Othello

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Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

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By Shakespeare
Setting: The play is set in Venice, a city in Italy, and later on the island of Cyprus.
Main Characters:
• Othello: A Moorish general in the Venetian army, he marries Desdemona, a Venetian
noblewoman.
• Desdemona: Othello's wife and the daughter of a nobleman, she is deeply in love with
Othello.
• Iago: Othello's ensign (a lower-ranking officer), he is the main antagonist of the play. He
is deeply envious of Othello and orchestrates a plot to bring about Othello's downfall.
• Cassio: Othello's loyal and honorable lieutenant, he is the target of Iago's scheming.
• Emilia: Iago's wife and Desdemona's maid, she plays a significant role in the unfolding
of the tragedy.
Plot:
The play revolves around the destructive influence of jealousy and manipulation. It begins with
Iago's plot to manipulate Othello, whom he resents for promoting Cassio to a higher military
rank instead of him.
Iago fabricates a story about an affair between Cassio and Desdemona, Othello's wife. He plants
seeds of doubt in Othello's mind, making him believe that Desdemona has been unfaithful.
Othello, consumed by jealousy, begins to doubt his wife's loyalty.
As Othello's jealousy intensifies, he becomes increasingly unstable. Iago further manipulates
events, orchestrating situations to make it appear as if Desdemona and Cassio are involved
romantically. He also steals Desdemona's handkerchief, a significant symbol, and uses it as
"proof" of her infidelity.
Tragically, Othello's jealousy drives him to commit a heinous act. In a fit of rage and despair, he
smothers Desdemona to death. When Emilia reveals the truth about Iago's deceptions, Othello
realizes the depth of his mistake.

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In the end, Othello takes his own life, unable to bear the weight of his actions. Iago is
apprehended and his treachery is exposed. Cassio survives, and the truth is revealed to all.
Themes:
• Jealousy: The destructive power of jealousy is a central theme. It drives Othello to
commit murder and leads to the downfall of several characters.
• Manipulation: Iago's manipulation of those around him is a key element of the play. His
ability to deceive and manipulate others results in tragedy.
• Race: Othello's status as a Moor in a predominantly white society is a significant aspect
of the play, and it contributes to the prejudices and tensions that arise.
• Appearance vs. Reality: The play explores the idea that things are not always as they
seem, as characters are deceived by appearances and false information.
• Love and Betrayal: The play examines the complexities of love and how it can be both a
source of great joy and immense pain.
"Othello" is a powerful exploration of human nature, showcasing the destructive potential of
jealousy and manipulation.
Othello begins on a street in
Venice, in the midst of an
argument between Roderigo, a rich
man, and Iago. Roderigo has been
paying Iago to help him win Desdemona's hand in marriage. But Roderigo has just learned that
Desdemona has married Othello, a general whom Iago begrudgingly serves as ensign. Iago says
he hates Othello, who recently passed him over for the position of lieutenant in favor of the
inexperienced soldier Michael Cassio.
Unseen, Iago and Roderigo cry out to Brabantio that his daughter Desdemona has been stolen
by and married to Othello, the Moor. Brabanzio finds that his daughter is indeed missing, and
he gathers some officers to find Othello. Not wanting his hatred of Othello to be known, Iago
leaves Roderigo and hurries back to Othello before Brabanzio sees him. At Othello’s lodgings,
Cassio arrives with an urgent message from the duke: Othello’s help is needed in the matter of
the imminent Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Not long afterward, Brabanzio arrives with Roderigo
and others, and accuses Othello of stealing his daughter by witchcraft. When he finds out that
Othello is on his way to speak with the duke, Brabanzio decides to go along and accuse Othello
before the assembled senate.

