CONFIDENTIAL EH/OCT 2020/CHE142

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY

COURSE : INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE : CHE142
ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1/2/3/4

Course Outcomes:

• Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry

Item Marks
Introduction &
objective
Materials,
procedure & safety
precaution
Data, results &
discussion
Organization &
appearance
Question & answer
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
/100
(CO4,LO3)
 FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang
Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai
Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Title of
Exp No. : 3 Rate of Reaction Experiment
Experiment:

Topic : Chemical Kinetics Mark :

100
Date : 27/12/2020
Students Course : J4EH1101C Semester : 1 Group: GROUP 4
Signatur
No. Name Matrix No.
e
1 NUR AINIMUNIFAH BINTI YUNOS 2020863972
2 NUR AFIFAH BINTI ROSEDIN 2020616992
3 NUR AISHYA BINTI ISMAIL 2020809132
4
5
Lecturer 1. MADAM MUNIRAH ONN
2.

Introduction :
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions or how fast reactions occur. The primary
requirement for a reaction to occur is that the reactant particles (atoms or molecules) must collide and interact
with each other in some way. Collision theory states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the
number of collisions between reactant molecules. The more often reactant molecules collide, the more often they
react with one another, and the faster the reaction rate. In reality, only a small fraction of the collisions are
effective collisions. Effective collisions are those that result in a chemical reaction.

In order to produce an effective collision, reactant particles must possess some minimum amount of energy. This
energy, used to initiate the reaction, is called the activation energy. For every sample of reactant particles there
will be some that possess this amount of energy. The larger the sample, the greater the number of effective
collisions, and the faster the rate of reaction. The number of particles possessing enough energy is dependent on
the temperature of the reactants. If reactant particles do not possess the required activation energy when they
collide, they bounce off each other without reacting.

Some chemical reactions also require that the reactant particles must be in a particular orientation to produce an
effective collision. Unless the reactant particles possess this orientation when they collide, the collision will not be
an effective one.

The effect of concentration of reactants on rate of a reaction can be studied easily by the reaction between
sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

2HCl(aq) + Na2 S2 O3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + SO2 (aq) + S(s) + H2 O (l)

Objective: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and
dilute hydrochloric acid and to calculate the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution after the dilution

Materials,
Procedure & Materials:
Safety
Precautions 100 ml conical flask, 50 ml measuring cylinder, 10ml pipette, 50 ml beaker, White paper with X
mark, dropper, glass rod, filter funnel, stopwatch, 0.1M hydrochloric acid, 0.1M sodium
thiosulphate, distilled water

Procedure:

1. 50 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is measured by using measuring cylinder.

2. For precise volume, a dropper is used to drip the remaining solution into the measuring
cylinder.
3. The solution is poured into a 100ml conical flask through a filter funnel.
4. The conical flask containing the solution is placed on the white paper with X mark.
5. 10 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is pipetted in.
6. The acid is transferred carefully into the conical flask containing the solution previously.
7. The solution is stirred by using a glass rod and simultaneously start the stopwatch.
8. The solution is continuously stirred until the X mark is invisible if observed from the top and
immediately stop the watch.
9. The time taken is recorded into a table.
10. The experiment is repeated from step 1 until step 9 with the addition of water to the
solution of sodium thiosulphate and acid according to Table 1
 Safety Precautions:

1. The experiment is repeated several times in order to improve the precision of the
measurements and to estimate the experimental error.
2. Make sure eye level is straight to the meniscus level to avoid parallax error.
3. Use plastic gloves when handling hazardous chemical substance to prevent skin contact.

Data,
Results & DATA AND RESULTS
Discussion

Volume of 0.1 M Concentration of Volume of 0.1M Time (s) 1/t

RUN Na2 S2 O3 solution (ml) Na2 S2 O3(M) HCl solution (ml) (sec −1 )

1 50.00 0.0833 10.00 70 0.01429

2 40.00 0.0667 10.00 99 0.01010

3 30.00 0.050 10.00 146 0.00685
4 20.00 0.0333 10.00 220 0.00455
5 10.00 0.0167 10.00 565 0.00177
Calculation

1. Calculate the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution after the dilution.

M1 V1 = M2 V2

RUN 1:

M1 V1
M2 =
V2
𝑀1 = 0.1𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3
V1 = 50ml of Na2 S2 O3
V2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3 + 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐
= 50 ml + 0 ml + 10 ml
= 60 ml

0.1𝑀 × 50𝑚𝑙
𝑀2 =
60𝑚𝑙
= 0.0833 M 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3

