5 Cgais

Unit 5: Citing Sources of Information
Lesson 2: Writing In-Text Citations,

Endnotes, and Footnotes
Contents
Engage 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Explore 2
Explain and Elaborate 3

In-Text Citations in APA Format (7th Edition) 3
Footnotes in APA Format (7th Edition) 8
In-Text Citations in MLA Format 11
Footnotes and Endnotes in MLA Format 14
Author-Date (AD) Style in Chicago Format 17
Notes-Bibliography (NB) Style in Chicago Format 20
Extend 23
Activity 1 23
Activity 2 24
Evaluate 25
Wrap Up 28
Photo Credit 29
Bibliography 29
Unit 5.2: Writing In-Text Citations, Endnotes, and Footnotes
Engage
Introduction
Fig. 1. The figure is an example of footnotes, referencing other works.
While writing expository texts, all primary and secondary references must be cited correctly.
In the previous lesson, you were given an overview of several different kinds of citations,
namely APA, MLA, and Chicago. Each of these citation styles formats their in-text citations,
footnotes, and endnotes differently.
● Why is it important to know how to use different citation styles?
● How are the in-text citations, footnotes, and endnotes of these citation styles
different from each other?
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Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Identify the in-text citations, footnotes, and endnotes of the different citation styles.
● Use the different in-text citations, footnotes, and endnotes of the APA, MLA, and
CMOS citation styles.
DepEd Competency
Employ in-text citations, endnotes, and footnotes in academic texts. (additional lesson for
enrichment).
Explore
15 minutes
With a partner, study the research article you found last meeting in the library. Determine
the kind of citations used in the said study.
Guide Questions
1. What kind of citations were used in the research article you found?
2. What are the characteristics of the citation style that was used in the article?
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3. How were you able to identify the citation style used?
4. Why do you think the article you found used that particular citation style?
Explain and Elaborate
In-Text Citations in APA Format (7th Edition)

The APA citation follows the author-date method for in-text citations. The author’s last
name and the year of publication should appear in the written text.
Capitalization and Italics

These are the rules for capitalization for in-text citation in APA format:
● Capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials.
● Capitalize all words that are four letters or longer within the title of the source.
● Exceptions to the previous rule apply to short words in the forms of verbs, nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
● Capitalize the first word after a colon.
● Italicize the title of a reference if it is italicized in the reference list.
● If it is not italicized in the references list, use double quotation marks.
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Short Quotations
For short direct quotations, include the author’s name, year of publication, and page
number. Introduce the direct quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last
name, followed by the year of publication in parentheses. The page number should be
indicated after the direct quotation. If a signal phrase was not used, place the author, year,
and page number in parentheses. Use “p.” to note if the quotation was taken from one page
of the text, and “pp.” if the quotation spans several pages.
Long Quotations
For quotations that utilize 40 words or more, use a block of typewritten lines and omit
quotation marks. The quote should start from a ½ inch tab from the left margin, and keep
the subsequent paragraphs indented until the end of the direct quotation. The
double-spaced format should be maintained. The parenthetical citation should follow the
direct quotation.
Why should a writer be conscious of the format in

using different citation styles?
Quotations from Sources Without Page Numbers

If there are references that do not contain the page numbers, there should be a reference
from another identifying element, such as a paragraph, chapter number, section, etc. It
should act as a substitute for the page number.
Summary or Paraphrase
The page numbers can be omitted if the reference was summarized or paraphrased. The
author and year of publication should be cited. Writers are still encouraged to indicate page
numbers, especially if the paraphrased texts are longer.
Remember
Remember to use precise language which differs from the original
text when paraphrasing or summarizing the text. This is done to avoid
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plagiarism.
Citations for Authors

If two or more authors did the research, the parenthetical citation should cite the writers.
Citing a two-author study should include the names of authors with an “&” in between their
names and the year of publication. If there are more than two researchers, mention only the
first author then add “et al.” with the publication date in the in-text citation.
If there is no cited author for the study, the title of the source should be cited using the
capitalization rules of APA with the date of publication.
Why is it important to recognize the work of

different authors?
If an organization, such as a government agency or a nonprofit organization, is the author of

