INTRODUCTION AND ABOUT ELECTRIC CELL

LECTURE-1
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 Introduction of Electric Cell LECTURE - 1

2 What is an Electric Cell

3 History and Invention of Electric Cells

4 Structure and Components of an Electric Cell

5 Working Principle of an Electric Cell

6 Types of Electric Cells

7 Activity
 INTRODUCTION AND ABOUT ELECTRIC CELL

 INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CELL

• An electric cell is a device that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy.
• It is a source of electric power and is commonly
used in various electronic devices and appliances.
• Electric cells are portable and can be used in both
small-scale applications like flashlights and large-
scale applications like powering vehicles.
 WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CELL
• An electric cell is a self-contained power source
that generates a constant electric current when a
chemical reaction takes place within it.
• It consists of two electrodes - a positive
electrode called the cathode and a negative
electrode called the anode, immersed in an
electrolyte.
• The electrolyte is a chemical solution that
facilitates the flow of ions between the
electrodes during the chemical reaction.
  HISTORY AND INVENTION OF ELECTRIC CELLS
• The invention of the electric cell is credited to
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, who created
the first true electric cell, known as the "Voltaic
Pile," in 1800.
• Volta's invention was a stack of alternating zinc
(Zn) and copper (Cu) discs separated by cardboard
soaked in a saltwater solution, which produced a
steady flow of electric current.
 STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS OF AN
ELECTRIC CELL
• An electric cell is typically cylindrical or rectangular
in shape, and made of a container (usually made of
metal or plastic) to hold the components.
• The cathode (positive terminal) and
anode (negative terminal) are made of
different materials, often metals or metal
compounds, depending on the type of
cell.
• The electrolyte, a chemical solution, is
placed between the cathode and anode,
allowing the flow of ions during the
chemical reactions.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN ELECTRIC CELL
• The chemical reactions between the
electrodes and the electrolyte lead to the
formation of ions.
• These chemical reactions cause an excess
of electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) at the anode (negative
terminal) and a deficit of electrons at the
cathode (positive terminal).
• The potential difference created between the two
terminals causes the electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) to flow from
the anode to the cathode through an external
circuit, generating an electric current.
  TYPES OF ELECTRIC CELLS
 Dry cell:
• The dry cell is the most common type of
electric cell and is widely used in household
devices and small electronics.
• It contains a paste or gel-like electrolyte,
preventing the spillage of the electrolyte.
• The zinc-carbon dry cell and alkaline cell are
examples of dry cells.
 Wet cell:
• The wet cell has a liquid electrolyte, usually a
solution of sulfuric acid.
• Wet cells are often used in automotive batteries
and other industrial applications.
 Lead-Acid Cell:
• A type of wet cell used in car batteries and other
heavy-duty applications.
• It contains lead plates as electrodes and a sulfuric
acid solution (H₂SO₄) as the electrolyte.
 Lithium-ion Cell:
• A rechargeable cell commonly used in mobile
phones, laptops, and other portable electronic
devices.
• It uses lithium ions as the charge carriers between
the electrodes.
 Fuel Cell:
• A type of cell that generates electricity from the
electrochemical reaction between hydrogen (H)
and oxygen (O).
• Fuel cells are used in clean energy applications
like electric vehicles and power generation.
 ACTIVITY
 Simple Electric Circuit
 Objective: To demonstrate a simple electric circuit
using an electric cell and a bulb.
 Materials Required:
• 1 electric cell (dry cell)
• 1 bulb with a holder
• 2 insulated copper (Cu) wires with clips
 Procedure:
1. Take an electric cell and observe its two
terminals: one raised and marked with (+),
and the other flat and marked with (-).
2. Examine the bulb and identify its two
terminals: one connected to the base and the
other to the metal tip in the center of the
base.
3. Connect one end of an insulated copper (Cu)
wire to the raised terminal of the electric cell
and the other end to the base of the
bulb.
4. Connect one end of the second insulated wire
to the flat terminal of the electric cell and the
other end to a small piece of aluminum (Al)
foil.
5. Ensure the connections are secure and tight.
6. Switch on the circuit by connecting the
aluminum (Al) foil to the base of the bulb.
7. The bulb should light up, demonstrating a
complete circuit and the flow of electric
current.
 Safety Precautions:
• Handle the electric cell and bulb with care to
avoid damage or breakage.
• Ensure all connections are secure to prevent any
loose wires or terminals.
THANK
YOU
PRECAUTION SYMBOLS AND ABOUT TORCH AND BULBS

