
Review
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to biological activity
Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and
leaves usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
antibacterial
and flowers growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
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Erdemoglu N., Turan N.N., Cakõc I., Sener B., Aydõn A.
antioxidant (2006): Antioxidant activities of some Lamiaceae plant
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and seed Digrak M., Alma M.H., Ilcim A. (2011): Antibacterial
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flowered Jordan M.J., Sanchez-Gomez P., Jimenez J.F., Quilez
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antiradical activity of the essential oil from Satureja
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Sariboga B., Sariboga N. (2011): Antimicrobial activity
antimicrobial of various extracts of Satureja spicigera. Asian Journal of
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Eminagaoglu O., Tepe B., Yumrutas O., Akpulat H.A.,
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Daferera D., Polissiou M., Sokmen A. (2007): The in vitro
antioxidant antioxidative properties of the essential oils and metha-
nol extracts of Satureja spicigera (K. Koch.) Boiss. and
Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Food Chemistry, 100: 339–343.
Cavar S., Maksimovic M., Solic M.E., Jerkovic-Mujkic A.,
antioxidant Besta R. (2008): Chemical composition and antioxidant
aerial part
and antimicrobial and antimicrobial activity of two Satureja essential oils.
Food Chemistry, 111: 648–653.
Ozturk M. (2012): Anticholinesterase and antioxidant
anticholinesterase activities of Savoury (Satureja thymbra L.) with identi-
and antioxidant fied major terpenes of the essential oil. Food Chemistry,
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Giweli A., Dzamic A.M., Sokovic M., Ristic M.S., Marin
antimicrobial P.D. (2012): Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of
and antioxidant essential oils of Satureja thymbra growing wild in Libya.
leaves Molecules, 17: 4836–4850.
Markovic T., Chatzopoulou P., Siljegovic J., Nikolic M.,
Glamoclija J., Ciric A., Sokovic M. (2011): Chemical
analysis and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils
antimicrobial
of Satureja thymbra L. and Thymbra spicata L. and their
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Salini S., Chubicka T., Sasidharan N., Sindhu E.R., Babu
cytotoxic T.D. (2013): Cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of
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and antioxidant selected Scutellaria species from the Western Ghats of
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Huerga V., Sahagun A., Diez R., Diez M.J., Villaescusa L.,
flowered Martin M.T., Zaragoza F., Sierra M. (2011): Determina-
antioxidant
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doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Erdogan S.S., Karik U., Baser K.H.C. (2011): The deter-
mination of total phenolics and flavonoid contents and
antioxidant activity of some sage populations of Salvia
antimicrobial
fruticosa Mill, Salvia pomifera Mill. and Salvia tomento-
sa Mill. in the Marmara region of Turkey. Planta Medica,
Sideritis leptoclada 77: 1319–1319.
126 leaves
O. Schwarz & P.H.
Ayar-Kayali H., Urek R.O., Nakiboglu M., Tarhan L.
(2009): Antioxidant activities of endemic Sideritis lep-
antioxidant toclada and Mentha dumetorum aqueous extracts used
in Turkey folk medicine. Journal of Food Processing and
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Bas E., Recio M.C., Giner R.M., Manez S., Cerda-Nicolas
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127 anti-inflammatory
Lag. aerial parts demethylnobiletin a polymethoxyflavone isolated from
Sideritis tragoriganum. Planta Medica, 72: 136–142.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antimicrobial,
leaves chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
128 Stachys affinis Bunge antioxidant,
and tubers toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and
usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
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leaves growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
Stachys albiflora ences, 4: 28–37.
129 and flowering
N.E.Br.
tops antimicrobial, Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
antioxidant, Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
and antifungal chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antimicrobial, toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
antioxidant, from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
leaves and antifungal Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
130 Stachys alpine L. and flowering Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
tops antiinflammatory Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
effect of Stachys species ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
and antifungal
from different regions ofthe Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
leaves Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
131 Stachys annua L. and flowering Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
tops antiinflammatory
ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.
Yildirim A.B., Karakas F.P., Turker A.U. (2013): In vitro
antibacterial antibacterial and antitumor activities of some medicinal
and antitumor plant extracts growing in Turkey. Asian Pacific Journal of
Tropical Medicine, 6: 616–624.
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antimicrobial,
Stachys beckeana chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
132 and flowering antioxidant,
Dörfler & Hayek toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antimicrobial,
Stachys chrisantha chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
133 and flowering antioxidant,
Boiss. & Heldr. toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.

Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and

usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
antibacterial
leaves growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
134 Stachys cretica L. and flowering ences, 4: 28–37.
tops antimicrobial, antioxidant, Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
antifungal, antiradical, Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
and cytotoxic chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antimicrobial, antioxidant, toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
antifungal, antiprolifera- from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
leaves tive, cytotoxic Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
135 Stachys germanica L. and flowering Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
tops Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
antiinflammatory
ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
antimicrobial,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antioxidant,
Stachys hydrophila chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
136 and flowering antifungal,
Boiss. toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops antiradical,
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
and cytotoxic
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration
of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
anxiolytic
Sharafaldin regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.
leaves
Stachys lavandifolia Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
137 and flowering
Vahl. Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
tops antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and
usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
antibacterial
growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
ences, 4: 28–37.
leaves
Stachys leptoclada Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
138 and flowering
Briq. Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
tops antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

antimicrobial, Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves
antioxidant, chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
139 Stachys nivea Labill. and flowering
antifungal, toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops
and cytotoxic from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Review Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
antimicrobial,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antioxidant,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antifungal,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
antiradical,
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
leaves, tubers, and cytotoxic
140 Stachys palustris L. Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
and seed
Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
anti-inflammatory
ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.

Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
anti-inflammatory
leaves Sharafaldin Regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
141 Stachys persica Gmel. and flowering Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.
tops antimicrobial, Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
antioxidant, Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
and antifungal chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
leaves antimicrobial, toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
142 Stachys plumosa L. and flowering antioxidant, from different regions of the Mediterranean area. Food
tops and antifungal Chemistry, 116: 898–905.

Stachys pseudopinardii leaves Dulger G., Aki C. (2009): Antimicrobial activity of the
143 R. Bhattacharjee & and flowering antimicrobial leaves of endemic Stachys pseudopinardii in Turkey.
Hub.-Mor. tops Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8: 371–375.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
leaves and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean area. Food
144 Stachys recta L. and flowering Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
tops
Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
antiinflammatory
ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.
Stachys scardica leaves and antimicrobial, antioxidant,
145 Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
Griseb. flowering tops and antifungal
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antimicrobial, chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
146 Stachys spinosa L. and flowering antioxidant,antifungal, toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops and cytotoxic from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
antimicrobial, antioxidant, Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
and antifungal
leaves
Stachys subaphylla Khanavi M., Manayi A., Lotfi M., Abbasi R., Majdzadeh
147 and flowering
Rech. F. M., Ostad S.N. (2012): Investigation of citotoxic activity
tops citotoxic
in four Stachys species from Iran. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 11: 589–593.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
148 Stachys sylvatica L. and flowering antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390 Review

doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species Edible part References
to biological activity
Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,
Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
leaves and antifungal
Stachys trinervis from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
149 and flowering Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Aitch. and Hemsl.
tops
Khanavi M., Manayi A., Lotfi M., Abbasi R., Majdzadeh
M., Ostad S.N. (2012): Investigation of citotoxic activity
citotoxic
in four Stachys species from Iran. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 11: 589–593.

Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
antioxidant
Sharafaldin regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
and antifungal
leaves from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Stachys turcomanica
150 and flowering Chemistry, 116: 898–905.
Trautv.
tops
Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,
Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
antiinflammatory
ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.

Khanavi M., Manayi A., Lotfi M., Abbasi R., Majdzadeh

M., Ostad S.N. (2012): Investigation of citotoxic activity
citotoxic
in four Stachys species from Iran. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 11: 589–593.

Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration

of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
antioxidant
Sharafaldin regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.

