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Unit 4: Writing from Sources
Lesson 1: What Is Paraphrasing?
Contents
Engage 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Explore 2
Explain and Elaborate 4

Paraphrasing 4
When to Paraphrase 4
Kinds of Paraphrasing 4
Paraphrasing and Plagiarism 7
Appropriate vs. Inappropriate Paraphrase 14
Importance of Paraphrasing 16
Extend 16
Activity 1 16
Activity 2 18
Evaluate 19
Wrap Up 22
Bibliography 22
Unit 4.1: What Is Paraphrasing?
Engage
Introduction
Fig. 1. There are times when you are required to cite sources in your writing tasks.
Was there ever an instance wherein you were given a writing task that required you to look
for and cite various sources? Did you spend hours reading, understanding, and trying to
incorporate the information you got from these texts in your writing task? Did you have any
difficulty expressing the ideas you learned from those sources into writing? In this lesson,
we will discuss paraphrasing and its importance in developing your academic skills.
1
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Define paraphrasing.
● Identify the kinds of paraphrasing.
● Identify the kinds of plagiarism.
● Analyze a paraphrased text.
● Gain insight about the importance of paraphrasing in academic writing.
DepEd Competencies
● Identify the different kinds of paraphrasing. (additional lesson for enrichment)
● Analyze how paraphrasing is used in academic texts. (additional lesson for
enrichment)
Explore
15 minutes
With a partner, analyze the table below. Then, answer the questions that follow. Share your
answers in class.
Text 1 Text 2
Since 1963, the president has proclaimed The president declared in 1963 the
one week out of the year as National Small establishment of National Small Business
Business Week, recognizing the Week, where small businesses are
contributions of small U.S. businesses to recognized yearly as important aspects of
our national economy. This year, the week the United States’ economy.
of May 5 through May 11 will recognize
entrepreneurship and innovation.
Source: “Tech Tools That Can Help Your Small Business Grow”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/tech-tools-that-can-help-your-small-business-grow.aspx)
2
Guide Questions
1. What did you notice about the structure of the two texts? Was there a change in the
meaning from Text 1 to Text 2?
2. Which text do you think is the original text? Which one is the paraphrased text?
3. Do you think this is a good example of a paraphrased text? Why?
3
Explain and Elaborate
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text, passage, or work articulating the meaning in
another form. It does not require you to quote from the source text. A good paraphrase
shows how well a writer understood the reading materials he or she has read. These are the
following characteristics of a good paraphrase:
● The paraphrase relays the information from the source text in your own words.
● The paraphrase leads the readers to the source of the information.
Review
Critical reading is the application of specific processes, models, and
questions to provide clarity and understanding of a text read.
When to Paraphrase
It might be confusing to determine when to use paraphrasing versus other skills that
encapsulate the idea of a source text. The following guidelines may help:
● Use a paraphrase with short texts with one or two sentences or a paragraph with five
sentences.
● Use a paraphrase when you want to minimize direct quotation or when you want to
rewrite the author’s words using your own without changing the meaning of the
source text.
Kinds of Paraphrasing
Writing paraphrases requires changes in the source text to become a text that conveys how
you understand it. These are the kinds of paraphrases:
4
Change of Parts of Speech

Parts of speech are categories assigned to words according to their functions in a sentence.
Categories include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions,
and interjections. In order to paraphrase a text on a sentence or paragraph level, the
functions of some words in a sentence are changed to different parts of speech.
Change of Structure
In this type of paraphrasing, the structure of the sentence is changed to reflect the writer’s
interpretation of the source text.
Clause Reduction
In this type of paraphrasing, clauses are reduced or changed to phrases to lessen confusion
and interruption and make the sentences simpler.
Synonym Replacement
This is considered to be the simplest form of paraphrasing. It involves changing the words in
the sentence to similar words or synonyms.
Remember
These kinds of paraphrasing may be applied in a paraphrased text
simultaneously.
5
Examples:
Source Text Paraphrased Text
John Ward and Simon Danseker were John Ward and Simon Danseker were
household names in England. The two famous pirates aboard Turkish ships who
pirates served as mercenaries on Turkish were known as persons who were hired to
ships that ransacked trading ships from kill. They were also known to rummage
Christian nations like England, Spain, and English, Spanish, and French ships. It was
France. In this printed account, English once said that people aboard the ship
traders aboard the ship Charity watched called Charity saw John Ward catch a
with horror as a Turkish ship, captained by French ship on the ocean.
John Ward, overtook a French ship on the
high seas.
Quick, timely, and engaging popular Seventeenth-century England was excited

