Unit 5: Citing Sources of Information

Lesson 1: Different Citation Styles

Contents

Engage 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 2

Explore 2

Explain and Elaborate 4

What Are Citation Styles? 4
APA Citation Style 5
MLA Citation Style 6
Chicago/Turabian Citation Style 8

Extend 10
Activity 1 10
Activity 2 11

Evaluate 12

Wrap Up 15

Bibliography 16
Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Engage

Introduction

Fig. 1. Different academic disciplines require different citation styles.

From previous lessons, you have learned a variety of research skills, like summarizing,
quoting, paraphrasing, and more. Most of these research techniques require you to give
proper credit to your sources and to avoid plagiarism. In order to cite your sources properly,
you need to follow the rules provided by the different citation styles available. What are the
different citation styles? How would we know which citation style to use?

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Identify the different citation styles used in academic writing.
● Determine when to use which citation style.

DepEd Competency
Differentiate citation styles used in academic texts. (additional lesson for enrichment)

Explore

15 minutes

With a partner, take a look at the examples of in-text citations and bibliography entries
below, then answer the following questions about them.

In-text citations

The patient’s response to the question hinted at possible childhood trauma (Cruz, 2016).

The scene hinting at the protagonist’s short temper and tendency toward violence
showed effective foreshadowing (Doe 35).

Businesses, especially the larger ones, should be encouraged to find more

environmentally friendly modes of production (Santos 2015, 125).

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Bibliography entries

Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy change can be gradual
or abrupt. Developmental Psychology, 35, 127-145.

Covey, Stephen. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Free Press, 1989.

Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.

Guide Questions

1. What do you think is the importance of properly acknowledging your sources?

2. Recall your previous lessons on quoting and paraphrasing. Why are in-text citations
important?

3. What do you think is the purpose of a bibliography entry?

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

4. What are the possible consequences of being unfamiliar with the different citation
styles?

Explain and Elaborate

What Are Citation Styles?

A citation is a way to give credit to the authors, scientists, researchers, and the like whose
creative and intellectual work you used to support or supplement your own research. It is
also used to conveniently locate particular sources as well as to help avoid plagiarism.
Usually, a citation includes the author’s name, date of publication, location of the
publication company, journal title, and a DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

A citation style dictates what information is necessary to include in a citation, how that
information should be organized, what punctuations are used, and other formatting
concerns.

How do we choose a citation style?

There are many available citation styles to choose from, and this lesson will discuss the
three major ones often used in academic writing. How do we choose which citation style to
use? Typically, the citation style used will depend on the academic discipline involved. This
will be discussed further in the next sections, but below is a general overview of the fields in
which the three major citation styles are most often used:

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in education, psychology, and the

social sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is normally used in the humanities.
● Chicago/Turabian style is often used in business, history, and fine arts, as well as in
the physical, natural, and social sciences.

This does not mean that the citation styles are unusable in fields that are not their own.
These are just the preferred styles of these fields and disciplines and thus, it is still
recommended that you use a style that matches them.

APA Citation Style

The APA (American Psychological Association) citation style began in 1929, when a group of
psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers gathered in order to establish a
simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would classify the many different components
of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension. This style is thus most
used in psychology, education, and the social sciences.

The APA citation style consists of guidelines that a publisher follows to ensure the clear and
consistent presentation of written material. It concerns itself with a number of elements,
such as a selection of headings, tone, length, punctuation and abbreviations, citation of
references, and many more.

Example 1
A typical in-text citation in the APA citation style looks like this:

“There is no one pedagogy that will be effective for all kinds of students” (Tan, 2013, p. 10).

In this example, the APA citation style states the last name of the author, the year of
publication, and the page number in which the quote is found, all enclosed in parentheses.

Example 2
The APA citation style also requires a reference list at the end of the paper. A bibliographic
entry in this style is normally written like this:

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Villareal, J. (2015). The psychology of children and adolescents. Hammer Publishing Inc.

A simple APA bibliographic entry includes the author, year of publication, title of the work,
and the publisher.