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Brabanzio’s plan backfires. The duke and senate are very sympathetic toward Othello. Given a
chance to speak for himself, Othello explains that he wooed and won Desdemona not by
witchcraft but with the stories of his adventures in travel and war. The duke finds Othello’s
explanation convincing, and Desdemona herself enters at this point to defend her choice in
marriage and to announce to her father that her allegiance is now to her husband. Brabanzio is
frustrated but acquiesces and allows the senate meeting to resume. The duke says that Othello
must go to Cyprus to aid in the defense against the Turks, who are headed for the island.
Desdemona insists that she accompany her husband on his trip, and preparations are made for
them to depart that night.
In Cyprus the following day, two gentlemen stand on the shore with Montano, the governor of
Cyprus. A third gentleman arrives and reports that the Turkish fleet has been wrecked in a
storm at sea. Cassio, whose ship did not suffer the same fate, arrives soon after, followed by a
second ship carrying Iago, Roderigo, Desdemona, and Emilia, Iago’s wife. Once they have
landed, Othello’s ship is sighted, and the group goes to the harbor. As they wait for Othello,
Cassio greets Desdemona by clasping her hand. Watching them, Iago tells the audience that he
will use “as little a web as this” hand-holding to ensnare Cassio (II.i.169).
Othello arrives, greets his wife, and announces that there will be reveling that evening to
celebrate Cyprus’s safety from the Turks. Once everyone has left, Roderigo complains to Iago
that he has no chance of breaking up Othello’s marriage. Iago assures Roderigo that as soon as
Desdemona’s “blood is made dull with the act of sport,” she will lose interest in Othello and
seek sexual satisfaction elsewhere (II.i.222). However, Iago warns that “elsewhere” will likely
be with Cassio. Iago counsels Roderigo that he should cast Cassio into disgrace by starting a
fight with Cassio at the evening’s revels. In a soliloquy, Iago explains to the audience that
eliminating Cassio is the first crucial step in his plan to ruin Othello. That night, Iago gets
Cassio drunk and then sends Roderigo to start a fight with him. Apparently provoked by
Roderigo, Cassio chases Roderigo across the stage. Governor Montano attempts to hold Cassio
down, and Cassio stabs him. Iago sends Roderigo to raise alarm in the town.
The alarm is rung, and Othello, who had left earlier with plans to consummate his marriage,
soon arrives to still the commotion. When Othello demands to know who began the fight, Iago
feigns reluctance to implicate his “friend” Cassio, but he ultimately tells the whole story.
Othello then strips Cassio of his rank of lieutenant. Cassio is extremely upset, and he laments to
Iago, once everyone else has gone, that his reputation has been ruined forever. Iago assures
Cassio that he can get back into Othello’s good graces by using Desdemona as an intermediary.
In a soliloquy, Iago tells us that he will frame Cassio and Desdemona as lovers to make Othello
jealous.

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In an attempt at reconciliation, Cassio sends some musicians to play beneath Othello’s window.
Othello, however, sends his clown to tell the musicians to go away. Hoping to arrange a
meeting with Desdemona, Cassio asks the clown, a peasant who serves Othello, to send Emilia
to him. After the clown departs, Iago passes by and tells Cassio that he will get Othello out of
the way so that Cassio can speak privately with Desdemona. Othello, Iago, and a gentleman go
to examine some of the town’s fortifications.
Desdemona is quite sympathetic to Cassio’s request and promises that she will do everything
she can to make Othello forgive his former lieutenant. As Cassio is about to leave, Othello and
Iago return. Feeling uneasy, Cassio leaves without talking to Othello. Othello inquires whether
it was Cassio who just parted from his wife, and Iago, beginning to kindle Othello’s fire of
jealousy, replies, “No, sure, I cannot think it, / That he would steal away so guilty-like, / Seeing
your coming” (III.iii.37–39).
Othello becomes upset and moody, and Iago furthers his goal of removing both Cassio and
Othello by suggesting that Cassio and Desdemona are involved in an affair. Desdemona’s
entreaties to Othello to reinstate Cassio as lieutenant add to Othello’s almost immediate
conviction that his wife is unfaithful. After Othello’s conversation with Iago, Desdemona comes
to call Othello to supper and finds him feeling unwell. She offers him her handkerchief to wrap
around his head, but he finds it to be “[t]oo little” and lets it drop to the floor (III.iii.291).
Desdemona and Othello go to dinner, and Emilia picks up the handkerchief, mentioning to the
audience that Iago has always wanted her to steal it for him.
Iago is ecstatic when Emilia gives him the handkerchief, which he plants in Cassio’s room as
“evidence” of his affair with Desdemona. When Othello demands “ocular proof” (III.iii.365)
that his wife is unfaithful, Iago says that he has seen Cassio “wipe his beard” (III.iii.444) with
Desdemona’s handkerchief—the first gift Othello ever gave her. Othello vows to take
vengeance on his wife and on Cassio, and Iago vows that he will help him. When Othello sees
Desdemona later that evening, he demands the handkerchief of her, but she tells him that she
does not have it with her and attempts to change the subject by continuing her suit on Cassio’s
behalf. This drives Othello into a further rage, and he storms out. Later, Cassio comes onstage,