RUN 2:

𝑀1 = 0.1𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3
V1 = 40 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
V2 = 40 𝑚𝑙 + 10𝑚𝑙 + 10 𝑚𝑙
= 60 ml

0.1𝑀 × 40𝑚𝑙
M2 = 60𝑚𝑙
=0.0667𝑀 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
RUN 3:

M1 = 0.1M of Na2 S2 O3
V1 = 30𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
V2 = 30ml+ 10ml+ 20ml
= 60ml

0.1 𝑀 × 30𝑚𝑙
M2 = 60𝑚𝑙
=0.050𝑀 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3

RUN 4:

M1 = 0.1𝑀 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 03
V1 = 20𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
V2 = 20ml + 10ml + 30ml
= 60ml
0.1𝑀 × 20𝑚𝑙
M2 = 60𝑚𝑙
=0.0333 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3

RUN 5:
M1 = 0.1𝑀 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
V1 = 10ml of Na2 S2 O3
V2 = 10𝑚𝑙 + 10𝑚𝑙 + 40𝑚𝑙
= 60 ml

0.1𝑀 × 10 𝑚𝑙
M2 = 60𝑚𝑙
0.0167𝑀 𝑜𝑓 Na2 S2 O3
2. Calculate the value of 1/t.

RUN 1:

1 1
= 70
𝑡
= 0.01429 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1

RUN 2:

1 1
=
𝑡 99
= 0.01010 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1

RUN 3:

1 1
=
𝑡 146
= 0.00685 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
RUN 4:

1 1
=
𝑡 220

= 0.00455 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1

RUN 5:

1 1
=
𝑡 565

= 0.00177 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
 3. Plot a graph of 1/t against the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution.

The line graph shows the relationship between the concentration of HCl and the rate of
the reaction based on the results of the experiment. It is shown that the graph has a
gradient slope of y= 5.328x + 0.0071. This proves that the trend for the rate of
positive, which means that in relation to the dependent variable, the increasing
concentration of HCl results in an increasing rate of reaction. Moreover, the kinetics of the
reaction can be analyzed by graphing the concentration of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 as a function of
1/time. A plot of concentration of versus 1/time gives a straight line. The rate is directly
proportional to concentration, and the reaction appears to be second order with respect
to sodium thiosulfate concentration.
 DISCUSSION

1. Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sulfur and sulfur dioxide

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3aq) + 2HCl(aq) → S(s) + S𝑂2 (g) + 2NaCl(aq)

This reaction is known as a "clock reaction", because when the sulfur reaches a certain
concentration, the solution turns from colorless to a pale yellow. This reaction has been
employed to generate colloidal sulfur. This causes the cross to fade and eventually
disappear sodium thiosulfate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 used to prepare an alkaline standard solution.
When sodium thiosulphate, dissolved in distilled water, 𝐻2 𝑂 and hydrochloric acid 𝐻𝐶𝑙,
sulfide ions, 𝑆𝑂4 2− reacts with water molecules to produce ions 𝐻𝑆2 𝑂3 − the presence of
hydroxide ions, 𝑂𝐻 − gives alkalinity properties to the solution.

2. Experimentally, from Run 1, the concentration of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 is 0.0833 M, the time

taken for X mark under the conical flask to disappear is 70s while in Run 2, the
concentration of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 is 0.0167 M, the time taken for X mark under the
conical flask to disappear is 565s. Theoretically, the higher the concentration of
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 , the faster the rate of reaction.

Conclusion: Concentration of the sodium thiosulphate 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 effect the rate of reaction when
added with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Reference: • https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chemical-kinetics
• https://www.flinnsci.com/api/library/Download/78da6c8204aa48a294bd9a5184454
3ad
• https://www.cerritos.edu/jbradbury/_includes/docs/Chem_100/Chem_100_lab_10_Re
action_Rate.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate
• https://www.atilim.edu.tr/shares/chem/files/CEAC%20104(4).pdf
 Peer Evaluation

Very weak Weak Fair Good

(1-2) (3-5) (6-8) (9-10)
Always
Rarely Sometimes Usually provides
provide provide provide useful practical and
Name of group member information information information useful
when when when information
participating participating participating when
*Peer in group in group in group participating
Evaluation discussion discussion discussion in group
discussion
Team role, NUR AINIMUNIFAH BINTI 10
1
duties and YUNOS
contribution
NUR AFIFAH BINTI 10
2
ROSEDIN

NUR AISHYA BINTI 10

3
ISMAIL