the paper, mention the name of the said organization in full for the first citation. Succeeding
times should use the abbreviation, followed by the date of publication.
Lastly, if there is a need for multiple citations that use two or more different references, cite
the authors in the order they are mentioned in the reference list.
Example 1
Rabiger (2010) states that the film is a production consciousness, where all the characters
have their respective consciousness. Each character has its own psychological state of
consciousness, in which each character has the awareness to perform an activity in a film. It
is a production of psychological conditions that were provided by the main character. It has
an important role in the movie. Weijers as cited in Kleemans, et.al (2017:2) stated that the
main character propels the story forward because she or he is confronted with a problem
that requires a response. The character is put in a (moral) predicament, acts according to his
or her specific character traits and as a result, the plot develops and the character changes.
Source: “Social Relationships of the Main Characters in Rowling's Fantastic Beast and Where to Find Them”
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by Euis Meinawati, Herlin Widasiwi Setianingrum, Jimmi Jimmi, and Eggi Winata
(http://jurnal.unswagati.ac.id/index.php/RILL/article/view/2074)
Explanation
In the first sentence of the example, there is an in-text citation that mentions an author,
Rabinger, and the date of the writer’s publication year. The last sentence of the paragraph
also utilizes a paraphrased reference, as only the author and publication date are cited, but
the page number was omitted. Take note that the author cited a secondary reference,
referenced by the term, as cited by.
How can you practice utilizing in-text citations in

APA format?
Example 2
Jesper Juul (2005) voices his concerns about delineating the enjoyable ingredients of games
by emphasising that:
[. . .] there is ultimately no one-sentence description of what makes all games fun;
different games emphasize different types of enjoyment and different players may
even enjoy the same game for entirely different reasons. (Juul 2005, p. 19)
Despite the complexity of the phenomenon and the multitude of game genres, most
gamified applications seem to be relying on a simple point-based structure, which is
believed to provide enjoyment in all possible contexts. To gamification evangelists such as
Zichermann (2010), the formula is simple: “If air-trafficking can be fun, anything can be fun.”
Source: “Why Fun Matters: In Search of Emergent Playful Experiences” by Sonia Fizek (https://doi.org/10.14619/001)
Explanation
Example 2 utilizes a long quotation from the reference. The author’s name, Jesper Juul, was
mentioned following the year of publication in parentheses (2005). Following the rules of
in-text citation for APA format, the long quotation starts with a new paragraph, and the
entire block of text is indented. Additionally, the citation found at the end of the quotation
includes the author, publication, and the page numbers where it was taken directly from the
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text (Juul 2005, p. 19). A short quotation is also found at the end of the example, with the
author’s name and year of publication.
Example 3
Thermal simulation has the potential to improve quality and energy efficiency in the
building. The integration of CAD and VR techniques in the development of thermal
simulations brings new perspectives to evaluate the design process. These building energy
simulation models give building stakeholders a cost-effective tool to simulate the energy
result of a building. The VR technique has become an important support in the building
performance domain, as it enables the rapid and intuitive exploration of the 3D volume
containing the data and provides high quality, immersive visual representation of virtual
prototypes (Bruno et al., 2008; Gutierrez et al., 2008). A particular approach of the
environment used to display temperature data was conducted by adding thermal data
objects into the VE. This is to reconstruct the thermal pre-computed data by activating
thermal objects surrounding the room in time variables and convert the data into the VR
system. As a visualization tool, VR has the potential of giving users a less inhibited method
of observing and interacting with data. By placing users in the same environment as the
data, a better sense of shape, motion, and spatial relationship can be conveyed (Clifton et
al., 1997).
Source: “Simulation and Visualization of Thermal Metaphor in a Virtual Environment for Thermal Building Assessment”
by Yudi Nugraha Bahar, Jérémie Landrieu, Christian Pere, and Christophe Nicolle
(https://doaj.org/article/001842df578945d896345ba88245a5aa)
Explanation
The example utilizes the mention of multiple sources in the write-up. Found halfway
through the paragraph are two publications cited, and the in-text citation shows only the
authors, Bruno and Gutierrez, with their respective publication dates, both 2008. There
were multiple authors for both references, as the citation utilizes “et al.” It is also safe to
assume that Bruno et al. was listed as a reference before Gutierrez in the References list at
the end of the publication.
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Why should footnotes be limited in research

papers?
Footnotes in APA Format (7th Edition)

