IT115 Handout 1 - History & Chapter 1
(Part 1)
By
Johvanna Yaoch
Operating System
What is an Operating System?
Remember the two categories of software?
Operating Systems and Networks???
 What is the relationship between the two??????
History: Early 50s and 60s
 In the early 50s and 60s, before the Internet, most
communication networks were limited. They only
allowed communications between few computers on
the network. Some networks had gateways or bridges
but can only be used by a single user at a time.
 Gateways: these are special computers that serve as
bridges between different networks.
 One prevalent computer networking method was
based on the central mainframe method, simply
allowing its terminals to be connected.
Networking
What is Networking?
Networking is the process of connecting
computers for the purpose of sharing
information and resources (e.g. files,
printers, scanners, Internet connection).
There are many possible choices for physical
connections but the primary motivation for
networking is to allow users to share
information and resources quickly and
effectively.
Types of Network
 LAN -- Local Area Network
 Small networks (purely for local access)
 Building block for constructing larger networks (e.g.
Internetwork—network of networks)
 PCC Network is a LAN
 WAN -- Wide Area Network
 Large networks (access to remote sites around the world)
 Links two or more separate LANs
 PNCC Network is a WAN
 MAN -- Metropolitan Area Network
 Not a common type of network (regional or citywide access)
 Use WAN technology to connect LAN within a city or a specific
geographic region.
Terminals and ARPA
 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was
renamed to Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA). In 1962, a group was formed
within DARPA to further computer research
(particularly computer networking)
 As part of their research, three network terminals
were installed: one for System Development
Corporation in Santa Monica, one for Project
Genie at the University of California, Berkeley and
one for the Multics project SHOPPING at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
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IT115 Handout 1 - History & Chapter 1
(Part 1)

How did the 3 terminals work?

 Each of the three terminals had three different sets of user
commands. So if the network administrator was talking to
someone at UC-Berkley and wanted to talk to someone at
M.I.T. about it, then they had to get up from the UC-
Berkley terminal, go over and log into the M.I.T. terminal
and get in touch with the people at M.I.T.
 It is obvious what to do but it’s too much effort and too
much trouble to communicate with more than one location
at a time. There ought to be one terminal that goes
anywhere you want to go where you have interactive
computing. This led to the birth of the ARPANET (the
original Internet).
ARPANET
 The first ARPANET link was established between
the University of California, Los Angeles and the
Stanford Research Institute on November 1969.
 By December 1969 a 4-node network was
connected by adding the University of Utah and
the University of California, Santa Barbara.
 ARPANET was growing rapidly and by 1981 the
number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host
being added approximately every twenty days.

NODES (pictures)
NODES (pictures)
Univ. of Utah
Stanford
Research
Institute

UC- Santa
Stanford Research Institute UC-Los Angeles Barbara

UC-Los Angeles
2- Nodes 4- Nodes

NODES (pictures)
NODES (pictures)

More connections/nodes (1971) More connections/nodes (1973)

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IT115 Handout 1 - History & Chapter 1
(Part 1)

Too Many Networks… How do we connect them

all together?
Introduction to TCP/IP
 With so many different network methods, something
was needed to unify them. In the 1970s, research was
conducted at Stanford to design a new set of computer
communication protocols that would allow networks to
be interconnected in a flexible and dynamic way. This
led to the development of TCP/IP.
 Protocols: set of rules that define an exact format for
communication between systems
 TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) a
combined set of protocols that perform the transfers of data
between two computers.

Networks Diagram
Different Types of Networks

Star

ISP: Internet Service Providers – companies who provide us with Internet connection.
POP: Point of Presence –location where people can dial into the provider's host
computer in order to connect to the Internet.
NAP: Network Access Point – high-speed interconnection service that gives Internet
Service Providers (ISP) access to the Internet

Different Types of Networks Different Types of Networks

Bus
Ring

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IT115 Handout 1 - History & Chapter 1
(Part 1)
Growth…
 By the mid-1980s there was sufficient interest in the
use of Internet in the research, educational, and
defense communities that it was possible to establish
businesses making equipment for Internet
implementation. Companies such as Cisco Systems
became interested in manufacturing and selling
"routers," the commercial equivalents of the
"gateways". Cisco alone is already over a $5 billion
business, and others seem headed rapidly toward that
level.
 Routers: networking device that forwards data toward their
destinations through a process known as routing.
 Gateways: these are special computers that serve as bridges
between different networks.
So…We Know What The Internet Is. Now What Is
the World Wide Web?
 Internet is a worldwide network of computer
networks.
 World Wide Web (WWW) refers to information
available on the Internet that can be easily accessed
with a web browser. In other words, it is a collection of
online documents stored on servers (or hosts) around
the world, that are connected to the Internet.
Internet Takes Off!
 The Internet is experiencing exponential growth in the
number of networks, number of hosts, and volume of
traffic. The number of host computers increased from
200 to 5,000,000 in the 12 years between 1983 and 1995.
Between 1995 and 1996, the numbers increased to
about 10-15 million.
Future of the Internet & WWW
 It's risky to predict the future of something as dynamic
as the Internet and the WWW. It seems safe to say that
we will see a continuing explosion of new services.
There is every reason to believe that the Internet &
WWW will transform education, business,
government, and personal activities in ways we cannot
fully understand. But we should be aware that with
such advancements comes consequences and threats
(example: identity theft, computer viruses, piracy,
Internet pornography, and much, much more). What
are you willing to pay for the advancement of
technology?