Example 3
When using in-text citations, you must make sure that what you have cited is accurately
included in the reference list at the end.

Jimenez states that cases of anxiety and depression in teenagers continue to rise, not
because more teenagers are getting these mental health illnesses, but because they are
finally being reported (2013, p. 133).

Jimenez, K. (2013). Why we should start talking about mental illness. Psychology Today, 2,
131-150.

In this example, an idea by the original author is paraphrased, so an in-text citation is

necessary. The bibliographic entry, which now includes an article title and the page range it
is found in, must then match the in-text citation.

MLA Citation Style

The MLA (Modern Language Association) citation style is most often used in the humanities,
particularly in academic texts about language and literature. The MLA citation style also
features brief parenthetical citations in the text that should all be tied to an alphabetical list
of works cited that is placed at the end of the text.

The MLA style has a list of core elements that should always be included in the list of works
cited. The elements, in order, are the following:
1. Author
2. Title of source
3. Title of container
4. Other contributors

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

5. Version
6. Number
7. Publisher
8. Publication date
9. Location

In MLA, the concept of containers is crucial. If the source text being used is part of a larger
collection or whole, that larger collection can be thought of as the container of the source.
For example, when quoting from a short story, then the short story is the source, and the
anthology in which it was published is the container.

Example 1
In-text citation in the MLA citation style usually looks like this:

There is an argument that in El Filibusterismo, Jose Rizal meant to show that sometimes, a
violent revolution is unavoidable (Santos 87).

In the MLA citation style, the in-text citation must have the name of the author and the page
number where the quote or paraphrased information can be found.

Example 2
Much like the APA citation style, the MLA style also requires a works cited list at the end of
the paper. One of the entries in the list of works cited would look like this:

Samar, Edgar. Si Janus Silang at ang Tiyanak ng Tabon. Adarna House Inc., 2014.

This should provide as many of the core elements required by MLA as possible, if they are
applicable. Remember also that the second and succeeding lines should be indented, similar
to the APA style.

Example 3
Any and all in-text citations in the MLA format should also be tied to an entry in the works
cited list.

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

“A story coming out of another country is not our story; it is theirs. We have our own story to
tell” (Cruz-Lucero 8).

Cruz-Lucero, Rosario. “The Music on Pestle-on-Mortar.” Ang Bayan Sa Labas Ng Maynila, pp.
1-10.

Again, provide the core elements required for the MLA citation style whenever available. In
this case, there is also an example of the source, which is “The Music on the
Pestle-on-Mortar” and the container, which is Ang Bayan Sa Labas Ng Maynila.

Chicago/Turabian Citation Style

Chicago is a citation style that has been published by the Chicago University Press since
1906. This style incorporates rules of grammar and punctuation common in American
English. The Chicago style has two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and
bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between one or the other is usually dependent
on the subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by varying
groups of scholars. The Turabian citation style follows the same format as that of the
Chicago style, with minor edits for student writers.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred in the humanities, especially by those in
literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and,
often, a bibliography.

The author-date style is typically used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences.
In this format, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by the author’s
last name and date of publication. The short citations are then connected to an entry in a list
of references, where the full bibliographic information for each work is given.

Example 1
In-text citation in the Chicago/Turabian author-date style looks like this:

There is a need to review what we thought we knew about our oceans (Atienza 2018, 45).

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Similar to the APA style, the Chicago/Turabian author-date style also requires the year of
publication in the in-text citation alongside the author’s last name and the page number
where the information can be found.

Example 2
The works cited through in-text citation in the author-date style should also be listed in the
list of references:

“Basic knowledge of physics is more useful in our daily lives than you think” (Jacobs 2012,
111).

Jacobs, Jacob M. 2012. Physics for the Everyday. All About the Sciences 20:111-18.

In the Chicago/Turabian style, the page numbers can be simplified if the leftmost number(s)
are unchanged. Meaning, 111-18 means pages 111 to 118.

Example 3
The notes and bibliography style normally features footnotes or endnotes and then a
bibliography entry at the end. How the works are cited varies depending on whether they
are a note or the bibliography entry.