APA recommends the limited use of footnotes for research. Footnotes and endnotes in APA
format are utilized for content and copyright purposes.
Format
A number should be formatted in superscript after the text that requires additional
information.
The footnotes should be found on the bottom of the page where they appear. It is also
possible to put all footnotes after the References section of the paper. It should be labeled
“Footnotes,” and each line per footnote should be indented.
Content
Footnotes for the content should provide supplemental material for the readers. It should
be short, and the information included should strengthen the discussion of the paper.
Content notes can also reference additional references found online for the reader.
Copyright
If the paper has directly quoted more than 500 words from the reference, there is a need to
seek permission to use the said reference. This kind of footnote requires the use of “From” if
it is a direct reprint or “Adapted from” for adaptations.
Tip
Review all the information from different references that you will
include in your work. Doing so will ensure that you will avoid any
copyright infringement and plagiarism issues.
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Example 1
In 1875 he [Isawa] enrolled in the Bridgewater Normal School, Massachusetts, and attended
all the courses, including music. In his memoirs, written in 1912 in his old age, he confessed
that he had found vocal music terribly hard to learn, especially singing in the Western
heptatonic scale, while in all other subjects he had always managed to obtain higher than
average notes. However, during his stay in Boston he had the chance to meet somebody
who helped3 him overcome his problem, Luther Whiting Mason (1818-1896). Mason was one
of the main US experts in music education for primary public instruction, and it appears that
the Japanese government already knew of him before he met Isawa in person.4
3
About L. W. Mason, see entry by Bonlyn Hall in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd
ed., London, Macmillan, 2001, XVI, p. 37.
4
Y. OKUNAKA, Kokka to ongaku: Isawa Shūji ga mezashita nippon kindai [State and music: the
modernization of Japan pursued by Shūji Isawa], Tokyo, Shunjūsha, 2008, pp. 139-151.
Source: “The Teaching of Music History in Japanese Music Education” by Midori Sonoda
(https://doaj.org/article/00b6e0ce43d04ae4bdeffff7491fb4a1)
Explanation
In this example, two footnotes display additional information about the subject, the
musician Shūji Isawa. The first footnote denotes a reference about Mason, while the second
footnote denotes a reference that mentions Mason and Isawa’s professional relationship.
Example 2
Gamification originally was – and predominantly still is – a marketing buzzword. Several
definitions exist but in its broadest sense scholars like Deterding et al. (2011), Fuchs1 and
Escribano (2012) agree: Gamification describes the permeation of non-game contexts with
game elements. Several different understandings of this concept exist, but the most
common one is to understand gamification as a set of techniques to regulate behaviour via
game rules for strategic purposes. At least this is the dominant usage of the notion in
marketing discourse. This becomes evident in the whitepaper Gamification 101 by the
company Bunchball, one of the most successful proponents of gamification techniques: “At
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its root, gamification applies the mechanics of gaming to non-game activities to change
people’s behavior” (Bunchball 2010, p. 2).
1
Mathias Fuchs in his presentation from March 8, 2013 at the Serious Games Conference in Hannover,
titled “Einführung in das Phänomen Gamification” (Introduction to the Gamification Phenomenon). See also:
http://www.biu-online.de/de/presse/newsroom/newsroom-detail/datum/2013/03/13/serious-games-conference-2013-e
rfolgreiches-comeback-nach-einjaehriger-pause.html (accessed February 27, 2014).
Source: “Gamification and Governmentality” by NIklas Schrape (https://doi.org/10.14619/001)
Explanation
The footnote provided a website wherein the reader can pursue for additional information.
Example 3
Inside another section of the building, there is also a figure of the ubiquitous beckoning
female figure of Nang Kwak (a Thai ‘goddess’ of commerce, depicted in kneeling posture with
an outstretched beckoning hand) and rack upon rack of cassette tapes with various
incantations and religious paraphernalia. There are, as to be expected, a number of images
of the Thai-Lao magical monk Luang Phor Khoon (Kuun)8 and another assortment of famous
local magical monks. Crisscrossing the large enclosed building is a sacred white thread
linking the various images to alter, which in turn “drain” their sacred “charge” into ritual
containers for collection, like some bizarre sacred chemistry laboratory.
8
See Jackson 1999 on the cult surrounding this monk.
Source: “Buddhism, Copying, and the Art of the Imagination in Thailand” by Jim Taylor
(https://doaj.org/article/000302d5dc504b8393dab54e9215ab94)
Explanation
The footnote denotes content for the reader. It mentions Jackson (1999) for the reader to
pursue if he or she is interested in reading more about Luang Phor Khoon.
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How do the in-text citations of APA and MLA differ

from one another?
In-Text Citations in MLA Format

MLA format also uses parenthetical citations. The in-text citation is usually placed at the end
of the sentence or paragraph. The format generally utilizes author-page numbers.
Citing Authors and Works

As the citation style cites the author and page number, it can be presented in two different
ways. The sentence may have a signal statement, which must include the author’s name and
the page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence, or a direct quotation or
paraphrase, then have the author and page number in parentheses. No comma should be
used between the author and page number.
If there are different authors with the same last name, be sure to include the first initial of
the author’s name to differentiate the writers from one another.
Two authors should be cited within the in-text citation using the conjunction “and” in
between their names. If there are more than two authors, use only the first author name
mentioned in the reference and add “et al.” to denote the other authors.
If there is no known author, the title of the reference should be placed in the parenthesis.
Short Quotations
The quotation should be placed in double quotation marks, then provide the author and
page number of the said quotation. The in-text citation and punctuation marks should come
after the quotation marks.
Why is it essential to have two different formats

for the short and long quotations?
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Long Quotations
Long quotations are more than three lines in length and should omit the quotation marks.
The quotation should start on a new line with a ½ inch indentation, and the entire quotation
should follow that indentation format. When quoting two or more paragraphs, the first lines
of the succeeding paragraphs should be indented with an additional ¼ inch.
Adding or Omitting Quotations