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wondering about the handkerchief he has just found in his chamber. He is greeted by Bianca, a
prostitute, whom he asks to take the handkerchief and copy its embroidery for him.
Through Iago’s machinations, Othello becomes so consumed by jealousy that he falls into a
trance and has a fit of epilepsy. As he writhes on the ground, Cassio comes by, and Iago tells
him to come back in a few minutes to talk. Once Othello recovers, Iago tells him of the meeting
he has planned with Cassio. He instructs Othello to hide nearby and watch as Iago extracts from
Cassio the story of his affair with Desdemona. While Othello stands out of earshot, Iago pumps
Cassio for information about Bianca, causing Cassio to laugh and confirm Othello’s suspicions.
Bianca herself then enters with Desdemona’s handkerchief, reprimanding Cassio for making her
copy out the embroidery of a love token given to him by another woman. When Desdemona
enters with Lodovico and Lodovico subsequently gives Othello a letter from Venice calling him
home and instating Cassio as his replacement, Othello goes over the edge, striking Desdemona
and then storming out.
That night, Othello accuses Desdemona of being a whore. He ignores her protestations,
seconded by Emilia, that she is innocent. Iago assures Desdemona that Othello is simply upset
about matters of state. Later that night, however, Othello ominously tells Desdemona to wait for
him in bed and to send Emilia away. Meanwhile, Iago assures the still-complaining Roderigo
that everything is going as planned: in order to prevent Desdemona and Othello from leaving,
Roderigo must kill Cassio. Then he will have a clear avenue to his love.
Iago instructs Roderigo to ambush Cassio, but Roderigo misses his mark and Cassio wounds
him instead. Iago wounds Cassio and runs away. When Othello hears Cassio’s cry, he assumes
that Iago has killed Cassio as he said he would. Lodovico and Graziano enter to see what the
commotion is about. Iago enters shortly thereafter and flies into a pretend rage as he “discovers”
Cassio’s assailant Roderigo, whom he murders. Cassio is taken to have his wound dressed.
Meanwhile, Othello stands over his sleeping wife in their bedchamber, preparing to kill her.
Desdemona wakes and attempts to plead with Othello. She asserts her innocence, but Othello
smothers her. Emilia enters with the news that Roderigo is dead. Othello asks if Cassio is dead
too and is mortified when Emilia says he is not. After crying out that she has been murdered,
Desdemona changes her story before she dies, claiming that she has committed suicide. Emilia
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asks Othello what happened, and Othello tells her that he has killed Desdemona for her
infidelity, which Iago brought to his attention.
Montano, Graziano, and Iago come into the room. Iago attempts to silence Emilia, who realizes
what Iago has done. At first, Othello insists that Iago has told the truth, citing the handkerchief
as evidence. Once Emilia tells him how she found the handkerchief and gave it to Iago, Othello
is crushed and begins to weep. He tries to kill Iago but is disarmed. Iago kills Emilia and flees,
but he is caught by Lodovico and Montano, who return holding Iago captive. They also bring
Cassio, who is now in a chair because of his wound. Othello wounds Iago and is disarmed.
Lodovico tells Othello that he must come with them back to Venice to be tried. Othello makes a
speech about how he would like to be remembered, then kills himself with a sword he had
hidden on his person. The play closes with a speech by Lodovico. He gives Othello’s house and
goods to Graziano and orders that Iago be executed.
Character sketch of Othello:

Physical appearance:
Othello is described as a Moor, which typically refers to a person of North African descent. In
the context of the play, this implies that he has a dark complexion. He is a commanding figure
with a strong and imposing presence. His physical stature matches his role as a military leader,
exuding strength and authority.
Background and Origins:
Othello's exact background and origins are not explicitly detailed in the play. He is known as a
Moorish general in the Venetian army. This suggests that he likely hails from the North African
region, possibly around modern-day Morocco or Algeria. His background as an outsider in
Venetian society due to his race adds a layer of complexity to his character.
Personality:
• Nobility and Integrity:
• Quote: "My parts, my title and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly." - Act 1,
Scene 2.
Othello's sense of self-worth is evident. He believes that his character and noble soul will
ultimately reveal the truth about him.
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• Trusting and Open-hearted:

• Quote: "I know, Iago, thy honesty and love doth mince this matter, making it light
to Cassio." - Act 2, Scene 3.
Othello initially trusts Iago implicitly, acknowledging his honesty and love for him.
• Passionate and Intense:
• Quote: "But, O, what damned minutes tells he o'er who dotes, yet doubts, suspects,
yet fondly loves!" - Act 3, Scene 3.
This quote captures Othello's inner turmoil, torn between his deep love for Desdemona and his
growing suspicions.
• Sense of Justice:
• Quote: "So will I turn her virtue into pitch, and out of her own goodness make the
net that shall enmesh them all." - Act 4, Scene 1.
Othello's sense of justice is evident when he decides to punish Desdemona for what he believes
to be her betrayal.
Strengths:
• Military Expertise:
• Quote: "I fetch my life and being from men of royal siege, and my demerits may
speak unbonneted to as proud a fortune as this that I have reached." - Act 1, Scene
2.
Othello's military prowess is a cornerstone of his character, and this quote showcases his
confidence and pride in his achievements.
• Charisma and Presence:
• Quote: "Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Good signior, you
shall more command with years than with your weapons." - Act 1, Scene 2.
Othello's authoritative presence is highlighted in this quote as he commands respect not just
through force, but through his wisdom and experience.
• Love for Desdemona:
• Quote: "She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did
pity them." - Act 1, Scene 3.
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This quote illustrates Othello's deep appreciation for Desdemona's understanding and
compassion.
Weaknesses:
• Jealousy and Insecurity:
• Quote: "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyed monster which doth
mock the meat it feeds on." - Act 3, Scene 3.
Iago's warning about jealousy becomes prophetic as Othello succumbs to its destructive force.
• Impulsivity:
• Quote: "Put out the light, and then put out the light." - Act 5, Scene 2.
This quote reveals Othello's impulsive nature as he rushes to extinguish the light of
Desdemona's life.
Legacy:
Othello's character serves as a poignant exploration of the human condition, particularly in
relation to themes of love, trust, and jealousy. He stands as a tragic figure whose downfall is a
result of his own inner demons and the manipulation of those around him.
Overall, Othello is a complex and multi-faceted character, a noble and skilled leader whose
tragic flaw ultimately leads to his undoing. His story remains a powerful and enduring example
of Shakespeare's exploration of human nature.
Character sketch of Iago:

Iago is one of the central characters in William Shakespeare's play "Othello." He is a complex
and intriguing figure, known for his cunning and manipulative nature. Here is a detailed
character sketch of Iago with references from the play:
1. Machiavellian Nature:
• Iago is often described as one of the most Machiavellian characters in literature.
He is a master manipulator who operates with a sinister and calculated intent. He
revels in deception and takes pleasure in causing chaos.
• "I am not what I am." (Act I, Scene I)
2. Envious and Bitter:

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• Iago's primary motivation throughout the play is his intense envy and bitterness
towards others. He resents Cassio for being promoted over him, and he suspects
that Othello has slept with his wife, Emilia.
• "I know not if't be true, But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for
surety." (Act I, Scene III)
3. Racist and Prejudiced:
• Iago harbors strong racist sentiments against Othello, a Moor, and uses Othello's
ethnicity as a tool for manipulation. He employs derogatory terms like "Moor" and
"thick lips" to demean him.
• "I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets 'has done my
office." (Act I, Scene III)
4. Master of Deception:
• Iago's ability to manipulate others is his defining trait. He orchestrates elaborate
schemes and convincingly lies to every character in the play, exploiting their
weaknesses and insecurities.
• "And what's he then that says I play the villain, when this advice is free I give and
honest?" (Act II, Scene III)
5. Scheming and Plotting:
• Iago's schemes drive the plot of the play. He plants seeds of doubt in Othello's
mind about Desdemona's fidelity, and he engineers situations that lead to tragic
consequences.
• "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse; For I mine own gained knowledge should
profane if I would time expend with such a snipe but for my sport and profit." (Act
I, Scene III)
6. Lack of Empathy:
• Iago is remarkably devoid of empathy or conscience. He manipulates Roderigo's
love for Desdemona, leading him to his downfall without remorse. He also
orchestrates Cassio's downfall without any regard for the consequences.
• "From this time forth I never will speak word." (Act V, Scene II)
7. Two-Faced:

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• Iago is adept at presenting different personas to different characters. He pretends to

be Othello's loyal ensign while secretly working to destroy him. He also deceives
Roderigo by pretending to be his friend.
• "Go to; farewell. Put money enough in your purse." (Act I, Scene III)
8. Ultimate Motivation:
• While Iago's motivations are deeply rooted in envy, some critics suggest that there
may be a degree of sadism or psychopathy in his character. He takes pleasure in
causing suffering and revels in the chaos he creates.
• "Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: from this time forth I never will
speak word." (Act V, Scene II)
In summary, Iago is a complex character driven by deep-seated envy and a desire for revenge.
His ability to manipulate, deceive, and exploit the weaknesses of others makes him one of
Shakespeare's most memorable and chilling villains.
Character sketch of Desdemona:

Desdemona is a central character in William Shakespeare's play "Othello." She is a
noblewoman, the daughter of a Venetian nobleman named Brabantio, and she elopes with and
marries Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army. Desdemona is depicted as a virtuous
and kind-hearted woman, but she also experiences tragic circumstances due to the machinations
of Iago. Here is a character sketch of Desdemona with references from the play:
1. Innocent and Virtuous:
• Desdemona is portrayed as a pure and virtuous character. She is described as "our
great captain's captain's captain" (Act II, Scene III), emphasizing her loyalty and
devotion to Othello.
• "A maiden never bold, of spirit so still and quiet that her motion blush'd at herself."
(Act I, Scene III)
2. Dutiful Daughter and Loving Wife:
• Desdemona is a dutiful daughter who defies societal expectations by marrying
Othello, a Moor. She stands by her decision and remains deeply in love with him
throughout the play.

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• "I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My
life and education both do learn me how to respect you." (Act I, Scene III)
3. Strong-Willed and Independent:
• Despite her gentle demeanor, Desdemona demonstrates inner strength and
independence. She defends her marriage to Othello and speaks up for herself when
needed.
• "My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty." (Act I, Scene III)
4. Trusting and Naive:
• Desdemona's trusting nature is both a strength and a vulnerability. She believes in
the goodness of others and does not suspect Iago's deceit, which ultimately leads to
her tragic fate.
• "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock
the meat it feeds on." (Act III, Scene III)
5. Resilient and Compassionate:
• Despite the challenges she faces, including Othello's growing suspicions and
accusations, Desdemona remains compassionate and tries to reconcile with her
husband.
• "Good love, call him back." (Act IV, Scene II)
6. Fateful Misunderstanding:
• Desdemona's tragic flaw lies in her inability to fully comprehend the depth of
Iago's malice. Her innocence ultimately contributes to her downfall.
• "Unkindness may do much; and his unkindness may defeat my life, but never taint
my love." (Act IV, Scene II)
7. Tragic Victim:
• Desdemona becomes a tragic victim of the unfolding events. Her murder at the
hands of Othello, driven by jealousy and manipulated by Iago, is a heart-wrenching
moment in the play.
• "A guiltless death I die." (Act V, Scene II)

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In summary, Desdemona is a character marked by her innocence, purity, and love for Othello.
Her tragic fate is a result of her trusting nature and her inability to recognize the true
malevolence of Iago. Desdemona's character serves as a poignant illustration of the destructive
power of jealousy and manipulation.
Character sketch of Casio:

Cassio is a significant character in William Shakespeare's play "Othello." He serves as Othello's
loyal and capable lieutenant, and his interactions with other characters, particularly Iago, play a
crucial role in the development of the plot. Here is a character sketch of Cassio with references
from the play:
1. Valiant Soldier:
• Cassio is portrayed as a skilled and courageous soldier, highly respected by his
peers. Othello appoints him as his lieutenant, a position of great trust and
responsibility, indicating Cassio's excellent military prowess.
• "A great arithmetician, one Michael Cassio, a Florentine (A fellow almost damn'd
in a fair wife)." (Act I, Scene I)
2. Honest and Upright:
• Cassio is characterized by his honesty, integrity, and noble disposition. He is
known for his straightforward nature and lack of deceitful intentions.
• "Iago is most honest. Michael, good night. Tomorrow with your earliest let me
have speech with you." (Act II, Scene III)
3. Innocence and Gullibility:
• Cassio's genuine nature makes him susceptible to manipulation, particularly by
Iago. His naivety and trust in others lead him into compromising situations.
• "Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the
immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial." (Act II, Scene III)
4. Strong Sense of Duty:
• Cassio is deeply committed to his duties as Othello's lieutenant. He is determined
to regain Othello's favor after a drunken brawl results in his demotion.
• "Dear general, I never gave you cause." (Act III, Scene III)

