BAPTIST HIGH SCHOOL, IGANNA

SSS1 SCHEME OF WORKS FOR THE 2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

WEEK 1

DATE: 8th January, 2024

CLASS: SSS 1

TOPIC: REPRODUCTION

DURATION: 3 periods of 40 minutes each

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 describe the various forms of asexual reproduction

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: diagrams and pictures illustrating the seven types of

asexual reproduction

PRESENTATION

PERIOD 1:

INTRODUCTION: Reproduction is the continuity of life, a process which prevents the

extinction of living organisms. Reproduction may be asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction is
a form of reproduction which does not involve the fusion of gametes (or sex cells). Sexual
reproduction on the other hand requires the fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction is a simple
form of reproduction often carried out by many lower organisms such as thallophytes,
bryophytes, protozoans and cnidarians, and sometimes in higher organisms.

TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction occurs in seven major forms: fragmentation, binary fission,

parthenogenesis, apomixes, budding, sporulation and vegetative propagation.
  Binary fission: this is the type of asexual reproduction whereby a parent cell divides into
two daughter cells of equal size. Examples of organisms that reproduce by Binary fission
are prokaryotes and certain protozoans such as paramecia, euglenas, amoeba and
Ceratium.
 Budding: this is the formation of an outgrowth (bud) which is capable of developing into
a new organism. It occurs in organisms such as bacteria, yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisae), hydra, echinoderm larvae etc.

PERIOD 2:

 Vegetative propagation: this occurs in plants. It is formed when a young plant develops
from the roots, stem or leaves of a parent plant. It does not require pollination to take
place. Natural vegetative propagation may occur naturally or artificially. Natural
vegetative propagation is seen on runners (stolons), bulbs, tubers, corms, suckers (root
sprouts), and plantlets.Man-made tissue vegetative propagation types include cutting,
layering, grafting, tissue culture and offset.
 Spore formation (sporogenesis / sporulation): some organisms such as non-vascular
plants and fungi reproduce by spore formation. Spores are structures resembling seeds
but really aren’t because they are not formed from the fusion of gametes.
 Fragmentation: it refers to the parent organism breaking into fragments with each
fragment capable of developing into a new organism. This type of asexual reproduction is
seen in protozoans, fungi, spores, sponges, sea stars and many annelid worms.

PERIOD 3:

 Parthenogenesis: it is an asexual reproduction wherein the offspring develops from an

unfertilized female gamete. Many invertebrates such as aphids, rotifers and nematodes,
and vertebrates such as lizards, snakes, birds, sharks and amphibians
 Apomixis: this is asexual reproduction in plants without prior fertilization of the female
gamete.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

 Production of numerous offspring is fast and easier because only one parent is required.
  The offspring and their parent are very much genetically identical, because the parent
produces a clone of itself.

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

 There is less genetic diversity because the parent passes the same genetic information to
its clone.
 There is a higher risk of transmitting genetic diseases to the offspring.

EVALUATION

 Define asexual reproduction.

 List and briefly describe the following modes of asexual reproduction:
a. vegetative propagation b. budding c. binary fission d. sporogenesis

ASSIGNMENT

 Define sexual reproduction

 What is cell division? State the two types of cell division.
WEEK 2

DATE:15th January, 2024

CLASS: SSS 1

TOPIC: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

DURATION: 3 periods of 40 minutes each

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 explain the processes involved in mitosis and meiosis.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: diagrams and pictures illustrating the seven types of
asexual reproduction

PRESENTATION

PERIOD 1:

Meaning of Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is one which involves fusion of the male and female gametes. A gamete is a
sex cell found in bisexual organisms. Bisexual organisms are those whose sex or gender can be
identified as male or female.

The Sex Cell

In a bisexual organism, cells are generally of two types: body (or somatic) and sex cells. For
growth of the organism, somatic cells need to replicate in a process called mitosis. On the other
hand, for reproduction to take place, gametogenesis (production of sex cells) must occur in a
process termed meiosis. During the early stages of cell division, organelles become duplicates
before separating into the daughter cells.

Mitosis
Mitosis is a type of cell division which involves splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells.

Just before mitosis begins, the cell contents including the nuclear DNA duplicate, that is,
produce a copy of themselves. There are four main stages involved in mitosis: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

 Prophase: this is the first stage of mitosis, during which the genetic materials-
chromosomes-are shrunk and visible under the microscope. At the late stage of prophase,
the nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes appear as pairs of chromatids joined at
the centromere, and the centrioles are formed in preparation for the next stage.
 Metaphase: In this phase, the centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers
are formed which align all the chromosome pairs at the centre of the cell (or equator).
 Anaphase: At anaphase, members of a pair of chromatids separate from each other and
migrate towards opposite poles of the cell.
 Telophase: this is the phase where the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms, and the
cell undergoes cytokinesis (or constriction). At late telophase, each cell gains equal
amounts of cellular contents.

PERIOD 3:

Meiosis

This is a type of cell division in which four daughter cells are produced. There are altogether
eight stages involved in the meiotic process:

 Prophase I: the chromosomes duplicate and homologous (matching) chromosomes cross

over each other at chiasmata (singular: chiasma). A pair of homologous chromosomes is
called a bivalent.
 Metaphase I: Pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the centre and are held in place
by spindle fibres.
 Anaphase I: Each homologue separate from the other and migrate towards opposite
poles of the cell.
 Telophase I: the cell membrane is seen to constrict at the centre. Nuclear membrane
forms around the separated chromosomes, spindles dissolve and the cell proceeds to the
second stage of meiosis.
 Prophase II: Chromosomes become visible under the microscope. Spindle fibres are
formed.
 Metaphase II: The pairs of chromatids are aligned at the equator held in position by the
spindle fibres.
 Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other towards opposite poles
of the cell.
 Telophase II: nuclear membrane forms around the separated chromatids, spindles
dissolve, cell membrane constructs and eventually divides into two. This marks the end
of the second meiotic phase.
Fig 2.1 Diagram showing the stages of meiosis (left) and meiosis (right) Source: Attia, S.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238755594