Words that are not part of the original text should be placed in brackets in the in-text
references. Words which have been omitted should be replaced with ellipsis points and
additional space (... ).
Example 1
Alcohol might help you relax, but it can be disruptive. People usually drink alcohol at night
and fall asleep, especially if it’s early in the evening. However, Reen et al. warned that:
After the alcohol has metabolized though, usually after three to four hours, you’ll
most likely wake up and have difficulties falling back to sleep... If drinking alcohol in
the evening can’t be helped, do so four to five hours before your bedtime. Don’t nap
and drink lots of water to help you remove the alcohol out. Your sleep is guaranteed
to be restful after (1321-22).
Explanation
The paragraph utilized a long quotation cited from the authors, Reen et al., which spanned
two pages, according to the in-text citation. The quotation also omitted some information,
as indicated by the use of ellipses.
Example 2
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With all of the responsibilities that we have to face in our everyday lives, it can be hard to
get the recommended amount of sleep. However, “sleep has significant roles in recovery,
energy conservation, and survival” (Shepard et al. 62). It offers our body the chance to
recover from the stresses of daily life. Not only does our body rest during sleep, but “...it also
means that our cells focus on regenerating themselves and the body temperature, heart
rate, and breathing drop to conserve energy” (Cappuccio 590). True, our body can still do all
of these when we’re awake, but it more optimally does so when we’re asleep.
Explanation
The researcher utilized two short quotations for the in-text citations. There are words
omitted from the short quotation, as represented by the ellipses. The two quotations are
quoted within another sentence, utilizing the MLA format for in-text citations correctly.
How does knowing the page number of the

reference help the readers?
Example 3
Sleep constitutes one-third of our lives, according to Aminoff et al. (vii). It is a state longer
than the time dedicated for “making love, raising children, eating, playing games, listening to
music, or any of those other activities that humanity values so highly,” (Martin 463).
However, given the situation today, we often take sleep for granted. We think it is optional,
when in fact, we can “survive longer without food” and suffer heavy consequences such as
“depressed mood, impaired performance, damaged social relationships and poorer health”
when we get insufficient sleep (Martin 464).
Explanation
The researcher utilized three in-text citations, in two of which she quotes the same author.
The writer cites Martin as the author, and the first short quotation is taken from page 463 of
the book. The second quotation comes from page 464, wherein the researcher utilized the
author-page number format for the in-text citation.
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Why would an author need to utilize explanatory

footnotes?
Footnotes and Endnotes in MLA Format

Footnotes and endnotes in MLA should be limited as well, as it can be distracting for the
reader. It can be used for bibliographic notes that the reader may consult for additional
references. Footnotes and endnotes can also be used for explanatory or content notes,
which add brief additional information.
Format
A superscript indicates the footnote or endnote after a punctuation mark.
The referencing page for footnotes should be placed before the Works Cited page. The
footnotes and endnotes should be listed in chronological order as they appear in the text,
with each entry indented for ½ inch.
Example 1
This meant that musicology in Japan ceased to be a discipline reserved for a few committed,
dynamic scholars, and began to acquire a consistent institutional profile16. In 1963 a further,
higher study level was introduced, equivalent to the US Master’s degree, while in 1977, the
Ph.D. was introduced. About 20 university institutes across the whole national territory
established a Musicology Department or course17.
16
For a lively report on the state of musicology in Japan at that time, see F. Y. NOMURA, Musicology in
Japan since 1945, «Acta Musicologica», XXXV, 1963, pp. 47-53.
17
About the current situation, see for example Ongaku daigaku, gakkō an’nai, 2013 nendo [Annual guide
for music institutes of various levels, Academic Year 2013], Tokyo, Ongaku no tomosha, 2012. For an overview of
different music genres of today, including the traditional ones, see The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese
Music, ed. by A. McQueen Tokita and D. W. Hughes, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008 (see especially the first chapter:
Context and Change in Japanese Music, pp. 1-33).
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Source: “The Teaching of Music History in Japanese Music Education” by Midori Sonoda
(https://doaj.org/article/00b6e0ce43d04ae4bdeffff7491fb4a1)
Explanation
The paragraph contains two footnotes about Japanese music. The first footnote refers to
additional resources for the reader. The second footnote is an explanatory footnote to
explain the concept of establishing music courses in Japan. This footnote references three
different sources for the reader.
What is the advantage of using footnotes in the

