EE 262

Electrical Machines 1
Module-3
Yasser O. Assolami, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Taibah University, Yanbu Campus
Year 2023 G, 1444 H / Third Term
ysolami@taibahu.edu.sa
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 Module 3: Power Transformer
Outline
• Introduction

• Construction

• Theory of Operation

• Equivalent Circuit of Ideal Transformer

• Equivalent Circuit of exact (practical) Transformer

• Performance Evaluation

• Equivalent Circuit Parameters Determination

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INTRODUCTION

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Typical Power System:

It should be mentioned here that the electric power is

generated at voltage in the range of the 11-30KV.
Transmitting a given amount of power requires a fixed
product of voltage and current. Thus, the higher the
voltage, the lower the current can be. Lower line
currents are associated with lower losses (I2Z). -
Transmitting the power in low voltage range for long
distance is not feasible since all the power will be lost
as a voltage drop on the transmission line.

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• Stepping up the generator voltage to high voltage, is

done through power transformers to minimize losses
and increase the transmission capacity of the lines.

• This transmission voltage level is then stepped down in

many stages for distribution and utilization purposes.

• The transformer enables us to utilize different voltage

levels across the system for the most economical
value.

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Construction

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Construction

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Construction

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 Module 3: Power Transformer
Construction

• The iron core is made of thin laminated silicon steel (2-3 % silicon)

• The winding is made of copper or aluminum conductor, insulated with paper or

insulating material

• The windings are manufactured in several layers, and insulation is placed

between windings.

• The primary and secondary windings are normally placed on top of each others
but insulated by several layers of insulating sheets.

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 Module 3: Power Transformer
Construction

Three phase oil transformer

• The dried and treated transformer
is placed in a steel tank.

• The tank is filled with transformer

oil.

• The end of the windings are

connected to bushings.

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Theory of Operation

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A transformer is a device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled electrical conductors.

This effect is called mutual induction or

transformer
action.

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Theory of Operation

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Note: Theory of Operation

Faraday Law states
that any change in
the magnetic
environment of a
coil of a wire will
cause a voltage
(emf) to be induced
in the coil

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Ideal Transformer Equivalent

Circuit

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Ideal Transformer
Ideal transformer is assumed to have:
– An infinite permeability core → reluctance is
equal to zero.
– The core with no losses→ No hysteresis
losses, No eddy currents.
– Lossless electrical windings.
– No leakage fluxes.

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Voltage Ratio

Assume that a sinusoidal voltage v1 has been

applied to the primary circuit. A sinusoidal
current i1 will result and a sinusoidal magnetic
flux Φ will be setup in the core. Assume that:

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Voltage Ratio

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Voltage Ratio

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Current Ratio
The magnetic
circuit of the
power transformer

• For an ideal transformer: (An infinite permeability core → reluctance is equal to

zero) (R=0)

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Transmitted Power

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Loaded Ideal Transformer

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Exact Transformer Equivalent

Circuit

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Performance Evaluation

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Performance Evaluation

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Examples

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Equivalent Circuit
Parameters Determination

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