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Solution

O lcin the Concep! et cquasi - static pooceSS

Shcmo dgnamic ewilibhubo slute wnt be intinile

Siuly smal. so ever state Passed taraugh.
bg the system wi he on euflibium state such.
lous of all the
eauibum laint pased thzcwgh by tne cyst(h,
Pacces (qUasn
mening meaning Selmast Dnfinitc slosne ) p
the chaxuckeghk teatore f uducsls Stutic
Psoess AqusASI satic
SUCCe sSioh eAuibium statlc.

wnte shot note an tnctmadncumte aquflt baium

whenthere exist mechanical themal ond cheamice
al ZUulikam whihin thc system and beBWeen
the syslem and sutaunding tne system is said te
be in the thegmodynami eaolbhium
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tyPes c eubaium
hesc are ha eaUiuibnum
OThec mal.
OMecheunicul equnlibndm
equibaum.
Phuse
0Theammal ecuihnum.
tempexcAuxe of a system Unitor m
taxayh ord s qual to thc temPextue ot of
the system R sc to e
Hs SUdtouhdiny
thermal ecluLLbn0m

(Mechcniail cauuibhum.
when system has no unbaknc
Lund the is eents on it) bondny S s
dlalanccd by etconul
Mcchenical eciUlianum

3) humialoguiibrion
uhen chumica Comosirion of asystem
Unchanged thc S s t c i saId
chemia equiuibium.

Phuse equiuibium.
system nVolve) ong Single fhuc
uid to be in Phuse equiuib Um aH if tnc y r
phuse it is Said to Phuse
eauinohum he the mnass of ecach Phase 3em
to fime
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c)tate and prve

prcve caanot 's thecaem.

theoen _lates! no hat eng)ne oenahe

Ona cyck betwecn het
dfferent fixcd tcmpcya tures Cunbe mose
fice nt tncn bevCasblc enginc
hcat engines opcuting hetuten two het
lat different Axed tempegtures buve tre
Same efficienc.

Hect SoUXCe l1 Heat sov(eT

Hect sinld Ta
Heat smkT2

Prcof ot slatement )
onslde two hecat Aixed kempext
DeVerslhle engine R and
|eVe7 si ble enjne 13 are betucente
Same tao
too the3 mal
apcgahnS
escavioja as shon in i

lhe g-ngjhc | Jate n hecat G cjects heat a2

and sT leTslblc engine () ade apehneg betwee h
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Scume f wo thcomul sexyoid as shown /n fia

[he engine takes in heut Q, 3ejects heo

Q2 Cnd dees thc Worh Wi

lowhiie the eversible enginc tekes in hu

Seject heat Q and does thc

W Qi
Both ihe engincs
Paadvced eaual Oaoont ot cUotk e twR Wy Q1

Assume theat
efficieng of
in grattx the
ixYeVCIikle ngnc
efficienç of ge slble
engne

Wylai> Wi lal

O sine d) ond

equationui and Qi tneit nare

efficient Teven Ahle engine wiu ayuct (es
The reC)S)ble engine Can now be cpealcd
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cU a ba pump the
Since engine
Possible and the
the NYeVe Sible engine is Used the
ome au
Ihe mayhatude of heat and otk daansfea fos
tho evesihle heut ngine Someun the
Scme but theix be seVexsed
uhcn t pump

Combiing mgine heut RUmp R indo one

System We Ohsec that the Sole ffectfthe
Com binc syscm tacnfea of het empet
Q Q2 calL
femRDatute heat
wthou
thc clO0 si) stetcmet of secod
thegmo dynumics bust Qsumphon

Thce oxe the eficieng af anreverSLble engin

Cnnot be grates then
engnc if botn opcoctea etwcch the fixe
tempeature hect cSeXvojrs

Prco af stetc ment2)i

let both the cngines l cand e be devable.

engncs, hsuming that eithcg of tne eveslb
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Lenginc th higheo efficiey to opzed uecr

as nine
Dckc) S)ble ehgine
and the
as heut
otnca less eficicn
pUm p
We an sho thut nn ethc
eithc cuse Sccond
theamo dynumics is Violate
ethe of the aeVersible Un be moSe ten cc
the o t h e efcicn
Caclde tht
have the Same
hect
betucey two ftkcd ffcieng
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Q-2
OExplain Zeroth law of thermodnemics.
System i in
thcrma eauilltbiom itn
Secend sylc So the each
aTe in thermal equiibnm to 2ech ctner

>syitem ed, 2,3

Tcm Peratue ot systrm and Systcn-2 Same

and
Surne

2q ) and
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(a) wte don kelvin- Plan k and clausius sal

ent of nd La of theTmo dynumics.
elvin -iank shaitcmen+ of second bw of
thcmo· nem1'cs
shate mentl î s impasible
to ceie heut
Ond aavde
TResey vaiy at hyh TReservai ot hish
ttmf (Sovyce)

OimPossikle engine Sink

Reservas at uo
possiale engne
FiguzcJ onStsuchion ot a heut
engine Which takes heut encgy Q fyomn a
Sing e heat SCKEVoit and Convets n nto

engine.

shen in figuse to Paoduce sok

Some heet , ta
hecas eTg)ne have to afect
hat zeseTVoY ot
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hect dained heut

of high tempeatue it is possible
posi ole cngine
causius statemeht of second law óf tnsmasna

Imposslble tco Cón s4out adevic

opena ng nccle on Procluc no effect athcts
tnat toansfo of hedt rom a temprruturc
neat esey VoiÝ to high demperatU e haut

heat eseUVoir
at high temP high tem

heat gesesVoix Heut e

ht loe temp

Consig0chon of adeie
yhich takes heat
TeSEY oir and taumsfea n to high tempasture
and ex tCmal ad i mpaslà le
cngine.