MLA citation style?
Example 2
Against the Light is divided into ten sections, each with a separate title and the poems in each
section forming a thematic unit. For example, the poems of the first section, “Getting home”
are linked to themes of memory, past, and childhood, while the second section, “The other
side” is made up of violent vignettes of South Africa’s past and present. In the poem, entitled
“The brush” (the final poem of the third section, “Leaves of Heaven”), the first explicit
intertextual reference to classical literature in the collection is made.2 It is perhaps
important to note that in the Afrikaans version of the collection, “The brush” (“Die brand”) is
placed first, before any of the section headings, thus placing the poem in a programmatic
role for the entire collection.
2
I use the term “intertextuality” and its cognates in the title and throughout this article loosely. It would
perhaps be more correct to use Gérard Genette’s term “transtextuality”. He defines the term as follows, “all that
sets the text in a relationship, whether obvious or concealed, with other texts” (Genette 1–10). Genette’s term
“transtextuality”, not only covers “intertextuality” (under which he also places “allusion”), but also,
“paratextuality”, “metatextuality”, “hypertextuality” and “hypotextuality”.
Source: “Classical Dialogue: Allusion and intertextuality in Charl-Pierre Naudé’s Against the Light” by Jeffrey Murray
(https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/tvl/article/view/1973)
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Explanation
The lone footnote of this example is an explanatory footnote. The author would like to
discuss the concept mentioned in the paragraph briefly. It also utilizes the footnote to
discuss another apt term, transtextuality, as additional discussion to the concept related.
Example 3
The poem is given a subtitle, which is also a dedication: “for C, when her dog died”. This sets
the poem’s context and establishes a triangular relationship between the poet, C, and her
dead dog. The opening stanza begins, “Such an old woe, / that goes back to Lesbia / and her
pet sparrow / that died—”, which immediately connects the reader to Catullus (Gaius
Valerius Catullus), the Roman poet of the Republican period, and his cycle of poems
concerning Lesbia, his mistress. In poems 2 and 3 of the Liber Catullianus, Catullus refers to
his mistress’s pet sparrow (passer). 3
The traditional interpretation of poem 2 is that it is
about the poet’s mistress who, in order to divert her mind from her passion for the poet,
plays with her pet bird (Jones 188). Catullus too longs to play with the bird, as his mistress
does, and thereby console his “gloomy” heart: “oh, that I were able to play with you in this
way, / And for you to ease the sad cares of my heart”.
3
On the ordering of poems in the Catullan corpus, see Green (13–18).
4
tecum ludere, sicut ipse, possem / et tristis animi levare curas (2.9–10). For the text of Catullus, I have used
R. A. B. Mynors’ 1958 Oxford Classical Text throughout.
Explanation
This example shows that the footnotes are used to direct the reader to the exact poem that
he used for his paper. Using the footnotes as a way to present additional information in this
way can lessen confusion and make sure that the reader is in the same page as the writer.
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Which format may be easier for beginner

researchers to use?
Author-Date (AD) Style in Chicago Format

Format
The author-date style in Chicago Manual of Style, also known as CMoS, requires the in-text
citation to be in parenthetical format. It should include the author, publication date, and
page numbers for direct quotations and paraphrases. No punctuation is included between
the author’s name and date of publication, but a comma should be used between the date
of publication and page numbers. The in-text citation is placed after a quotation mark and
before the punctuation mark in a sentence.
If there is no author to be cited, the title of the reference should be used in the citation. If
there is no page number indicated for the in-text citation, utilize another kind of marker to
indicate its location in the original text:
● Section (sec.)
● Volume (vol.)
● Equation (eq.)
● Note (not.)
Short Quotations
The quotation should be placed in a double quotation mark, then provide the author and
page number of the said quotation. The in-text citation and punctuation marks should come
after the quotation marks.
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How does the AD style in CMOS help the writer in

citing his or her references?
Long Quotations
Long quotations require block paragraphs. The quotation should start on a new line with a
½ inch indentation. If the author and publication date is part of the introductory sentence
before the long quotation, only the page number should be placed in parentheses at the
end.
Example 1
Ordinary internet users in different Southeast Asia countries have been arrested for their
online activities, and their user rights have been repeatedly violated. As expressed succinctly
by Sinpeng (2017):
Measures to censor critical opinions about authorities can include blocking of

websites, content removal, and in some cases arrests and persecution; the latter of
which has been taking place more recently, as authorities across the region pay
closer attention to social media and chat app content (38).
For example, a Thai man was arrested and sentenced to 35 years in prison when the
authorities deemed his social media posts as critical of the royal family. (Sinpeng 2017, 39).
In Singapore, blogger Roy Ngerng was sued for defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in
posts on his blog. Indonesia, on the other hand, has sought to censor same-sex emojis from
messaging apps and has banned several gay dating apps (Sinpeng 2017, 35).
Explanation
This example utilizes three in-text citations, two short quotations and one long quotation.
Each of the in-text citations includes the author(s), publication date, and the page numbers
of information taken from the references. The author utilized Sinpeng’s publication three
times, and the researcher needed to cite Sinpeng repeatedly as the information came from
three different parts of the reference.
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Example 2
On top of that, not all video games are violent. Some types of games have positive benefits,
like the potential to improve a person’s ability to pay attention and process visual
information (Dingfelder 2007, 357). According to Gozli et al. (2014, 152), action games can
potentially boost hand-eye coordination for both kids and adults. Young children who
played video games have also been found to have improved motor skills compared to their
peers. Faster reaction times are also consistently associated with video gameplay
(Dingfelder 2007, 359).
Which in-text citation style best suits your own