LECTURE-2
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 Precaution Symbols in Electrical Devices LECTURE - 2

2 Understanding Electrical Hazard Symbols

3 Types of Torches: Flashlights and Headlamps

4 Batteries and Power Sources for Torches

5 Maintenance and Safety Tips for Torches

6 Types of Bulbs: Incandescent, Fluorescent, Led, etc.

7 Activity
 PRECAUTION SYMBOLS IN ELECTRICAL DEVICES
• Precaution symbols are graphical
representations used on electrical devices to
warn users about potential hazards.
• These symbols are designed to communicate
safety information quickly and effectively.
• Common precaution symbols include those
indicating electrical shock hazards, high voltage,
fire risks, and more.
• It is essential to understand and follow these
symbols to use electrical devices safely.
 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICAL HAZARD SYMBOLS
• Electrical hazard symbols are used to identify and
warn about specific dangers associated with
electrical equipment and circuits.
• The symbols vary depending on the type of risk,
such as electric shock, high voltage, risk of fire,
etc.
• For example, the symbol for "Electric Shock
Hazard" depicts a person getting electrocuted and
serves as a warning to avoid touching exposed
electrical components.
 TYPES OF TORCHES: FLASHLIGHTS AND HEADLAMPS
• Flashlights: Portable handheld devices that emit
light when the power source (battery) is
connected.
• Headlamps: Hands-free torches worn on the head
or helmet, typically used in outdoor activities like
camping or hiking.
 BATTERIES AND POWER SOURCES FOR TORCHES
• Torches commonly use disposable or rechargeable
batteries as their power source.
• Disposable batteries, such as AA or AAA cells, are
easy to replace but need to be disposed of
responsibly after use.
• Rechargeable batteries, like lithium-ion batteries,
can be reused multiple times by recharging them
using a compatible charger.
 MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY TIPS FOR TORCHES
• Regularly check the batteries to ensure they are in
good condition and replace them when necessary.
• Clean the torch's lenses and reflectors to maintain
the brightness and efficiency of the light output.
• Store torches in a cool, dry place to prevent
damage from extreme temperatures or humidity.
  TYPES OF BULBS: INCANDESCENT,
FLUORESCENT, LED, ETC.
 Incandescent Bulbs:
• Traditional bulbs that contain a wire filament that
heats up and produces light when electricity
passes through it.
• They are less energy-efficient and have a shorter
lifespan compared to modern bulbs.
 Fluorescent Bulbs:
• These bulbs contain a gas that emits ultraviolet
light when electricity passes through it.
• The ultraviolet light interacts with the phosphor
(P) coating inside the bulb, producing visible light.
• They are more energy-efficient and have a longer
lifespan than incandescent bulbs.
 LED (Light-Emitting Diode) Bulbs:
• LED bulbs use a semiconductor material that
emits light when current flows through it.
• They are highly energy-efficient, have a long
lifespan, and produce very little heat.
 ACTIVITY
Investigating Electric Circuit Arrangements Objective:
To explore different circuit arrangements and observe
the conditions for the bulb to glow.
 Materials Required:
• 1 electric cell (dry cell)
• 1 bulb with a holder
• 4 lengths of electric wire with differently colored
plastic coverings
• Masking tape or adhesive tape
• Rubber bands
 Procedure:
1. Take four lengths of electric wire with different
colored plastic coverings.
2. Strip a little of the plastic covering from the ends
of each wire to expose the metal wires.
3. Attach the exposed ends of two wires to the
terminals of the electric cell using rubber bands or
tape.
4. Fix the other two exposed wire ends to the
terminals of the bulb, securing them with tape
used by electricians.
5. Create six different circuit arrangements by
connecting the wires fixed to the bulb with those
attached to the cell.
6. For each arrangement, observe whether the bulb
glows or not and record "Yes" or "No" in your
notebook.
THANK
YOU
HOW A BULB LIGHTS UP WHEN CONNECTED TO
AN ELECTRIC CELL

