Effective Management of Domestic Animals: A Narrative Study on Stray Animals in

Barangay 4, Malaybalay City

Chapter 1

Framework of the Study

The theories that are used to support this research are the theory of Singer's Utilitarian

Theory, Rights Theory and Animal Rights and Personhood.

Singer's perspective exhibits a distinct inclination towards animals, in contrast to

conventional animal welfare, which assigned little significance to the concerns of animals.

However, it is crucial to comprehend that Singer's idea does not constitute a philosophy

pertaining to animal rights. According to Singer, the ethical evaluation of actions is contingent

upon their outcomes rather than being based on any appeal to moral principles. If the act of

infringing against the rights of a holder of rights in a specific instance is expected to result in

more favorable outcomes compared to upholding such right, Singer is inclined to support the

violation of that right.

Tom Regan claims in his work, The Case for Animal Rights, that the rights perspective

deems any kind of organized exploitation of nonhuman beings as ethically impermissible. Regan

unequivocally and explicitly denounces the use of animals for purposes like as sustenance,

hunting, trapping, experimentation, educational practices, and scientific investigation. Regan

posits that both humans and nonhumans possess the status of being subjects-of-a-life, hence

attributing them with equal intrinsic worth. Agents and patients exhibit consciousness, possess a

sophisticated level of awareness, and maintain a psychophysical identity over a given period.

Agents and patients may experience injury or benefit, and their well-being is determined by the
quality of their experienced life, regardless of the usefulness they provide to others or the interest

others have in them. The theory of inherent value posits that each person has a unique moral

worth that is different from any inherent values. It asserts that assigning equal inherent value to

both moral agents and morally relevant individuals who possess comparable attributes is

necessary, since both agents and individuals are considered subjects-of-a-life.

The underlying objective of animal rights theory is to shift some nonhuman entities from

the category of "objects" to that of "subjects" under the person/thing dichotomy. There are a

minimum of two justifications in favor of this action. Supporters of animal exploitation contend

that animals possess inherent differences from humans, thereby justifying their classification as

"things" rather than "persons." Conversely, proponents of animal rights assert that this

dichotomy is unfounded, as certain nonhuman beings exhibit the supposedly "exclusive"

characteristic associated with personhood. Furthermore, it is insufficient to assert that species

difference in itself has moral significance. This is because relying just on species as a basis for

moral relevance assumes a differentiation that requires justification from those who maintain this

perspective.

In the realm of pet policy, sterilization is a veterinarian treatment that garners significant

attention from several municipal governments. In order to encourage pet owners to sterilize their

pets, local governments have adopted a practice of imposing lower licensing fees for sterilized

pets compared to those that are intact. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no formal

evaluation done to determine the degree to which the practice of tying licensing costs to

sterilization status affects owners' decision-making, the occurrence of nuisance complaints, or

the display of threatening behavior by dogs.

 Despite the extensive historical background of pet licensing rules, there persists a

persistent opposition both in practical implementation and on moral justifications. Indeed, there

are scholars and advocates who see the characterization of non-human animals as mere property

as a misrepresentation of the true nature of human-animal interactions, as they should be

accurately understood. The intricate nature of the legal and social standing of domesticated

animals presents a multifaceted issue. However, we assert that the legal ownership of such

animals may be clearly delineated and effectively practiced in a manner that safeguards the well-

being of the animals while also fostering the physical and mental well-being of humans.

Research Questions
1. How do Stray Animal affect the public health?

2. How do Stray Animal on Wild and Domestic Animals?

3. Who are the Responsible Groups and Motivations for Stray Animal Population

Management?

4. What are the Methods of Managing Animal Population?

 Chapter 2

Review of Literature

Paragraph 1 Theory 1 Singer's theory does According to Singer,

not address the the cognitive traits in
concept of rights, question presuppose a
since he posits that comprehension of the
neither animals nor concept of temporal
humans possess existence. Singer
inherent rights. expresses skepticism
Singer himself over the presence of
explicitly such comprehension
characterizes his in the majority of
approach as "animal animals that are
liberation" and raised for food. The
asserts that assertions
purported absence of
of rights are future aspirations and
inconsequential. the ongoing presence
of consciousness are
often inconsequential
when considering
matters only
pertaining to pain or
distress.
Paragraph 2 Theory 2 In his work titled Singer argues that the
"The Case for Animal cognitive
Rights," Tom Regan characteristics being
presents the argument discussed assume a
that the rights fundamental
perspective deems understanding of the
any kind of notion of temporal
systematic existence. The singer
exploitation of expresses doubt over
nonhuman beings as the extent of
ethically cognitive abilities
impermissible. Regan present in the
unequivocally and majority of animals
categorically that are bred for
denounces the use of consumption. The
animals for purposes alleged lack of future
 such as sustenance, ambitions and the
hunting, trapping, persistent existence
experimentation, of awareness are
educational practices, often insignificant
and scientific when examining
investigation. Regan topics only related to
posits that both suffering or
humans and discomfort.
nonhumans possess
the status of being
subjects-of-a-life,
hence possessing
equal intrinsic worth.
P3 Theory 3 The notion of animal If, however, it is
rights aims to shift acknowledged that
some nonhuman animals should not be
entities from the seen as mere objects,
category of "objects" then the ethical basis
to that of "subjects" for the systematic use
under the of animals for
person/thing purposes such as
dichotomy. sustenance, scientific
research, fashion, or
amusement can no
longer be
substantiated. The
aforementioned
manifestations of
institutionalized
exploitation
inherently presuppose
that animals are seen
as objects whose
welfare is dependent
on human
preferences. Once the
acknowledgement is
made that animals
possess inherent
value and are not just
objects, the ethical
justification for
conducting
experiments on
animals becomes
untenable, analogous
 to the lack of
justification for
conducting
experiments on
people. The use of
compelled
individuals in
biomedical studies
has been officially
prohibited by legal
and regulatory
frameworks. While it
is true that a
significant number of
individuals may
accept the practice of
providing employees
with poor salaries,
there is a distinct lack
of tolerance for the
abhorrent act of
human slavery.

Singer's
Utilitarian
Theory

Animal Rights
Rights and
Personhood Theory
Effective
Management
of Domestic
Animals

Licensing
Providing
&
Vetenirary
Identifying
services
stray
for animals
animals

Figure 1. The schema of the study showing the theories and the concepts that underpin the
present study.
Paragraph 4 Concept 1 According to Rock As elaborated upon in
(2013), sterilization is the section under
the primary focus of 'Licensing and
 many local Identifying Pets', the
government laws financial proceeds
regarding dogs. In derived from pet
order to encourage licensing may be
pet owners to sterilize used towards the
their pets, local provision of diverse
governments have community services
adopted a growing that are pertinent to
practice of individuals, pets, and
implementing other animals. The
differential licensing range of services
fees, whereby the included veterinary
cost of licensing treatment.
sterilized pets is
lower compared to
intact creatures.
Paragraph 5 Concept 2 The implementation Certainly, it is
of licensing policies possible to formulate
for dogs in and promote pet
metropolitan areas licensing rules in a
may be traced back to manner that aligns
the mid-1800s, as with a strength-based
noted by Pemberton approach, which
and Worboys (2013). acknowledges and
It is worth values the concept of
mentioning that "caring for oneself
several local and others" as the
authorities also fundamental principle
mandate the licensing for promoting health
of cats. Furthermore, (World Health
several jurisdictions Organization, 1986;
require dogs to be Rock, 2013).
micro-chipped or
tattooed as a
prerequisite for
obtaining a license,
mostly for the
purpose of
identification.
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