literature was in increasingly high demand about relevant and engaging popular
in seventeenth-century England. Printers literature. Most printers and booksellers
and booksellers were competing against competed against one another through the
each other for readership, so they had to use of interesting images so they could sell
be able to produce lots of texts quite more texts to their customers and produce
quickly and pique a customer’s interest in more materials faster.
buying one with an eye-catching image.
6
In recent years, meme culture has The use of stock images as memes has
exploded the potential of stock imagery. been exploited by netizens for the last few
The repetition and reuse of images in years. They repeatedly used stock images
internet memes, particularly those that from photo-sharing websites. This is
deliberately exploit stock photos that are believed to be similar to the process of
somehow both generic and oddly specific, woodcut culture seen in
has striking parallels to woodcut culture in seventeenth-century England.
seventeenth-century England.
Source: “Early Modern Memes: The Reuse and Recycling of Woodcuts in 17th-Century English Popular Print” by Katie
Sisneros
(https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/early-modern-memes-the-reuse-and-recycling-of-woodcuts-in-17th-century-engli
sh-popular-print)
Explanation: In these examples, notice that the paraphrased texts underwent different
kinds of paraphrasing. The writer considered the words used and the structure of the
sentences in the source text.
How can you avoid committing plagiarism?
Paraphrasing and Plagiarism

We often paraphrase to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is taking a material that is not your
own and pretending to own it. There are different types of plagiarism.
7
Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism

Also known as “copy-paste plagiarism,” this kind of plagiarism happens when a researcher
copies another person’s work word-for-word or verbatim without proper citation of the
author(s).
Example 1
Source Text
Like many men who are told they have an elevated PSA, Jim Robinson was concerned about
prostate cancer. "I certainly didn't want to delay treatment if I had prostate cancer, but I was
also worried about having a prostate biopsy if I didn't need one." Jim's story is not an
unusual one, after all, studies have shown that approximately 70 percent of men with an
elevated PSA who have a biopsy do not have cancer.
Source: “New Cancer Test Helps Men Reduce Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/new-cancer-test-helps-men-reduce-unnecessary-prostate-biopsies.aspx)
Paraphrased Text
Example 2
Source Text
Unison's recently published 2019 Home Affordability Report states that individuals earning
the current median income will need 14 years to save for a 20-percent down payment.
Home co-investing benefits new buyers by helping them get over that first hurdle of the
down payment. For example, with home co-investing, prospective buyers can put down 10
percent, and the company puts down 10 percent. The homebuyer can now reach a
20-percent down payment without taking on additional debt.
Source: “A Better Way to Buy and Own A Home”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/a-better-way-to-buy-and-own-a-home.aspx)
8
Paraphrased Text
Example 3
Source Text
Smart products can also help keep families safe. Fire is getting faster, but you can get ahead
by installing Kidde Wire-Free Interconnect Smoke Alarms in your home. Kidde's new
interconnect alarm solution offers exceptional safety benefits without the hassle of
hardwiring or a Wi-Fi connection. The interconnect technology helps alert you to a fire no
matter where you are in your home. When one alarm senses a hazard, all interconnected
alarms sound throughout the home.
Source: “The Smart Home and Our Connected Life”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/the-smart-home-and-our-connected-life.aspx)
Paraphrased Text
In the above examples, the exact paragraphs are copied exactly from the respective source
texts without citing the source properly.
9
Word Order Plagiarism