LECTURE-3
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 About Electric Circuit LECTURE - 3

2 Components of a Simple Electric Circuit

3 Understanding the Concept of Electric Current

4 Connecting a Bulb to an Electric Cell

5 Role of Wires in the Electric Circuit

6 Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit

7 Activity
 ABOUT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
• An electric circuit is a closed loop or path through
which electric current flows.
• It consists of various components connected in a
specific arrangement to allow the flow of electric
charge.
• Electric circuits are essential in powering various
electrical devices and appliances.
 COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 Electric Cell (Power Source):
• The electric cell is the source of electrical energy
in the circuit.
• It provides the necessary voltage to push the
electric charges and create a flow of current.
 Conducting Wires:
• Wires are the pathways that allow the flow of
electric current between the components.
• Conducting materials, such as copper (Cu) or
aluminum (Al), are commonly used for making
wires.

 Switch:
• The switch is an optional component that can be
used to control the flow of electric current in the
circuit.
• When the switch is in the "ON" position, the
circuit is complete, and current flows. When it's in
the "OFF" position, the circuit is broken, and
current stops flowing.

 Load (Bulb or any other Electrical Device):

• The load is the component in the circuit that
consumes electrical energy to perform a
particular function.
• In this case, the bulb acts as the load, converting
electrical energy into light energy.
  UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Electric current is the flow of electric charges
(usually electrons ) through a conductor.
• It is measured in Amperes (A) and is
represented by the symbol “I”.
• Electric current flows from the positive
terminal of the cell through the circuit
components and returns to the negative
terminal of the cell.
  CONNECTING A BULB TO AN ELECTRIC CELL
• To connect a bulb to an electric cell, two
wires are used.
• One wire is connected to the positive
terminal of the cell and the other to the
negative terminal.
• The free ends of the wires are then
connected to the metal bottom and side of
the bulb respectively.
  ROLE OF WIRES IN THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

 Role of Wires in the Electric Circuit:

• Wires act as conductors, providing a low
resistance pathway for the electric current to flow
between the components.
• The flow of electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) occurs in a closed loop,
from the negative terminal of the cell through the
wire to the bulb and back to the positive terminal
of the cell.
• Wires provide low resistance pathways for the
electric current to flow easily between the
components.
• They are usually made of a good conductor like
copper (Cu) to minimize energy loss due to heat.
 SERIES CIRCUIT
• In a series circuit, all the components are
connected in a single loop, forming a chain like
structure.
• The same current flows through each
component in a series circuit.
• If one component fails or is disconnected, the
entire circuit breaks, and all the components
stop functioning.
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• In a parallel circuit, different components have
separate branches, and each branch has its own
path for the flow of current.
• The total current entering a junction point in a
parallel circuit is split among the branches, and
the current rejoins at the next junction point.
• If one component fails or is disconnected in a
parallel circuit, the other components continue to
function as they have their independent paths for
the current flow.
 ACTIVITY
 Creating a Simple Switch using a Torch Bulb
Objective: To understand the working of a simple
switch using a torch bulb and a piece of wire.
 Materials Required:
• 1 torch bulb with a holder
• 1 piece of wire
• 1 electric cell (dry cell)
1. Take a torch bulb and a piece of wire.
2. Remove the plastic covering at the two ends of
the wire to expose the metal wire.
3. Wrap one end of the wire around the base of the
electric bulb, making sure it is securely attached.
4. Fix the other end of the wire to the negative
terminal of the electric cell using a rubber band,
ensuring a tight connection.
5. Bring the tip of the base of the bulb (its other
terminal) in contact with the positive terminal of
the electric cell.
6. Observe whether the bulb glows when the two
terminals are in contact.
THANK
YOU
ABOUT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
AND
ELECTRIC SWITCH