Shoon n fiJUTe.2 etenal aid n fosn

of
haut Q foom lo
 trmp(utusc
engine
CampeSsT art the
haough Campessr
Ctnder the
Pressute ot baa ond Seific Volvme ct

the inteha enegy of he ai lecnin

gaatieg Thun thet o the
heat om the ax at toe
Endaig
todaVe the Cormsesscr
ioThe inkt and ot let pige

m -0.&5 m
V 6mls V ~ol6_m
Vy5 mls
lbaa
Ps=7bat
ind P)A ahd
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Yind ower

S-5.8 S lk -5.5xlDKk

fquathion 0 beComes

work s done in the (omprssoX

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An

Amva 0.6xO. l6

A
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Engines avoak in Seres between

the SoE and the sink tempetatuoe.
680 k and 360k1t both
Engine3 deavelof
+ Shog ting t3om ba sic ainciple.
detemine the mtea mediate temperatue.

FAti¿ncy f knnt cynes

heat Scrce T: 550 l

Hhcens of anot nginest

tox engine'f
 PAGE

,9, I2-13- W -
toy engine

Work fsom enqires

tarm eqyation and G we got

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Ruting in uatian
2

2
E80 g6
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Q-3
of

In ondc to prove tnat entzop

Awo cyclc / e JA-2--1
and

a BevegSibe ycle A-2-B

toy a xeVex sih le cycle g-A-2-C-J

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henceJQT coe aa define cuontity inden

knt of the Path ouowéd fo the huny e.
ond dePend any oPon the initial cand the
nal stes at the ydtem. Hencc entoopy
propcoi
(b)A beat enginc recives heat all tae rute
lof15o kImin and eive s can aUT PUt
R2 kw Detcminc:
i he theg mal etticienc
iO fhc ate ot het xejeChon

Qiven

E250Og
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8 8*l

H.R. I6-RKLs.
243 8.5 TS
169
yele ineqotM
Yo alasiss
esut& passble (m
cle VeSSible iotE o ycleVeTsible
e
xeport xesult the atGohich elasyt
rejecked are
Teiected ate Kils 16 )
folloiny
obtuined. wese' result
he 85C atflace Aares eÍectian The
heat of
ato 23oc tempeatute fixed
nt ata SuPpied is heat otkols 800
DATE
PAGE
 DATE

173eVeosible.
Cycle

150
2got 73

gcle is

2go4273

O,266ho
cycle is mPossible.
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eO Define the bollooelgy lerms

DAciahie encg)
Unaveilakie enexgd
8) Decd stite.
OAvaikhle ene he maximvr Usetul wr
hat cn de obBain in a cycle in ohich.
The sysem cltteincd decdstete
2 Unavelabie eneTAi The minimn ene
has to the oefected to ta
the Sink
thcxmodgnamics iS calied
Unavcilabie ene Tgd
3Dead stete.Weud stehe isa stee chere the
Con taol un entcxed and Ceantiod tiu tne
input end but to com ol me
SAte
dead State

b
çtate the sfe of irevea siblhcohetiy faci
etfect
2An aseves sibltities axe two iPes es

dibsiiny cffect autsde tne sgkng

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i Le Mechunical ichisn occing

fiud durin
a Prccegy due to Some exteanal

indena reVeasibilny! s genealy asseciate.

itn iction betcnWccnlid maleculetion
betcc fivid ond mechanicul pust, fricnon,
bedweeN. nechanical patt) and ettnoslheze

hcmal ireversi bilut tis assaciated witn heA

nfe due to tinite tempexctge diffxence
he twcen thelt
system ond SUTTOON ding

hect txam a souXCe at (200 AtnmoPherid

Temoe toe the tmperctua
of both the ssSt cm and soTe
assmcd fo be Constunt duzing tneheat
tzansters tind tne net chonge
the process es On eT^5) diagacim.
Temp cr
Temp

heat TVeed
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Tó tind net chume in entoo P

d)Avci labl Ene E Ot heut
S oUdCe
iivaç lable ot Enc1] ot systn
avaiable ene.

Onet change in Sngg

Be have caset

\200
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Cve get ASDhe4 -O.25 to.85

of Va lous decaeye
bioa
box kiny tiuid inctes sea

Cô 125)
A,
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ofym
A asitem (hoosto
o.3451

375 Ks

in Avaiable encog4
A -A

JA,-A