strand?
Explanation
This example utilized three in-text citations, usually mentioned at the end of the
paraphrased sentence. The in-text citations include the author, publication date, and page
number of the short quotation.
Example 3
We now know that sleep is essential. Getting good sleep regularly is vital in maintaining a
balanced mental, emotional, and physical health (Reimann 2018, 3). According to Chen et al.
(2010), knowing more about sleep hygiene education can improve your sleep quality
significantly (282). In their study, a brief and effective sleep hygiene education program
delivered by a nurse can enhance the quality of sleep in working women with sleeping
problems (Chen et al. 2010, 283). On top of that, the six components of the Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index (i.e., subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbances,
use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction) of their subjects have also improved.
On the other hand, Voinescu et al. (2015) state that better sleep hygiene awareness does
not necessarily guarantee better sleep quality and that it may be an indicator of
dissatisfaction with the obtained sleep (22). In their study, sleep quality was average at most
and linked positively with diurnal preference, and “...the more evening oriented a person is,
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the poorer his/her sleep,” (2). However, one’s diurnal preference has no role in one’s sleep
hygiene awareness.
Explanation
There are multiple in-text citations used in this example, utilizing not just the AD style of
Chicago Format, but also the page numbers where the reader can peruse these references.
Take note that even though most of the citations are paraphrased, Chicago Style states that
these references should still be cited accordingly.
Why would using NB be easier for some

researchers?
Notes-Bibliography (NB) Style in Chicago Format

The NB Style in Chicago format reference sources using footnotes, endnotes, and a
bibliography. The footnotes are added on the page that used the reference while endnotes
are compiled at the end of the chapter. A superscript should be placed at the end of the
sentence or clause that is being referenced. If a bibliography is included, there is no need to
cite the publication in full in the notes.
Example 1
The Atlantic of Diome’s novel is not only a figurative location within Salie’s account of her
exilic itinerary and it is not solely the chasm into which Niodior discards the lovers (and
infants) it condemns. This Atlantic also sometimes figures as a separating expanse beholden
to a single past: the ocean divides contemporary African migrants to Europe from the
continent, as it did enslaved Africans taken forcibly to the Americas. Diome’s novel has been
chiefly read as a work of migrant literature (Adesanmi; Dobie and Saunders; Diouf; Nganang)
and this reading is supported by the novel’s engagement with the Middle Passage past.
Postcolonial African migration is equated with the Atlantic Slave Trade and passages
explicitly identify contemporary European sex tourism in Africa and the present-day
European “trade” in African football players with the historical Trade.2 In this identification,
categories of continent, race, and gender are self-evident and transcend historical change.
20
2
Salie says, for example:
Pour mesdames les touristes venues réveiller leurs corps en carence d’hormones, pas d’inquiétude :
en échange de quelques billets, d’une chaîne ou d’une montre même pas en or, un étalon posera ses
plaques de chocolat sur leurs seins flasques.
As for Mesdames Touristes come to reawaken their bodies in a cascade of hormones, not to
worry; in exchange for a few bills, a necklace or a watch, not even of gold, a stallion will place
his chocolate slabs on their slack breasts. (Diome 231)
White women tourists come to Senegal for cheap exotic encounters with young African men who they
approach as virile stallions, possessed not of discreet human parts but of chocolate slabs. In Salie’s
configuring of the encounter, both parties are objectified but only one, the white woman with her
flaccid breasts, is endowed with human traits. Racist dehumanization evokes the Trade, as does the
exchange of mere trinkets for access to African bodies. In the present, so the passage implies, the
historical Trade finds an equivalent in a different kind of buying of black people. The trade in football
players is a theme through much of the novel, one which perhaps culminates in the sarcastic
announcement found in its final pages. Salie declares 2002 to be “l’année internationale de la lutte
contre la colonisation sportive et la traite des footeux!” (the international year of struggle against the
colonisation of athletics and the trade in footballers!) (281–2).
Source: “Setting readers at sea: Fatou Diome’s Ventre de l’Atlantique” by Cullen Goldblatt
(https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.56i1.6275)
Explanation
This particular endnote is found at the end of the paper. The researcher uses the endnote to
further elaborate on how the identification, categories of continent, race, and gender are
self-evident and transcend historical change.
Example 2
The scene of the dialogue is set at Horace’s Sabine farm, given to him by his patron
Maecenas. Horace claims to have found Catullus lying on the roadside in some field after
having been mugged by a highwayman. Catullus is presented as suffering from amnesia, not
able to remember his life as a famous poet at Rome, claiming only to remember “being with
a woman”, his “sweetheart”. Horace reminds him of who they are, “The poets of old Rome,”
he says, “the archetypes. You’re the poet of love and restless youth. Et Moi? The poet of
bucolic peace”. The pair’s dialogue continues in a haphazard colloquial fashion, subtly
21
betraying the contrasting ideals of the two poets as well as its South African setting. Their
speech is littered with colloquial slang; South African words like “bliksem”, “bru” and “stoep”
are common. 12
12
Bliksem is an Afrikaans word, which in this context means “scoundrel”.
Explanation
In this example, the endnote was used to explain the translation of an Afrikaans word,
which the researcher used to contextualize his analysis that the dialogue is set in a South
African setting.
What is a disadvantage of using the NB citation