This happens when a writer changes some of the words of the author(s) by looking at the
synonyms of the words in order to make the passage look as if it were his or her own.
Example 1
Source Text
Paraphrased Text
Like many males (men) who are told they have an elevated PSA, Jim Robinson was worried
(concerned) about prostate cancer. "I certainly didn't want to delay treatment if I had
prostate cancer, but I was also worried about having a prostate biopsy if I didn't need one."
Jim's story is not an odd instance (unusual one), after all, studies have shown that
approximately 70 percent of males with an elevated PSA who have the operation (a biopsy)
do not have cancer.
Example 2
Source Text
10
Paraphrased Text
Unison's recently published 2019 Home Affordability Report states that individuals with
salary under (earning) the current median income will require (need) 14 years to save for a
20-percent down payment. Home co-investing is good for (benefits) new buyers by helping
them pay (get over) that first hurdle of the down payment. For example, with home
co-investing, potential (prospective) buyers can put down 10 percent, and the company puts
down 10 percent. The person buying a home (homebuyer) can now reach a 20-percent down
payment without taking on more (additional) debt.
Example 3
Source Text
Paraphrased Text
by putting up (installing) Kidde Wire-Free Interconnect Smoke Alarms in your home. Kidde's
new interconnect alarm solution offers the best safety advantages (exceptional safety
benefits) without the hassle of hardwiring or a Wi-Fi connection. The interconnect
technology warns (helps alert) you of (to) a fire anywhere (no matter where) you are in your
home. When one alarm senses a danger (hazard), all interconnected alarms sound all over
the house (throughout the home).
11
Tip
Word order plagiarism is manifested in the change of certain words
or phrases into their synonyms or near equivalent words without
changing the structure of the paragraph. It would be best to
compare the source text and paraphrased text to spot whether the
changes are only applied in the words or phrases.
Idea Plagiarism
This happens when a writer paraphrases the work of another in his or her own writing, but
does not properly cite or attribute the idea to the author(s).
Example 1
Source Text
Paraphrased Text
Jim's story is not an unusual one, because he might be one of at least 70 percent of males
with an elevated PSA who underwent biopsy but do not have cancer. Jim Robinson is afraid
to delay treatment for cancer in case he has one, but he is also concerned that he might
undergo biopsy when he does not have cancer at all.
Explanation: In this example, the writer may have paraphrased the source text, but he or
she did not acknowledge the article it was from.
12
Example 2
Source Text
Paraphrased Text
People earning the current median income will have to save at least 20-percent down
payment in 14 years. In home co-investing, house buyers are asked to provide a 10 percent
down payment, while the other 10 percent is loaned by the company. This makes it easier
for buyers to have their own home without the worry of not affording the first
downpayment.
Explanation: In this example, the article “2019 Home Affordability Report” was not
acknowledged as the source of the paraphrased text.
Example 3
Source Text
13
Paraphrased Text
Smart products, such as Kidde Wire-Free Interconnect Smoke Alarms, help families become
safer and more secure in their homes through technology. Using the interconnect alarm can
put families at ease because it can sense danger.
Explanation: In this example, the writer has paraphrased the article and taken important
information from it. However, he or she did not cite his or her source at all, making the text
an example of idea plagiarism.
What makes up an appropriate paraphrase?
Appropriate vs. Inappropriate Paraphrase