Note Style: 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, "The Market in Plato’s Republic," Classical Philology 104
(2009): 440.

Duplicate Note: 2. Weinstein, "Plato’s Republic," 452–53.

Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. "The Market in Plato’s Republic." Classical Philology 104
(2009): 439–58.

The first note style is when the source cited is first used. The duplicate note is used if the
same source is cited again later on in the paper. These take the place of in-text citations. The
bibliography entry is then added to a compilation of bibliographies, usually at the end of the
paper.

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Extend

Activity 1
Read the following sample topics and identify which citation style is most appropriate for
each one.

1. A formalist analysis of Neil Gaiman’s Graveyard Book

2. A scientific experiment comparing artificial and natural fertilizers

3. A paper analyzing the different teaching methods and choosing which one is most
appropriate for kindergarten

4. A paper discussing the influences of the Roman Empire that can still be felt today

5. A paper about the effects of how children are talked to at home on their self-esteem

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Guide
● Remember that the different disciplines have their preferred citation styles. More
often than not, scholars will continue to use the citation style that matches their
field.
● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in education, psychology, and the
social sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is commonly used in the humanities.
● Chicago/Turabian author-date style is preferred by those in the fields of physical,
natural, and social sciences.
● Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography style is usually used in the field of
humanities, particularly in literature, history, and arts.

Activity 2
Go back to an activity you have done wherein you had to write a paragraph with
paraphrasing and quoting. Review your in-text citations and rewrite them using the suitable
citation style. Then, write a simple bibliography entry for the works you cited.

Write your rewritten paragraph and the bibliography entry in the space provided below.

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

Guide
Refer once more to the preferred citation styles of the different disciplines and choose
the most appropriate one for the paragraph you had written before.

Evaluate

A. Answer the following questions in complete sentences

using your own words.

1. What does APA stand for?

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

2. When is it most appropriate to use the APA citation style?

3. What does MLA stand for?

4. When is it most appropriate to use the MLA citation style?

5. When is it most appropriate to use the Chicago/Turabian style?

B. Read the instructions for the following items carefully.

Write your answers and explain them comprehensively on
the space provided.

1. What is the purpose of being more knowledgeable in the different citation styles?

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

2. What do the citation styles all have in common? Why do you think these elements
stayed the same?

3. What are the major differences of the three citation styles? Why do you think they differ
in these elements?

4. Read the paragraph below and choose a citation style you would use for the whole
paper containing it. Defend your answer.

Literature can be found in nearly the entire world, and numerous works in many different
countries have also contributed and continue to contribute to the evolution of literature as a
whole. In fact, even if a great many eyes are constantly fixed upon the Western canon, it has
become increasingly difficult and even downright foolish to ignore the works of literature
coming from third world countries. Many significant works have begun emerging over the
years in third world countries, and the Philippines is no exception.

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

5. Read the paragraph below and choose a citation style you would use for the whole
paper containing it. Defend your answer.

During the Marcos administration, the Church praised the government’s use of
“macro-measures” to address high population growth, such as increasing food production
and improving access to education. However, the bishops had objections with regard to the
government’s “micro-measures,” like encouraging the use of contraceptives and sterilization
as means for family planning. During this time, the bishops stressed instead the importance
of parenthood education as a way of assisting married couples in family planning.

Wrap Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________

● A citation style tells us what information should be included in a citation and how
that information should be organized.
● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in education, psychology, and the
social sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is normally used in the humanities.

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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles

● Chicago/Turabian author-date style is preferred by those in the fields of physical,

natural, and social sciences.
● Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography style is usually used in the field of
humanities, particularly in literature, history, and arts.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Bibliography

“APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition).” Purdue University. Accessed March 12, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_sty
le_guide/general_format.html.

“Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.” Purdue University. Accessed March 12, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cm
os_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html.

“Citation Styles.” University of California, Davis. Accessed March 12, 2020.

https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/guide/citation-styles/.

“Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian.” University of Pittsburgh. Accessed March 12,
2020. https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp.

“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Purdue University. Accessed March 12, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_sty
le_guide/mla_general_format.html.

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