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5. Close Friendship with Desdemona:

• Cassio shares a close and friendly relationship with Desdemona, Othello's wife.
Their rapport, however innocent, becomes a focal point for Iago's manipulations.
• "I marry her! What? A customer! Prithee bear some charity to my wit; do not think
it so unwholesome. Ha, ha, ha!" (Act II, Scene III)
6. Tragic Downfall:
• Cassio's character arc involves a fall from grace due to Iago's schemes. His
temporary removal from his position and subsequent involvement in the tragic
events highlight his vulnerability.
• "Reputation is an idle and most false imposition: oft got without merit, and lost
without deserving." (Act II, Scene III)
7. Seeking Redemption:
• Despite his setbacks, Cassio remains determined to regain his position and
reputation. He strives for redemption and is ultimately instrumental in revealing
Iago's treachery.
• "I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial." (Act II,
Scene III)
In summary, Cassio is a virtuous and capable officer, known for his military skills and
upstanding character. His downfall is a result of his trusting nature, which Iago exploits to
further his own malicious agenda. Cassio's journey in the play underscores the themes of trust,
loyalty, and the destructive power of manipulation.
Iago as villain of the play Othello:

Iago is undoubtedly one of Shakespeare's most notorious villains, and his malevolent actions
drive the tragedy in "Othello." There are several compelling reasons why Iago can be
unequivocally identified as the villain of the play:
1. Motivated by Envy and Resentment:
• Iago's primary motivation is envy and bitterness. He is deeply resentful of Othello
for promoting Cassio over him and suspects that Othello has slept with his wife,
Emilia. These perceived slights fuel his desire for revenge.

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• "I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets 'has done my
office." (Act I, Scene III)
2. Master Manipulator:
• Iago's ability to manipulate others is his defining characteristic. He orchestrates
elaborate schemes and convincingly lies to every character in the play, exploiting
their weaknesses and insecurities.
• "And what's he then that says I play the villain, when this advice is free I give and
honest?" (Act II, Scene III)
3. Racist and Prejudiced:
• Iago harbors strong racist sentiments against Othello, a Moor, and uses Othello's
ethnicity as a tool for manipulation. He employs derogatory terms to demean him.
• "Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe." (Act I,
Scene I)
4. Lack of Empathy and Conscience:
• Iago is remarkably devoid of empathy or conscience. He manipulates Roderigo's
love for Desdemona, leading him to his downfall without remorse. He also
orchestrates Cassio's downfall without any regard for the consequences.
• "From this time forth I never will speak word." (Act V, Scene II)
5. Two-Faced and Hypocritical:
• Iago is adept at presenting different personas to different characters. He pretends to
be Othello's loyal ensign while secretly working to destroy him. He also deceives
Roderigo by pretending to be his friend.
• "Go to; farewell. Put money enough in your purse." (Act I, Scene III)
6. Delights in Chaos and Suffering:
• Iago takes perverse pleasure in causing suffering and chaos. He revels in the
destruction he orchestrates, finding gratification in the pain of others.
• "Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: from this time forth I never will
speak word." (Act V, Scene II)
7. Manipulates the Tragic Chain of Events:

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• The entire tragic chain of events, including Desdemona's death, Cassio's disgrace,
and Othello's descent into jealousy and rage, can be attributed to Iago's cunning
schemes.
8. Lack of Redemption or Remorse:
• Even at the end of the play, when Iago's treachery is revealed, he remains
unrepentant. He refuses to speak further and is ultimately led away to face justice.
In conclusion, Iago's character is defined by his malicious intent, manipulation, and complete
lack of moral compass. His actions lead to the tragic downfall of several characters, making him
the unequivocal villain of "Othello." His role serves as a powerful exploration of the destructive
potential of envy and the dark side of human nature.
Themes of the play Othello:
"Othello" by William Shakespeare explores a variety of complex themes that continue to

resonate with audiences today. Here are some of the central themes in the play:
1. Jealousy:
• Jealousy is a pervasive and destructive force in "Othello." It drives the actions of
characters like Iago, who exploits Othello's susceptibility to jealousy, ultimately
leading to tragic consequences.
2. Race and Otherness:
• Othello, as a Moor, is an outsider in Venetian society. The play grapples with
issues of racial prejudice and the challenges faced by individuals who do not
conform to societal norms.
3. Deception and Manipulation:
• The play is rife with deceit, lies, and manipulation. Iago, in particular, is a master
manipulator, orchestrating elaborate schemes to achieve his malevolent objectives.
4. Appearance vs. Reality:
• Many characters in the play are deceived by appearances. This theme is evident in
Iago's ability to present different faces to different characters, as well as Othello's
struggle to discern the truth from the lies he is fed.
5. Love and Trust:
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• Love and trust are central to the relationships in the play. Othello's love for
Desdemona is genuine, but it is ultimately undermined by the seeds of doubt sown
by Iago.
6. Sexual Politics and Gender Roles:
• The play reflects the patriarchal society of the time. Desdemona defies societal
expectations by marrying Othello, and her autonomy is ultimately threatened by
the male-dominated power dynamics.
7. Power and Authority:
• The play explores power dynamics within relationships and society at large.
Othello's position as a military leader and Desdemona's status as a noblewoman are
integral to the conflicts that arise.
8. Fate and Free Will:
• The characters' fates are heavily influenced by their own choices and actions, as
well as the manipulations of others. The play raises questions about the extent to
which individuals can control their own destinies.
9. Innocence and Guilt:
• The concept of innocence and guilt is explored through the characters' moral
dilemmas and the consequences of their actions. Desdemona, for example, is
portrayed as innocent and pure, while Iago is consumed by guilt.
10.Honour and Reputation:
• Honour is a significant concern for many characters, particularly Othello and
Cassio. The loss or tarnishing of one's reputation is a driving force behind several
pivotal events in the play.
These themes collectively contribute to the enduring relevance and impact of "Othello," making
it a work that continues to be studied, performed, and discussed in modern times.
Othello as a tragic hero:

Othello, the protagonist of William Shakespeare's play "Othello," is often considered a classic
example of a tragic hero. A tragic hero is a character, typically of noble stature and admirable
qualities, who experiences a downfall due to a tragic flaw or error in judgment. Let's discuss
Othello's characteristics and how they fit the archetype of a tragic hero:

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1. Noble Stature:
• Othello is not only a high-ranking military officer but also holds the respect and
admiration of his peers. He is entrusted with the defense of Venice, which signifies
his esteemed position.
2. Tragic Flaw (Jealousy):
• Othello's tragic flaw is his overwhelming jealousy. This flaw is initially dormant
but is exacerbated by Iago's manipulations. Othello's jealousy blinds him to reason
and rationality, leading him to make hasty and destructive decisions.
3. Hubris:
• Othello's pride in his military achievements and his marriage to Desdemona are
significant. He believes that his reputation and accomplishments should be enough
to secure Desdemona's love and fidelity. This pride ultimately blinds him to the
possibility of her being falsely accused.
4. Reversal of Fortune (Downfall):
• Othello's life takes a dramatic turn for the worse. From being a respected general
and a happily married man, he descends into a state of intense emotional turmoil,
eventually leading to the tragic murders of Desdemona and himself.
5. Recognition of Mistake:
• Othello's moment of realization comes too late. He discovers Iago's treachery and
Desdemona's innocence only after he has committed the irreversible act of killing
his wife. This revelation is a powerful moment of self-awareness and regret.
6. Catharsis:
• The audience experiences a profound sense of pity and fear for Othello. They
empathize with his inner torment and the tragic course his life has taken. This
emotional response prompts reflection on the destructive potential of jealousy and
the consequences of misplaced trust.
7. Nemesis (Iago):
• Iago's character serves as a malevolent force driving Othello's downfall. He
manipulates Othello's trust and exploits his jealousy with calculated precision.
Iago's deceitful nature makes him a formidable antagonist.

