Official: Guide

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«THIRD EDITION.
OFFICIAL
GUIDE
INTERNATIONAL
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London ‘William Clowes Sons Limited

! — .
ALL THE WORLD S WELCOME

AT THE
INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION, 1885.
rpRELOAITS MATS made of UNBLEACHED COCOA-NUT FIBRE, may be seen

at the Principal Entrances to the Exhibition, each having woven in it the word
“ WEliCOJIlS ” in one of the following Languages, viz.
WELCOME
(ENGLISH).
XAIPE (GREEK ^mûlar).
CEAD MILE FA1LTHI
(CELTIC).
FA1LTE
xaipEte (GREEK-- /Vara/)
(GAELIC).
SALUT
(FRENCH).
niim (ARMENIAN).
WILLKOMMEN
WELKOM
(GERMAN). J A I
(HINDUSTANI).
/
(DUTCH).
HILSEN OG VELKOMST
(DANISH).
(TURKISH)
SALVE
(Il’ALIAN).
BEN VENUTO
(VENETIAN). (CHINESE*
a (HEBREW)
“ The TRELOAR MATS may claim for themselves a place of honour of their own amidst th
Art-Manufactures of our day .”— Art Jmtrnii.
AXMINSTER, WILTON, BRUSSELS, SAXONY,

AND TAPESTRY CARPETS
AT REDUCED PRICES.
TRELOAR AND SONS

88 , 69 & 70 LUDGATE HILL. ,
CATALOGUES
ESTABLISHED
POST FREE.
NINE MEDALS. 1832. PRIZE
TRELOAR’S LINOLEUM IS WELL SEASONED, AND THEREFORE WEARS WEL1

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I
OFFICIAL GUIDE.
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON:
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited,
INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXEIIBITION,
AND 13, CHARING CROSS, SAY.
1885.
All Rights Reserved, - •

2 ADVERTISEMENTS,
Dress Coaches
Phaeton— Mail
Town Chariots
Town Barouches
HOOPER & GO., Stanhope
T Cart
Drags
Sporting
Private Omnibus
113 Victoria-st., London, S.W. Victoria
Sefton Landaus By Special Appointment to
Vienna
Shelburne „ H. M. THE QUEEN, Road
Sociables
H.R.H.THE PRINCE OF WALES. C-Spring
Wagonettes
SPECIAL EXHIBITS,
CLASS 35. G-Spring Brougham

GROUP 6. One-Horse Landau
C-Spring Victoria
MEDALS.
Brougham
)>
Single
Double
CARRIAGES FOR
London,
„
1851.
1862.
Paris (Treaty) I860.
» Segmental PURCHASE, JOB, Dublin (Jury) 1865.
)t Miniature OR
Oporto, 1865.
C-Spring
THREE YEARS’ HIRE SYSTEM. Cologne, 1865.
ALSO
Gigs JFasfjtanablc Sounb ©nrs
Paris, 1867.
Dog Carts That have been Carefully Used London (Jury) 1873.
at from one-third to two-thirds ,, „ 1874.

Sleighs
of prices of New. Philadelphia, 1876.
STAND No. 585.
G00DFELL0W & MATTHEWS,

HYDE, Near MANCHESTER.
CORLISS ENGINES of the HIGHEST class.
HYDRAULIC Cranes, Hoists, Presses, &c.
MILL GEARING in all its branches.
COMPOUND “ TE1PLEJC ” ENGINE.
DRIVING- DYNAMOS for lighting Grounds

Conservatories and Corridors of
THIS EXHIBITION.
CONTENTS.
The Coloured Ground Plan will be found between pages 48 and 49.
The Coloured View of the Grounds between pages 40 and 41.
The Coloured View of Old London between pages 56 and 57.
PAGE
Introduction 5
Origin and scope of Exhibition — Classification of subjects — Account of progress

made in each group since 1862 — Old London — Executive Council.
I. — General Description of Buildings and Arrangement of Groups
and Foreign Countries — Best Method of seeing the Exhibition 17
Bird’s-eye view of buildings — —

Coloured ground plan Alterations in buildings
—
Arrangement of groups and foreign countries Dining and refreshment
—
rooms Best way of visiting the Exhibition.
II. —The Entrances and South Gallery with its Courts . . 19
Entrances — — — —
Subway Vestibule Duval dining rooms Military and sporting
— —
weapons Agricultural machinery Engineering construction and architec-
ture— — —
Mining and metallurgy Railway plant Prime movers National —
training school for cookery —
Messrs. Spiers and Pond’s dining rooms and
buffets.
III. —The Queen’s Gate Annexe —The Aquarium . . . .32