LECTURE-4
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 Conductors and Insulators in Electric Circuits LECTURE - 4

2 Understanding Electric Current

3 Role of Electric Switches in Controlling Circuits

Types of Electric Switches: Toggle, Push-Button, and Slide
4
Switches
5 Electric Safety and Precautions

6 Activity
 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS IN ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
• Conductors are materials that allow
electric current to flow through them
easily.
• Metals like copper (Cu) and aluminum
(Al) are excellent conductors due to the
presence of free electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) that can
move freely within the material.
• Insulators, on the other hand, do not
allow electric current to pass through
them easily.
• Materials like plastic, rubber, and glass are
common insulators, as they have tightly bound
electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) that hinder the flow of current.
 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Electric current is the flow of electric
charge through a conductor, usually
carried by electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) .
• The unit of electric current is the Ampere
(A), and it is represented by the symbol
'I'.
• Electric current flows from the positive
terminal of the power source (like an
electric cell) through the circuit
components and back to the negative
terminal.
 ROLE OF ELECTRIC SWITCHES IN CONTROLLING
CIRCUITS
• An electric switch is a device used to control the flow of
electric current in a circuit.
• When the switch is in the "ON" position, the circuit is
complete, and current can flow through it.
• When the switch is in the "OFF" position, the circuit is
broken, and current stops flowing.
 TYPES OF ELECTRIC SWITCHES: TOGGLE,
PUSH-BUTTON, AND SLIDE SWITCHES
 Toggle Switches:
• Toggle switches have a lever or a toggle that
moves up and down or back and forth to turn the
circuit on or off.
• They are commonly used in household devices
and appliances.
 Push-button Switches:
• Push-button switches have a button that needs to
be pressed to close or open the circuit.
• When the button is released, the circuit returns to
its original state.
 Slide Switches:
• Slide switches have a small lever that slides from
one position to another to control the circuit.
• They are commonly used in electronic devices like
remote controls and portable gadgets.
 ELECTRIC SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
• Electric shock is a potential risk when dealing with
electricity and circuits.
• It is crucial to follow safety precautions like
keeping electrical devices away from water, using
insulated tools, and wearing protective gear when
working with electrical circuits.
• Avoid handling electrical devices with wet hands
and keep them out of the reach of children.
 ACTIVITY
 Making and Testing a Simple Switch
 Objective: To create a simple switch using drawing
pins, a safety pin (or paper clip), wires, and a
thermocol sheet (or wooden board).
 Materials Required:
• 2 drawing pins
• 1 safety pin (or paper clip)
• 2 wires
• 1 small sheet of thermocol (or wooden
board)
 Procedure:
1. Insert one drawing pin into the ring at one
end of the safety pin (or paper clip) and fix it
on the thermocol sheet. Ensure that the
safety pin can rotate freely.
2. Fix the other drawing pin on the thermocol
sheet in a way that the free end of the safety
pin can touch it. This arrangement will
function as the switch.
 Creating the Circuit:
1. Connect an electric cell and a bulb in series
with the switch.
2. Rotate the safety pin so that its free end
touches the other drawing pin (the one fixed
on the sheet). Observe the behavior of the
bulb.
THANK
YOU
ABOUT ELECTRIC FUSE
AND
THE USE OF ELECTRIC FUSE

LECTURE-5
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 What is an Electric Fuse LECTURE - 5

2 Purpose and Importance of Electric Uses

3 How does an Electric Fuse Work

4 Understanding Overload and Short Circuit

Role of Electric Fuse in Preventing Overload and Short
5
Circuit
6 Safety Precautions when Dealing with Electric Fuses