Conforti F., Menichini F., Formisano C., Rigano D.,

Senatore F., Arnold N.A., Piozzi F. (2009): Comparative
leaves antimicrobial,
chemical composition free radical-scavenging and cyto-
151 Stachys virdata L. and flowering antioxidant,
toxic properties of essential oils of six Stachys species
tops and antifungal
from different regions of the Mediterranean Area. Food
Chemistry, 116: 898–905.

Háznagy-Radnai E., Balogh Á., Czigle S., Máthé I.,

antiinflammatory Hohmann J., Blazsó G. (2012): Antiinflammatory activi-
effect of Stachys species ties of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids.
Phytotherapy Research, 26: 505–509.

Sarac N., Ugur A. (2007): Antimicrobial activities and

Teucrium divaricatum flowered usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species
152 antibacterial
Heldr. aerial part growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSci-
ences, 4: 28–37.
Review Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species
153 Teucrium marum L.
Edible part References
to biological activity
Djabou N., Lorenzi V., Guinoiseau E., Andreani S.,
Giuliani M.C., Desjobert J.M., Bolla J.M., Costa J., Berti
L., Luciani A. (2013): Phytochemical composition of
antibacterial
Corsican teucrium essential oils and antibacterial activity
against foodborne or toxi-infectious pathogens. Food
flowered Control, 30: 354–363.
aerial part
Ricci D., Fraternale D., Giamperi L., Bucchini A., Epifano
F., Burini G., Curini M. (2005): Chemical composition,
antimicrobial
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil
and antioxidant
of Teucrium marum (Lamiaceae). Journal of Ethnophar-
macology, 98: 195–200.

Blanco Salas J., Ruiz Tellez T., Perez Alonso M.J., Vazquez
Pardo F.M., Cases Capdevila M.A., Gervasini Rodriguez
antioxidant C. (2010): Chemical composition and antioxidant activity
of the essential oil of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. in Spain.
Acta Bot Gallica, 157: 55–63.
Thymbra capitata (L.) flowered
154 Palmeira-de-Oliveira A., Gaspar C., Palmeira-de-Oliveira
Cav. aerial part
R., Silva-Dias A., Salgueiro L., Cavaleiro C., Pina-Vaz C.,
Martinez-de-Oliveira J., Queiroz J.A., Rodrigues A.G.
anti-candida
(2012): The anti-Candida activity of Thymbra capitata
essential oil: Effect upon pre-formed biofilm. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 140: 379–383.