Naval Architecture — Steel castings — Carriages — Bicycles and tricycles —The
aquarium Fish — culture.
IV. —East —Arcades and Annexes

and West Galleries .36 . .
Machine tools — Hydraulic machinery — Textile fabrics — Refreshment and

-
dining rooms —Ironmongery — Glass and pottery — India-rubber — Clothing

—Toys and games— Fuel and furnaces—Illuminants—Printing— Electricity.
V. — Central Buildings 46
Old London— Prince of Wales’s Pavilion — Furniture —Jewelry— Watches and

clocks — Photography — Instruments — Chemistry — Austria — Japan — Siam
— Foreign countries—America —Waltham Watches— Russia— Music—Loan
collection of Musical instruments, &c.
VI.—The Electric Light—The Gardens and Musical Arrangements 61
Electric lighting of buildings and grounds — Machinery lighting for electric

The gardens — The musical arrangements — Tramways.
Railway, Omnibus, Road Car, and Tram Car Facilities— Cab Fares 72-77
B 2
1
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SHAVING THOM ONE OF HADFIELDS STEEL CASTINGS 3 0-.EEET LONG
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MEDAL
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GO*™ ACT0jts OVER 2000 g,

INDIA
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ONLY OF THE
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OF OAST STEEL CASTINCSc*
OUR UNHANIMERED STEEL CASTINCS, AS RECENTLY

.
TESTED BY H-M GOVERNMENT STAND TENSILE STRAINS

OF 34 TO 65 TONS PER SQUARE INCH
(Varying according to the purpose required) wMSk
WtfpA AND UP TO 20 % ELONGATION. v> \SbS
STRAiUMT
wia’M-'mT
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vPrRIQriT V ALLf RIGHTS RESERVED

OFFICIAL GUIDE
TO THE
INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION.
INTRODUCTION.
—
ORIGIN AND SCOPE OF EXHIBITION CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS—
il
ACCOUNT OF PROGRESS MADE IN EACH GROUP SINCE 1862 OLD —

LONDON EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.
| The intention to hold an International Inventions Exhibition in the Origin of
year 1885 was originally expressed by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales at the Exhi-
bition of
the close of the Fisheries Exhibition. His Royal Highness on that Inven-
occasion specially referred to the passing of the New Patent Acts, which tions.
were designed to be useful to the poorer classes of inventors, and ex-
pressed the opinion that under the circumstances much good might
result from the holding of an Exhibition which should illustrate the
progress of invention since the time of the last Great International
Exhibition in this country, in the year 1862.
It was afterwards determined to add the subject of Music, just as in Musical
the previous Exhibition Education had been coupled with Health. In Exhibi-
the case of Music, however, there was not the same necessity for limiting tion.
the epoch, for no special Exhibition relating to Music had as yet been
held in this country, and it was consequently determined to admit all
H instruments of the present century, in addition to a Loan Collection of
Instruments, Printed Music, &c., of any date.
Inasmuch as the space available for the display of Inventions was Limita-
strictly limited, and that, too, in spite of large additions to the buildings tions to
scope of
in use last year, it was necessary to impose some limitations upon the
Inventions
area to be given up to certain classes of objects. Accordingly those Exhibi-
inventions which were well represented in the Smoke Abatement, the tion.
Fisheries, and the Health Exhibitions, as well as in the Annual Shows
of the Royal Agricultural Society, have in the present Exhibition
comparatively little space allotted to them.
Even with these limitations the applications for space were so large
that the most careful scrutiny had to be exercised by special Com-
mittees appointed for the purpose, and eventually only those inventions
which appeared to be of sufficient public interest or importance were
admitted.
The system of classification in the Inventions Exhibition is based to a Classifica-
large extent upon that adopted by the Patent Office while the arrange- tion of
;
ment of the Musical section is founded upon the classification adopted Exhibits,
by the Juries in 1851, and there has been added a group for Music
Engraving and Printing, and another for the Loan Collection.
The following is a list of the subdivisions.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View ot Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaohiug Exhibition, pp. 73-77,
6 Introduction.
Agri- Group I. relates to Agriculture and Horticulture, and comprises such