7 Fuse Applications in Devices

 WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC FUSE
• An electric fuse is a safety device used in electrical
circuits to protect them from excessive current
flow. It acts as a safeguard against potential
hazards, such as electrical fires and equipment
damage.
• The fuse consists of a small wire or strip
made of a material with a low melting point,
typically an alloy of tin and lead.
• It is usually enclosed in a glass or ceramic
body to provide insulation and protection.
 PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIC FUSES
• The primary purpose of an electric fuse is to
prevent damage to electrical devices and
components caused by overcurrent or short
circuits.
• When an electrical circuit
experiences an overload or a
short circuit, the current flowing
through the circuit increases
significantly, putting the circuit
and connected devices at risk.
• Electric fuses play a crucial role in
maintaining the safety of
electrical installations and
preventing potential accidents or
damage due to electrical faults.
 HOW DOES AN ELECTRIC FUSE WORK?

• When the current flowing through the circuit

is within the rated limit of the fuse, the fuse
wire remains intat, and the circuit functions
normally.
• In the event of an overload or short circuit,
the current passing through the fuse
increases beyond its rated capacity.
• The increased current causes the fuse wire to
heat up rapidly due to its resistance, reaching
its melting point.
• Once the fuse wire melts, the circuit becomes
open, and current flow stops, protecting the
circuit and connected devices from damage.
 UNDERSTANDING OVERLOAD AND SHORT CIRCUIT
• Overload occurs when too much current
flows through a circuit, exceeding the circuit's
rated capacity. This can happen when too
many electrical devices are connected to a
single circuit or when a faulty appliance
draws excessive current.
• Short circuit occurs when a low-resistance
path is created between the two conductors
in a circuit. This leads to an abrupt increase in
current flow, as the path offers minimal
resistance.
 ROLE OF ELECTRIC FUSE IN PREVENTING OVERLOAD
AND SHORT CIRCUIT
• In the event of an overload or short circuit,
the electric fuse acts as a sacrificial element.
It is designed to break the circuit quickly and
safely to prevent further damage.
• When the current exceeds the fuse's rated
capacity, the fuse wire heats up and melts,
creating an open circuit.
• By breaking the circuit, the electric fuse
prevents excessive current from damaging
the circuit and connected devices, reducing
the risk of electrical fires and equipment
failure.
  SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN DEALING
WITH ELECTRIC FUSES
• Always ensure that the fuse you are using is
of the correct rating and compatible with the
circuit it is protecting. Using an incorrect or
higher-rated fuse can compromise the safety
of the circuit.
• Before replacing a blown fuse, identify and
rectify the cause of the overcurrent to avoid
recurring problems.
• Turn off the power supply before inspecting
or replacing fuses to prevent electric shocks
or short circuits.
• Use insulated tools and wear safety gloves
when handling fuses or working on electrical
circuits to protect yourself from potential
electrical hazards.
• In case of persistent electrical issues, consult
a qualified electrician for proper diagnosis
and repair to ensure the safety and reliability
of the electrical system.
 FUSE APPLICATIONS IN DEVICES
• Electric fuses are commonly found in
electrical devices like refrigerators, air
conditioners, televisions, computers, and
power tools.
• They protect sensitive electronic components
from damage and contribute: to the safety
and longevity of the devices.
THANK
YOU
ABOUT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

LECTURE-6
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
CHAPTER :- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS • Battery
• Wires
• Light Bulb
• Switch
It includes a devices that gives
energy charged particles
constituting the current. Can be generated by various
method like solar or wind
Electric Circuit Composition
power or nuclear reactions.
Current flows from negative to Electricity
positive terminal

The flow of
electric charge
MIND
Mode of Tungsten
MAP Conductors
Bulb Filament
When electric current
Components
They allow electric current
passes through it, it glows. to pass through them.
Ex. Aluminum, Copper

Insulators
Device that convert chemical
Electric Cell
energy to electrical energy. Bulbs Switches Batteries
They do not allow electricity
to flow through them.
Ex. Wood, plastic
There are two terminals
positive and negative terminal. Devices that convert electrical Devices that can be used to
They generate electricity by
energy to light energy. converting chemical into
open or close a circuit.
electrical energy.

