QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Learning Activity Sheets in

Practical Research 1
Fourth Quarter – Week 1

GLAISA C. BAUTISTA
Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

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 Republic of the Philippines
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 Discussion of the Lesson
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Design is a word that means a plan, or something that the mind

conceptualizes. In research, a design serves as a model or structural structure
of your research analysis. Thus, a research design is a step-by-step approach
used by a researcher to conduct a scientific study. It includes various methods
and techniques to conduct research so that a research problem can be
handled efficiently (Bashin 2019, 1).
Choosing a research design allows you to finalize your mind on the
intent, conceptual basis, and data types of your study, including your data
collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation process. It is a plan which
directs your mind to multiple stages of your study.
Generally, qualitative research exercises five study designs that are widely
found in qualitative analysis. Although these are seldomly marked as
qualitative research, these designs entail a greater role in the methodology
and collection of data for qualitative analysis.
Moreover, a research design is carried out by any of these types of
qualitative research-having its data-gathering technique: case study,
ethnography, historical study, phenomenology, and grounded theory.
Whether you think of them as research types of research designs, the same
thing applies to the same characteristics or aspects of each type or design.

Types of Qualitative Research Designs

1. Case Study

It is a detailed study of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,

policies, institutions, or other systems and investigates a phenomenon within its
real-life context. A case study is mostly used by social scientists to examine
contemporary real-life situations since it provides detailed descriptions of
specific and rare cases.
A case study usually centers on a single or individual subject matter. The
intense exposure to this study may give biases to a researcher’s interpretation
of the findings. The data collection methods in a case study involve
observations, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and analysis of recorded
data, etc. One benefit of a case study is the potential to tackle several
considerations when assessing the entity's characteristics (Yin 2012,282).

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2. Ethnography

Ethnography is a study of natural behavior in a culture or the entire social

group (Ary 2010, 459). It requires an analysis of a specific ethnic community or
organization in which you, the researcher, will completely immerse themselves
in the lives, culture, or situation they are studying. Ethnography involves your
active participation in the activities of group members while a case study views
you, the researcher, as an outsider whose task is merely to observe the group
(Emzir 2012, 18).
Jane Goodall is one of the most well-known ethnographers who studied
chimpanzees by living among them in their native East African habitat.
Ethnographic studies are often lengthy.

3. Historical Study

The chief purpose of a historical research design is to collect, verify, and

create evidence from the past to establish facts that defend or disprove a
hypothesis. This research design utilizes secondary sources and various
evidence, such as diaries, official records, reports, archives, and non-textual
information [maps, pictures, audio, and visual recordings] (Pearson 2015,52-
58). The downside of historical research, however, is the absence or lack of full
old records.

4. Phenomenology

A phenomenon is a tactile experience that helps you feel or appreciate

events that exist spontaneously in your life like death, happiness, love, loss,
triumph, and the like. This design focuses on the commonality of a lived
experience within a particular group. The central objective of the method is to
arrive at a description of the nature of a phenomenon (Creswell 2013, 77-83).
Phenomenology as a qualitative research design becomes relevant or useful
to people such as teachers, nurses, counselors, and the like, whose work
involves providing physical and emotional assistance or relief to individuals. This
concept instructs you to use unstructured interviews to gather data.
The difference between ethnography and phenomenology is, ethnography
emphasizes the collective experience of a community while phenomenology
focuses on individual experiences.

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5. Grounded Theory

In this research design, the theory is developed and based directly on the
collected and analyzed data made by the researcher. The main purpose of
this design is to develop or “ground” a theory in the situation in which the
phenomenon under study occurs (Charmaz and Bryant 2010, 406-412).
It is through formal, informal, or semi-structured interviews that data are
collected in grounded theory research. Analysis of written works, notes, phone
calls, meeting proceedings, and training sessions are used as well.

6. Symbolic Interaction

Symbolic interactionism is a communication between human beings via

symbols such as words, definitions, roles, gestures, rituals, and others (Charon
2010, 246). Social scientists who have symbolic-interactionist thinking look for
patterns of interaction between individuals. Their studies often involve
observation of one-on-one interactions.
Research studies that utilize symbolic interaction perspective opt to use
qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews and observation, to
understand the symbolic worlds in which research subjects live.

Validity in Qualitative Research

For all kinds of research, including qualitative research, possibly the key quality
control issue deals with the validity of a study and its findings. A study is
considered valid if the data are properly collected and interpreted so that it
will arrive at a conclusion that accurately reflects and represent the subject
understudied.
Conversely, studies in any field are worthless if they reach false findings.
Maxwell (1996) highlights the issues of validity by referring to the correctness or
credibility of a description, conclusion, explanation, interpretation, or another
sort of account.