and Horti "
^ m P ort:ant inventions
as portable steam engines, steam ploughs, mowing,
culture.
rea pi n g> an d hay-making machinery, sheaf-binders, com and seed drills,
chaff and turnip cutters, grist mills, dairy and horticultural appliances,
and innumerable other labour-saving machines, all of which have either
been invented or developed since 1862.
Mining Group II. comprises Mining and Metallurgy. In this department
and Metal- inventors have been so busy during the last twenty-three years, that
urgy
it may safely be affirmed that during this epoch most of our metallur-
'
gical processes have been revolutionised, while the labour-saving appli-

ances used in every branch of mining have been immensely developed.
The latter department comprises such inventions as deep-boring and
rock-drilling machinery —
including the now famous diamond borers —
the nitro explosives such as dynamite, blasting gelatine and gun-cotton,
which have rendered such incalculable services in rock-blasting, shaft-
sinking, and tunnelling, —
coal cutters and coal-breaking appliances,
including in the latter the lime cartridge, which has proved itself an
invaluable substitute for explosives in firing mines —
underground hauling
—
and lifting machinery and apparatus for the breaking, pulverising, and
sorting of ores and other minerals. Amongst the most important
appliances in this department must be mentioned the miners’ safety
• lamp, several varieties of which are exhibited.
Metal- Amongst metallurgical inventions we need only mention the Bessemer
lurgy. steel process, the Siemens open-hearth process, and the Gilchrist
Thomas, or so-called basic system for
the utilisation of ores contami-
nated by the presence of phosphorus, in order to show what has been
accomplished in the period under review. In addition to the exhibits
relating to the metallurgy of iron, there will be found in this section of
the Exhibition many samples of new alloys, examples of processes re-
lating to the metallurgy of gold, silver, aluminium, copper, zinc, and lead,
also specimens of improved furnaces, and of improved methods of utilising
bye-products such as slag and the ammoniacal products of coke ovens.
Engineer- Group III. relates to Engineering Construction and Architecture,
ing Con- an <3 embraces many exhibits relating to the design, construction,
drainage, and ventilation of houses, factories, and public buildings,
andArchi "
tecture. New materials for construction are largely represented, and this section
also embraces many drawings and models of improved systems of bridge
construction, docks, breakwaters, harbour works, and tunnels. The
permanent way of railroads, the construction of roads and streets,
mechanical methods of excavation, foundation, sinking, and pile-driving,
and the construction of lifts and accumulators, naturally occupy promi-
nent positions in this group.
Prime Group IV. embraces the important subjects of Prime Movers, and the
Movers, distribution of their power, and comprises steam engines in all their
and means classes, gas, hot-air, and water-pressure engines, water wheels and
of distri- and
tur bi nes> steam generators, and their fittings accessories, shafting,
bating
driving gear, belts, and ropes of power, and the
for the transmission
their
power. modern methods power.
for the distribution of hydraulic
The improvements in the construction of steam engines since the
year 1862, have reference chiefly to the economy of fuel. In that year
an expenditure of four pounds of coal per indicated horse-power per
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, P. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;,
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77,
Introduction. 7
hour was regarded as an extraordinary result, to be attained only in the

best steam engines, whereas at the present day triple expansive marine
engines accomplish the same work on a consumption of i ’4 pounds.
This end has been attained by the use of steam of higher temperature,
and therefore pressure, worked at high ranges of expansion in compound
and even latterly in triple compound engines.
The gas engine is one of those inventions which belong to the period
covered by the Exhibition ; working as it does without a boiler, and
requiring but little has attained great popularity during the
attention, it
last few years. Several types of this class of prime mover are ex-
emplified in this group.
The important subject of Railway Plant is included in Group V. Railway
p ant ‘
Looked at not merely from the commercial aspect, but also from the
point of view of the safety of human life, it is probable that no other
department of the Exhibition exceeds in interest this group. The
most remarkable improvements which have taken place during the last
twenty-five years are the introduction of steel as the material for the
construction of rails, tires, axles, and many parts of locomotive engines
— continuous brakes applied to each wheel of a train in place of the old
system of hand-power brakes applied to every eighth or tenth vehicle
and lastly, the development of the block system for signalling and regu-
lating traffic. Thanks to these improvements, all of which are well .
represented in the Exhibition, the percentage of loss of life is at the

present time less than one-third of what it was twenty years ago.
Group VI. embraces common Road Carriages and Bicycles and j^ oa4
5
It contains a very large assortment of the most modern
’
Tricycles. Bicycles
examples of carriages, cabs, and carts ; but perhaps the most remark- and Tri-
able feature in this section of the Exhibition is the immense development cycles,
in the manufacture of bicycles and tricycles which it illustrates. These
machines, though dating originally from the commencement of the
present century, owe their present form exclusively to the improvements
of the last dozen years. Their mechanical features present much that
is interesting, the wheels especially being marvels of strength and light-
ness. It seems probable, from an inspection of some of the samples