style for CMOS?
Example 3
It is not my purpose to consider what Ingold names a “double reduction” to be necessarily
negative, strangling, or a “dead hand”. It can in fact be said to be working fine in those
contexts where engagement is intended as an effect, something that video games can do to
their players. However, I find Ingold’s theory interesting for the ways in which it thinks about
participation as “living” with and “within”, as a sort of co-existence, which I see as radically
different from thinking in terms of engagement as “doing something to someone”. Through
Ingold, we no longer pose the question of what video games (and gamified apps) can do to
us, but of what it means to participate and live in a world populated by video games.2
2
Which is not the same question that Bogost proposes in Alien Phenomenology, Or, What It’s like to Be a
Thing (2012). Bogost proposes an analysis of how objects, or things, experience the world surrounding
them. In his attempt to reflect on what experience could be like outside of an anthropocentric view,
and how this could lead to different morals and ethics, Bogost does not eliminate the essential alien
quality of the objects/things he uses as examples. To interrogate ourselves on the “ethics of the spark
22
plug, the piston, the fuel injector, or the gasoline” (Bogost 2012, 75) when looking at the engine of a car,
can indeed be a different question from seeing how a car engine is entangled with human activities.
However, it is not yet telling us much about how the plug, piston, injector and gasoline “happen to us”,
how come they have been divided as such, as separate and abstracted objects, and how such process
of “cutting” the environment makes sense to us, what is at stake in it, and how it could be otherwise: In
other words, we do not yet know from such an analysis of “aliens” how we are participating in the
analysis itself, how we are in contact – physically, intellectually, or intuitively – with the engine of a car,
or any other system.
Source: “From Engagement to Life, Or: How to do things with Gamification?” by Paolo Ruffino
(https://doi.org/10.14619/001)
Explanation
Notes are usually utilized to provide additional context. In this example, the note discusses a
different point of view from the researcher’s main idea. In doing so, the researcher provided
a take-off point that the reader can refer to as he or she internalizes the study.
Extend
Activity 1
Find three different research papers and identify the style of citation utilized in the texts.
Copy an actual in-text citation, and, if applicable, the footnotes of the research article.
23
Guide
Check the format of the in-text citation in order to determine the style used in the text.
If there are no in-text citations, check the content of the footnotes.
Activity 2
Choose one research paper from the previous activity, Attempt to change a paragraph of
the research using direct quotations from one kind of citation to another (APA to MLA or
vice versa).
24
Guide
Doing this activity will require you to know the different citation formats. When using
the direct quotations, there are page indicators and the like which can help you
construct the in-text citation.
Evaluate
A. Answer the following questions as accurately and

precisely as you can.
1. What is the format of the in-text citation for APA?
2. What is the format of the in-text citation for CMOS?
25
3. What is the main difference between the AD and NB citation styles of CMOS?
4. What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?
5. How can a writer limit his or her use of footnotes and endnotes in any kind of research?
B. Carefully think before writing a complete answer for each