Cruz T., Cabo M.M., Castillo M.J., Jimenez J., Ruiz

Ramos-Cormenzana A. (1993): Chemical-composition
antimicrobial and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of differ-
Thymus baeticus flowered ent samples of Thymus baeticus Boiss. Phytotherapy
155 Research, 7: 92–94.
Boiss. ex Laciata aerial part
Cruz T., Jimenez J., Zarzuelo A., Cabo M.M. (1989): The
spasmolytic spasmolytic activity of the essential oil of Thymus baeti-
cus Boiss. in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 3: 106–108.
Ballester-Costa C., Sendra E., Fernandez-Lopez J.,
Perez-Alvarez J.A., Viuda-Martos M. (2013): Chemical
antibacterial composition and in vitro antibacterial properties of es-
Thymus capitatus (L.) sential oils of four Thymus species from organic growth.
Hoffmanns et Link Industrial Crops and Products, 50: 304–311.
156 leaves
syn. Coridothymus Yvon Y., Raoelison E.G., Razafindrazaka R., Randriantsoa
capitatus L. A., Romdhane M., Chabir N., Mkaddem M.G., Bouajila
antioxidant
J. (2012): Relation between chemical composition or
and antihypertensive
antioxidant activity and antihypertensive activity for six
essential oils. Journal of Food Science, 77: H184–H191.
Joudi L., Bibalani G.H., Shadkami H. (2011): Exploration
cardiotonic,
of medicinal species of Lamiaceae family in Ilkhji and
hypotensive,
Sharafaldin regions of East Azarbaijan in Iran. Current
antibacterial
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3: 385–387.
Thymus kotschyanus flowered
157 Aliakbarlu J., Shameli F. (2013): In vitro antioxidant and
Boiss. aerial part
antibacterial properties and total phenolic contents
antioxidant
of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, T. kotschyanus,
and antibacterial
Ziziphora tenuior and Z. clinopodioides. Turkish Journal
of Biochemistry, 38: 425–431.
Tepe B., Sarikurkcu C., Berk S., Alim A., Akpulat H.A.
(2011): Chemical composition, radical scavenging and
Thymus hyemalis flowered antioxidant
158 antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus
Lange aerial part and antimicrobial
boveii and Thymus hyemalis. Records of Natural Prod-
ucts, 5: 208–220.
Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
No. Species Edible part
159 Thymus linearis Benth. whole plant
Thymus mastichina
160
(L.) L.
Thymus moroderi
161
Pau ex Martínez
Thymus orospedanus
162
Villar
163 Thymus pulegioides L.
164 Thymus piperella L.
Review
Medicinal properties due
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Hussain A.I., Anwar F., Chatha S.A.S., Latif S., Sherazi
antibacterial,
S.T.H., Ahmad A., Worthington J., Sarker S.D. (2013):
antioxidant,
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antimalarial,
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Ballester-Costa C., Sendra E., Fernandez-Lopez J.,
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antibacterial composition and in vitro antibacterial properties of es-
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Ruiz-Navajas Y., Viuda-Martos M., Sendra E., Perez-Al-
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Ruiz-Navajas Y., Viuda-Martos M., Sendra E., Perez-Al-
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rial and antioxidant properties of chitosan edible films
and antioxidant
incorporated with Thymus moroderi or Thymus piperella
essential oils. Food Control, 30: 386–392.
aerial part
Ruiz-Navajas Y., Viuda-Martos M., Sendra E., Perez-Al-
varez J.A., Fernandez-Lopez J. (2013b): In vitro antioxi-
antioxidant
dant and antifungal properties of essential oils obtained
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Journal of Food Protection, 76: 1218–1225.
 Review Czech J. Food Sci., 34, 2016 (5): 377–390
doi: 10.17221/504/2015-CJFS

Medicinal properties due

No. Species
165 Thymus praecox Opiz
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Orhan I., Senol F.S., Gulpinar A.R., Kartal M., Sekeroglu
N., Deveci M., Kan Y., Sener B. (2009): Acetylcholines-
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Chemical Toxicology, 47: 1304–1310.

Pavel M., Ristic M., Stevic T. (2010): Essential oils of Thy-

mus pulegioides and Thymus glabrescens from Romania
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chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Journal
of the Serbian Chemical Society, 75: 27–34.
flowered
166 Thymus pulegioides L. Dandlen S.A., Lima A.S., Mendes M.D., Miguel M.G.,
aerial part
Faleiro M.L., Sousa M.J., Pedro L.G., Barroso J.G.,
antioxidant Figueiredo A.C. (2010): Antioxidant activity of six Portu-
guese thyme species essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance
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Crespo M.E., Jimenez J., Gomis E., Navarro C. (1990):
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167 antibacterial Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus-Ser-
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Dorman H.J.D., Deans S.G. (2004): Chemical composi-
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antioxidant Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Pelargonium sp. and
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145–150.
Aliakbarlu J., Shameli F. (2013): In vitro antioxidant and
Thymus zygis antibacterial properties and total phenolic contents
168 leaves antibacterial of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, T. kotschyanus,
Loefl. ex L.
Ziziphora tenuior and Z. clinopodioides. Turkish Journal
of Biochemistry, 38: 425–431.
Dandlen S.A., Lima A.S., Mendes M.D., Miguel M.G.,
Faleiro M.L., Sousa M.J., Pedro L.G., Barroso J.G.,
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guese thyme species essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance
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169 Ziziphora capitata L. aerial parts antibacterial
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