Seven Strategies for Combating Threats to Validity in Qualitative Research

Joseph Maxwell (2009) offers a seven-point checklist to be used in combating
the threats to validity:

1. Exhaustive long-term field involvement—to produce a complete and in-

depth understanding of field situations, including the opportunity to make
repeated observations and interviews;
2. “Rich” data—to fully cover the field observations and interviews with
detailed and varied data;
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3. “Respondent” validation—to obtain feedback from the people studied, to
lessen the misinterpretation of their self- reported behaviors and views;
4. Look for discrepant evidence and negative cases—to test rival or competing
explanations;
5. Triangulation—to collect converging evidence from different sources;
6. Quasi-statistics—to use actual numbers rather than adjectives when
claiming something is “typical,” “rare,” or “prevalent”; and
7. “Comparison”—to explicitly compare the results across different settings,
groups, or events.

“Proceed now to next page and go on with the activities. Good Luck and
Have fun!”

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Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Grade 11 ____________________________

Qualitative Research Design

Lesson 1: Qualitative Research Design
Objectives:
 chooses appropriate qualitative research design
(CS_RS11- IVa-c-1)

Activity True or False

Direction: Write True if the Statement is correct or False if the statement is wrong.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
__________1. Ethnography involves studying a particular group or population
in the natural setting.
__________2. The aim of case study is to find out what happened in the past,
which might have significant effect on current situation.
__________3. Grounded theory usually involves a series of data gathering
procedures to validate the information gathered from the
participants.
__________4. The difference between ethnography and phenomenology is,
ethnography emphasizes the collective experience of a
community while phenomenology focuses on individual
experiences.
__________5. Researchers should be limited by only one strategy or approach
to seek answers for their inquiry.

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Activity 2. Crossword Puzzle

1. 4.

6.

2. 5.

3.

Across
1. It describes the common meaning of several individuals’ lived
experiences about a tactile experience.
2. It aims to describe, analyze, and interpret behavior patterns, belief
systems and unique language of people in a particular culture.
3. In research, it is the process of structuring techniques and strategies that
help researchers solve their problems or answer their inquiry.
Down
4. A research that aims to collect and evaluate information, which may
include documents, stories, artifacts to describe, explain and eventually
understand events and actions that happened in the past.
5. In this research design, the theory is developed and based directly on
the collected and analyzed data made by the researcher.
6. It is done when a researcher would want to know the deeper details
about a certain situation, event, activity, process and even a group of
individuals

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Activity 3. Matching Type

Direction: Match the Research topics/questions in Column A with what

qualitative research design in Column B is best to employ. Write the letter of
your answer on the blank before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1. Cultural Beliefs and Practices of the a. Case Study
Binongan Tribes b. Ethnography
_____ 2. How high performing students of c. Historical
Abra High School students develop d. Phenomenology
interest in pursuing career in e. Grounded Theory
research? f. Symbolic
_____ 3. Campus Bullying in the Senior High Interactionism
School
_____ 4. Gang Members’ Words, Gestures,
Rules and Roles
_____ 5. The 1986 EDSA Revolution, Martial
Law Period
_____ 6. The Lived Experience of Being A Sole
Mother in Canada

Activity 4. Identify the Appropriate Research Design

In the study entitled “ The Kinship of Everyday NEED: Relatedness and Survival
in Philippine Fishing Community”, Which among the approaches/research
designs is best to employ? Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Activity 5. Let’s Reflect
Directions: Reflect on your chosen research problem and decide for the
appropriate research design

Research Title/Problem:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Research Design:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

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Concept Formation/Generalization
Direction: Complete the concept map by filling up the appropriate different
sampling techniques/methods discussed.

Research
Design

is

It is carried out by any of these types:

Aims to Aims to Aims to Aims to Aims to Aims to

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 KEY TO CORRECTION
Activity 1. True or False

1. True 3. True 5. False

2. False 4. True

Activity 2. Crossword Puzzle

1.P 4.H E N O M E N O L O G Y

S 6.C

2.E T H N o 5.G R A P H Y

O R S

R O E

I U S

C N T

A D U

L E 3.D E S I G N

D Y

Activity 3. Matching Type

1. B 2. E 3. D 4. F 5. C 6. A

Activity 4. Identify the Appropriate Research Design

 Ethnography (Justification may vary)

Activity 5. Let’s Reflect

 Answer may vary

Concept Formation/Generalization

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  Answer may vary

References

Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical Research 2, Sampaloc, Manila: Rex

Bookstore, Inc.
Barrot, Jessie S. (2017). Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon
City, Philippines: C & E Publishing Inc.

Clemente, Richard F., Julaton, Aaron Bren E., Orleans, Antriman V.(2016).
Research in Daily Life 1. Phoenix Building 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City:
SIBS Publishing House, Inc.

Buensuceso, Dondon B., Dacanay, Dary E., Manalo, Glicerio A., & San
Gabriel, Nicanor M. (2016). Practical Research 1 Teacher’s Guide (First
Edition). DepEd Complex, Pasig City: DepEd-BLR.

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