In order to spot a good or bad paraphrase, you have to look at the source text and compare
whether a paraphrase was taken from the writer’s understanding of the source text, has
copied portions of the text, or has committed one or more kinds of plagiarism.
Example
Source Text
A total of 2,298 paraphrasing attempts were identified and eight major categories emerged
in the data analysis, including copying verbatim, substitution, insertion, deletion, modifying
citation, reordering, combination, and separation. A total of thirty different paraphrasing
strategies were uncovered in the study. Among the eight major paraphrasing categories, five
areas (i.e., substitution, insertion, modifying citation, recording, and combination) were
further subdivided to acknowledge more specific subsets active in these groupings. (Sun &
Yang, 2015)
Source: “Uncovering published authors’ text-borrowing practices: Paraphrasing strategies, sources, and self-plagiarism”
by Yu-Chih Sun and Fang-Ying Yang (2015) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.05.003)
14
Paraphrase 1
Eight major areas were seen in the data analysis, including copying word-for-word,
substitution, insertion, deletion, modifying citation, reordering, combination, and
separation. In 2,298 paraphrasing tries, thirty different paraphrasing schemes were
exposed. Among the eight major paraphrasing areas, five categories (i.e., substitution,
insertion, modifying citation, recording, and combination) were further subdivided to
acknowledge more specific subsets active in these groupings. (Sun & Yang, 2015)
Paraphrase 2
According to Sun and Yang (2015), there were eight paraphrasing areas found in 2,298
paraphrasing attempts. These are copying verbatim, substitution, insertion, deletion,
modifying citation, reordering, combination, and separation. In these categories, five areas
were subdivided to cater to more specific subcategories.
Explanation
Which of the two paraphrases is the most appropriate paraphrase of the source text?
Looking at both paraphrases, they have proper citation of the author, as well as a change in
the order or types of words used in the sentences. However, Paraphrase 1 is the
inappropriate paraphrase.
Although Paraphrase 1 has proper citation, it did not provide substantial changes to
consider it a good paraphrase. Notice that the writer interchanged phrases from the first
and second sentences. Some words were also changed to their synonyms to make the text
seem like it was paraphrased properly. If you compare this with the source text, the
phrasing and words would be the same.
Paraphrase 2, on the other hand, has the appropriate citation. Notice that the writer in
Paraphrase 2 did not change the important concepts of the source text. The writer
explained the findings from the study in his or her own words based on what he or she
understood from the source text.
15
Why is paraphrasing an important reading and

writing skill?
Importance of Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is an essential skill in academic writing. It gauges the writer’s reading and
writing skills.
● Paraphrasing tests the extent of the writer’s understanding of the source texts he or
she has read. When a writer understands the reading materials he or she finds in
connection with the topic, he or she can break down and organize the information
found in these texts. Then, he or she can apply this in the context of the topic.
● Paraphrasing also tests the writer’s ability to transfer his or her understanding of the
text to his or her writing. Because paraphrasing requires the writer to write
information using his or her own words, he or she should have the ability to transfer
his or her understanding of the source text to his or her own academic text.
Extend
Activity 1
Take a look at the following paragraphs and explain the kind of plagiarism committed in the
paraphrase attempt. Write your explanation in the space provided.
Source Text
Improved language and mental development. The 15 Pages a Day Program encourages
parents to read just 15 pages with their children each day. Regular reading of print books
can help improve children's language development and inspire them to become
independent readers, a gift that will last a lifetime. Even when children can read their own
16
15 pages of a print book, reading aloud will increase their understanding of how knowledge
is acquired and shared and encourages active listening.
Source: “Daily Dose of Reading Helps Boosts Brain Power”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/daily-dose-of-reading-helps-boosts-brain-power.aspx)
Paraphrase
The 15 Pages a Day Program encourages parents to read just 15 pages with their children
each day. Regular reading of print books can help improve children's speaking and reading
skills and inspire them to read on their own, a gift that will last a lifetime. Even when
children can read their own 15 pages of a print book, reading aloud will increase their
understanding of how knowledge is gotten and imparted and encourages active listening.
Guide
● In identifying an appropriate paraphrase versus an inappropriate paraphrase,
always look at the construction of the sentences from source text to paraphrased
text. If there is no change in the way the writer paraphrased the sentences, or if
there is a change in the order of sentences but the wording is somewhat similar to
the source text, this is a case of a plagiarized text.
● In Activity 1, the paraphrase is an example of word-for-word plagiarism. The
writer deleted the first sentence from the source text and retained the structure of
the entire text without changing the words or the structure of the paragraph.
17
Activity 2
Read the following paragraphs and analyze whether the paraphrase is an example of an
effective paraphrase or not. Write your analysis in the space provided.
Source Text
Cold brew is coffee made with cold water. It sounds simple, but making cold brew
concentrate from ground coffee at home can be a messy and time-consuming process. Most
devices on the market require 12 to 24 hours of steep time at room temperature to brew a
coffee concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee, so serving cold brew coffee has
traditionally required advance planning. But now a specialized coffee press allows cold brew
coffee lovers to get their fix in a couple of minutes.
Source: “Press Here for Perfect Cold Brew at Home”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/press-here-for-perfect-cold-brew-coffee-at-home.aspx)
Paraphrase
Cold brew coffee is a simple but time-consuming process. Most devices on the market
require 12 to 24 hours of steep time at room temperature to brew a coffee concentrate
suitable for cold brew coffee, so serving cold brew coffee has traditionally required advance
planning.
18
Guide
● Another way to identify an inappropriate paraphrase is to take note of the changes
in the vocabulary and phrases in the paraphrased text. This would usually indicate
that the writer only changed difficult words without changing the structure of the
sentence(s).
● Activity 2 is considered an inappropriate paraphrase because the structure is also
similar to the source text. Notice that the writer of the paraphrased text deleted a
number of sentences that he or she feels are unimportant. However, he or she
retained the style of the source text and added the first sentence to make it seem
like the entire paragraph is paraphrased.
Evaluate
A. Answer the following questions completely in your own