Inventor –ales Sandro Volta

 ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1 Introduction to Conductors and Insulators LECTURE - 6

2 Characteristics of Conductors

3 Examples of Common Conductors

4 Properties of Insulators

5 Examples of Common Insulators

6 Conductors and Insulators in Electrical Wiring

Conductors and Insulators in Heating and Cooling
7
Applications
 INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
• Conductors and insulators are two types of
materials based on their ability to conduct
electric current.
• Conductors allow electric charges (usually
electrons) to move freely through them,
while insulators restrict the movement of
charges.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDUCTORS
• Conductors have several characteristics that
make them suitable for carrying electric
current.
• They have a large number of free electrons
(𝒆𝒆− ) that can move easily through the
material, facilitated by the metallic
atomic structure.
• Conductors exhibit low electrical resistance,
which means they offer minimal opposition
to the flow of electric current.
 EXAMPLES OF COMMON CONDUCTORS
• Copper: Copper (Cu) is the most widely used
conductor in electrical wiring due to its high
conductivity, low cost, and ease of
availability.
• aluminum (Al): aluminum (Al) is commonly
used in power transmission lines because of
its light weight and relatively good
conductivity.
• Silver: Silver(Ag) has the highest electrical
conductivity among metals, but its cost
makes it less practical for most applications.
 PROPERTIES OF INSULATORS
• Insulators have properties that inhibit the
flow of electric current.
• They have tightly bound electrons (𝒆𝒆− ) ,
which do not have the freedom to move
easily through the material.
• Insulators have high electrical resistance,
impeding the flow of electric charges.
 EXAMPLES OF COMMON INSULATORS
• Rubber: Rubber is used as an insulating
material in electrical cords, cables, and plugs
to prevent electric shocks.
• Plastic: Various types of plastics, such as PVC
(Polyvinyl Chloride), are used in electrical
switches, sockets, and cable insulation.
• Glass: Glass is an excellent insulator and is
used in electrical insulators for power lines
and high-voltage applications.
 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS IN ELECTRICAL
WIRING
• Conductors like copper (Cu) and aluminum
(Al) are commonly used in electrical wiring
due to their high conductivity and efficiency
in transmitting electric current.
• Insulating materials like PVC, rubber, or nylon
are used to cover and protect electrical wires,
preventing accidental contact with live parts
and ensuring electrical safety.
 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS IN HEATING
AND COOLING APPLICATIONS
• In heating applications, conductors with high
resistance, such as nichrome wires, are used
to generate heat when electric current passes
through them.
• Insulators are used as thermal barriers to
prevent heat transfer in cooling applications,
such as in the vacuum flask's insulating
layers.
 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF CONDUCTORS AND
INSULATORS IN ELECTRICITY
• Conductors play a vital role in the efficient
transmission of electrical energy from power
plants to consumers through power lines.
• Insulators are essential for electrical safety,
preventing electric shocks and protecting
devices and circuits from short circuits and
electrical leakage.
 ACTIVITY
 Testing Conductivity of Materials
 Objective: To test whether different materials
allow electric current to pass through them using
a simple tester.
 Materials Required:
• 1 bulb with a holder (tester bulb)
• 2 free ends of wires
• Samples of various materials (coins, cork,
rubber, glass, keys, pins, plastic scale, wooden block,
aluminum (Al) foil, candle, sewing needle,
thermocol, paper, and pencil lead)
 Procedure:
1. Create a simple tester by disconnecting the
switch from the electric circuit, leaving two
free ends of wires.
2. Bring the free ends of the wires close to each
other to form a tester. Observe whether the
bulb lights up when the wires touch. (This
acts as a simple tester.)
 Testing Conductivity:
1. Collect different material samples, such as
coins, cork, rubber, glass, keys, pins, plastic
scale, wooden block, aluminum (Al) foil,
candle, sewing needle, thermocol,
paper, and pencil lead.
2. One by one, touch the two ends of each
material sample with the tester wires,
ensuring the wires do not touch each other.
3. Observe whether the bulb glows for each
material.
THANK
YOU