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8. Fate vs. Free Will:

• Othello's tragic fate is influenced by both external forces (Iago's manipulation) and
his own choices. While Iago plants the seeds of jealousy, Othello ultimately has the
agency to choose how he responds. His inability to see through Iago's schemes
reveals his tragic flaw.
9. Isolation:
• Othello's status as an outsider due to his race and cultural background contributes
to his vulnerability. This isolation exacerbates his insecurities and makes him more
susceptible to Iago's manipulations.
10.Symbolism:
• Othello's blackness and outsider status can be seen as symbolic of his internal struggle
with self-worth and acceptance. The handkerchief, a significant symbol in the play,
represents Othello and Desdemona's love, but also becomes a pawn in Iago's scheme,
highlighting Othello's vulnerability.
In "Othello," Shakespeare masterfully crafts a character whose tragic flaws lead to his ultimate
downfall. Othello's journey is a powerful exploration of human nature, the destructive potential
of jealousy, and the consequences of misplaced trust. His story resonates with audiences across
time and continues to be a compelling example of the tragic hero archetype.
Metaphors and similes in the Othello:

"Othello" is a play replete with vivid metaphors and striking similes. These literary devices
serve to enrich the language, deepen the emotional impact, and provide insight into the
characters' thoughts and feelings. Here are some notable examples:
Metaphors:
1. "The Green-Eyed Monster" (Metaphor for Jealousy):
• "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth
mock the meat it feeds on." (Act III, Scene III)
This metaphor, used by Iago, powerfully encapsulates the destructive nature of
jealousy.
2. "A Sea of Faces" (Metaphor for the Crowded Streets):

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• "The riches of the ship is come on shore! You men of Cyprus, let her have
your knees. Hail to thee, lady! And the grace of heaven, before, behind thee,
and on every hand, enamour'd of the parts an ever-shined within her!" (Act
II, Scene I)
Here, Cassio likens Desdemona's arrival in Cyprus to a sea of faces, emphasizing
her beauty and grace.
3. "Heaven Is My Judge, Not I For Love and Duty, But Seeming So, For My Peculiar
End" (Metaphor for Iago's Deception):
• "Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, but seeming so, for my peculiar
end." (Act I, Scene I)
Iago employs this metaphor to express his deceptive nature, suggesting that he will
feign loyalty and duty for his own sinister motives.
Similes:
1. "As If There Were Some Monster In His Thought Too Hideous to Be Shown"
(Simile for Othello's Jealousy):
• "I know not if't be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for
surety." (Act I, Scene III)
Desdemona uses this simile to describe Othello's jealousy, comparing it to a
monstrous thought too hideous to be revealed.
2. "As If She Were Half a Votary, Unholy to Her Lips" (Simile for Desdemona's
Supposed Infidelity):
• "And yet, how nature erring from itself—" (Act IV, Scene II)
Iago uses this simile to imply that Desdemona's alleged unfaithfulness is as
unnatural and shocking as a religious devotee turning away from her vows.
3. "For That I Do Suspect the Lusty Moor Hath Leap'd Into My Seat; The Thought
Whereof Doth, Like a Poisonous Mineral, Gnaw My Inward Soul" (Simile for
Othello's Suspicions):
• "As, to be bold with you, not to affect many proposed matches of her own
clime, complexion, and degree, whereto we see in all things nature tends; foh!

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One may smell in such a will most rank, foul disproportion thoughts
unnatural." (Act III, Scene III)
Iago likens Othello's suspicions to a poisonous mineral gnawing at his soul,
emphasizing the corrosive effect of jealousy.
These metaphors and similes in "Othello" serve to enhance the language, making it more
evocative and emotionally resonant. They also provide insight into the complex inner workings
of the characters, particularly their emotions, fears, and motivations.

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Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Character sketch of Othello:

• Trusting and Open-hearted:

Character sketch of Iago:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

• Iago is adept at presenting different personas to different characters. He pretends to

Character sketch of Desdemona:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Character sketch of Casio:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

5. Close Friendship with Desdemona:

Iago as villain of the play Othello:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Themes of the play Othello:

"Othello" by William Shakespeare explores a variety of complex themes that continue to

Othello as a tragic hero:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

8. Fate vs. Free Will:

Metaphors and similes in the Othello:

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

Prepared by: Iftikhar Hussain Rizvi

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