words.
1. What is paraphrasing?
2. What is clause reduction?
19
3. Explain “plagiarism.”
4. Differentiate word order plagiarism and idea plagiarism.
5. When does one paraphrase a text?
B. Answer the following questions comprehensively. You

may provide textual evidence to support your answer.
1. How can paraphrasing test a writer’s reading and writing skills?
20
2. Why should we paraphrase a text?
3. Why is it important to cite the source text when we paraphrase?
4. Can all types of paraphrasing be used in paraphrasing a source text? Explain.
5. How can paraphrasing help a student become a better academic writer?
21
Wrap Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text, passage, or work, thereby relaying the

meaning in another form.
● The kinds of paraphrasing are
○ change of parts of speech
○ change of structure
○ clause reduction
○ synonym replacement
● The kinds of plagiarism are
○ word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism
○ word order plagiarism
○ idea plagiarism
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Bibliography
Examples of Paraphrasing. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-paraphrasing.html.
“Paraphrase: Definition and Examples.” Literary Terms. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://literaryterms.net/paraphrase/.
“Paraphrasing and Summarizing: – Summing Up Key Ideas In Your Own Words.”

Communication Skills From MindTools.com. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/paraphrasing-summarizing.htm.
“Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University.
Accessed September 9, 2019.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphra
sing_and_summarizing/paraphrasing.html.
“Quoting and Paraphrasing.” The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Accessed September 9, 2019.
https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quotingsources/.
22

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Unit 4: Writing from Sources

Lesson 1: What Is Paraphrasing?

Explain and Elaborate 4

3. Do you think this is a good example of a paraphrased text? Why?

Explain and Elaborate

Change of Parts of Speech

Source Text Paraphrased Text

Source Text Paraphrased Text

Quick, timely, and engaging popular Seventeenth-century England was excited

Source Text Paraphrased Text

How can you avoid committing plagiarism?

Paraphrasing and Plagiarism

Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism

Word Order Plagiarism

What makes up an appropriate paraphrase?

Appropriate vs. Inappropriate Paraphrase

Why is paraphrasing an important reading and

A. Answer the following questions completely in your own

2. What is clause reduction?

4. Differentiate word order plagiarism and idea plagiarism.

5. When does one paraphrase a text?

B. Answer the following questions comprehensively. You

1. How can paraphrasing test a writer’s reading and writing skills?

2. Why should we paraphrase a text?

3. Why is it important to cite the source text when we paraphrase?

4. Can all types of paraphrasing be used in paraphrasing a source text? Explain.

5. How can paraphrasing help a student become a better academic writer?

● Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text, passage, or work, thereby relaying the

“Paraphrasing and Summarizing: – Summing Up Key Ideas In Your Own Words.”

“Quoting and Paraphrasing.” The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin - Madison.

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