question.
1. How could MLA footnotes be helpful in research about the different bomba films in
Philippine cinema?
26
2. How could the footnotes in the APA citation style be helpful when discussing patented
designs for engineering?
3. How could the NB style of citation for CMOS be more helpful for a researcher writing
about the different kinds of architecture found in modern day Greece?
4. Identify the kind of citation used in the text and justify your answer.
For instance, one can dialogue with the friends of forms, they are better ‘domesticated’ than
the materialists who reduce everything to the body. The latter would have to be “civilized”
before they could be admitted to dialogue. But in fact, there is no question of this. “One will
act as if they are civilized; one speaks in their place, one reinterprets their theses, one makes
them presentable for dialogue” (Lyotard 1998, 24).
27
5. Using the paragraph from the previous item, rewrite the paragraph with the short
quotation using the APA in-text citation format.
Wrap Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● The format for in-text citations in APA uses the author-date-page number(s).
● The format for in-text citations in MLA uses the author-page number(s).
● The format for AD for CMOS uses author-date-page number(s), but CMOS also
28
allows writers to utilize NB, where all references are found in either the footnotes
or endnotes.
● Footnotes and endnotes for APA and MLA should be limited and are usually used
for additional content for other references.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Photo Credit
Footnotes by Hedwig von Ebbel is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via WikiMedia Commons.
Bibliography
Bahar, Yudi Nugraha, Jérémie Landrieu, Christian Pere, and Christophe Nicolle. 2014.
"Simulation And Visualization Of Thermal Metaphor In A Virtual Environment For
Thermal Building Assessment." International Journal Of Technology 5 (1): 3.
doi:10.14716/ijtech.v5i1.148.
Fizek, Sonia. “Why Fun Matters: In Search of Emergent Playful Experiences.” In Rethinking
Gamification, 273–287. Germany: meson press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14619/001.
Goldblatt, Cullen. “Setting Readers at Sea: Fatou Diome’s Ventre De l’Atlantique.” Tydskrif Vir
Letterkunde 56, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 89–101.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.56i1.6275.
Meinawati, Euis, Herlin Widasiwi Setianingrum, Jimmi Jimmi, and Eggi Winata. “Social
Relationships of the Main Characters in Rowling's Fantastic Beast and Where to Find
Them.” Research and Innovation in Language Learning 2, no. 2 (May 2019): 85–100.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/rill.v2i2.2074.
Murray, Jeffrey. “Classical Dialogue: Allusion and Intertextuality in Charl-Pierre Naudé’s

Against the Light.” Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde 49, no. 2 (March 22, 2012): 25–33.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v49i2.2.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "Chicago Manual Of Style 17th Edition // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue
Writing Lab.
29
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmo
s_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "Footnotes And Endnotes // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue Writing Lab.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/footnotes_and_endnotes.html.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "In-Text Citations: Author/Authors // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue Writing
Lab.
e_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "In-Text Citations: The Basics // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue Writing Lab.
e_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "MLA Endnotes And Footnotes // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue Writing Lab.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/mla_endnotes_and_footnotes.html.
Purdue Lab. 2020. "MLA Formatting Quotations // Purdue Writing Lab." Purdue Writing Lab.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/mla_formatting_quotations.html.
Rufino, Paolo. “From Engagement to Life, Or: How to do things with Gamification?” In
Rethinking Gamification, 47–70. Germany: meson press, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.14619/001.
Schrape, Niklas. “Gamification and Governmentality.” In Rethinking Gamification, 21–46.

Germany: meson press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14619/001.
Sonoda, Midori. “The Teaching of Music History in Japanese Music Education.” Musica Docta
4, no. 1 (2014): 111–19. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2039-9715/4314.
Taylor, Jim. 2007. "Buddhism, Copying, And The Art Of The Imagination In Thailand." Journal
Of Global Buddhism 8 (1-19).
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Unit 5: Citing Sources of Information

Lesson 2: Writing In-Text Citations,

Explain and Elaborate 3

Fig. 1. The figure is an example of footnotes, referencing other works.

3. How were you able to identify the citation style used?

Explain and Elaborate

In-Text Citations in APA Format (7th Edition)

Capitalization and Italics

Why should a writer be conscious of the format in

Quotations from Sources Without Page Numbers

Citations for Authors

Why is it important to recognize the work of

If an organization, such as a government agency or a nonprofit organization, is the author of

How can you practice utilizing in-text citations in

Why should footnotes be limited in research

Footnotes in APA Format (7th Edition)

How do the in-text citations of APA and MLA differ

In-Text Citations in MLA Format

Citing Authors and Works

Why is it essential to have two different formats

Adding or Omitting Quotations

How does knowing the page number of the

Why would an author need to utilize explanatory

Footnotes and Endnotes in MLA Format

What is the advantage of using footnotes in the

Which format may be easier for beginner

Author-Date (AD) Style in Chicago Format

How does the AD style in CMOS help the writer in

Measures to censor critical opinions about authorities can include blocking of

Which in-text citation style best suits your own

Why would using NB be easier for some

Notes-Bibliography (NB) Style in Chicago Format

What is a disadvantage of using the NB citation

A. Answer the following questions as accurately and

1. What is the format of the in-text citation for APA?

2. What is the format of the in-text citation for CMOS?

4. What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?

B. Carefully think before writing a complete answer for each

Murray, Jeffrey. “Classical Dialogue: Allusion and Intertextuality in Charl-Pierre Naudé’s

Schrape, Niklas. “Gamification and Governmentality.” In Rethinking Gamification, 21–46.

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