exhibited, that these machines will soon find a larger field of employ-
ment than they have hitherto done. On the well-paved streets of
towns, and on the better class of country roads, there is apparently no
reason why they should not to a great extent supersede the use of the
horse and cart for the purposes of retail tradesmen.
There is no department of the Exhibition of greater practical interest Naval
to this maritime community than Group VII., which deals with Naval Archl
"
t6Ctur0,
Architecture. During the last quarter of a century the improvements
which have been effected have resulted in the complete transformation
of the practice of shipbuilding.
The almost universal adoption of steam as the means of propulsion,
the change from wood to iron, and from iron to steel, as the material
for construction, briefly indicate a few of the larger features of this
transformation ; but the progress effected in the details of construction
and of the propelling machinery are scarcely less remarkable. better A
knowledge of the laws governing the resistance to motion of floating
bodies, coupled with the enormous development in the power of engines',
View of Old London, p. 56 ; Index, p. 67 Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
8 Introduction.
due to the successful introduction of steam of very high pressure, has

enabled speeds of 20 knots to be obtained, whereas twenty-five years ago
twelve knots was an unusual speed. The enormous economieseffected in
the fuel consumption of engines have enabled vessels to carry coal
supplies for voyages which were formerly thought wholly unsuitable
for steam vessels. An enterprising Liverpool shipowner not long since de-
clared that fuel has now become one of the minor expenses of steamers.
Amongst the improvements effected in the details of construction of
the hulls of vessels, we may mention the introduction of continuous
iron decks and double bottoms, which contribute so much to strength
and rigidity, and actually convert the vessel into a species of floating box
girder. Another most important improvement is the systematic sub-
division of the hull by means of water-tight transverse bulkheads in con-
nection with water-tight decks, and carried up to such a height that, in
the event of a compartment getting pierced and flooded, and conse-
quently to a certain extent submerged, the water will not be enabled
to pour over the head of the bulkhead into the adjacent sound com-
partment. The proper methods of designing and constructing bulkheads
have not till the last few years been properly understood, or else have
in many cases been systematically neglected. The improvement
latterly observable in this respect is due no doubt largely to the
influence which the Admiralty was enabled to bear on private ship-
owners, by forming a register of merchant steamers available for war
purposes. It was at one time thought that the proper subdivision of the
hulls of steamers, which is so essential for their safety in the event of
grounding or collision, was incompatible with the economical working
for mercantile purposes ; but it is satisfactory to know that this belief is
steadily losing ground. In war-steamers, of course, the principle of
subdivision is carried out with a degree of minuteness which would be
impossible in the mercantile marine.
—
In the fittings of ships, the accommodation provided on board the
passenger-steamers on all the great lines, and the mechanical methods
of steering, stowing and discharging cargo, pumping, working guns and
turrets, raising ammunition, weighing anchors, &c. —
the improvements
effected have been not less remarkable than in the other branches of
Naval Architecture.
Great as have been the advances made in the practice of shipbuilding,
they have been fully equalled, and in the main inspired, by the progress
made in the comprehension of theoretical problems. It is true that it
is now just half a century since Scott Russell commenced
to raise ship-
building from the position of a merely empirical practice to that of
a scientific art, but the last half of that period has witnessed a wonderful
development of our theoretical knowledge of the laws of resistance to
the motion of floating bodies, and the other problems involved in pro-
pulsion, — of the scientific principles of construction which enable us to
secure the maximum of strength, —
and, lastly, of the doctrines and the
methods of calculating stability, which are now so far perfected that the
naval architect is able to predict with perfect confidence the behaviour
as regards stability of even perfectly new types of vessels under all
conditions of draught and stowage.

The great results briefly indicated above are largely due to the
For Contents, see p- 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View of Old London, P. 56 Index, p. 67
; j
Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
Introduction. 9
influenceand example of the Admiralty, which has led the way in

adoptingnew systems and materials of construction, to the enlightened
management of the great classification societies, of which the most
important Lloyd’s Registry of British and Foreign Shipping, and,
is
lastly, to the unequalled opportunities offered by the Institution of Naval

Architects for the collection, the discussion, and the recording of results.
Group VIII. is devoted to Aeronautics, and contains models of Aeronau-
tics
proposed flying machines and improvements in balloons. -
Group IX. is given over to Textile Fabrics, the most important of Textile
British manufacturing industries, and contains specimens of improve- Fabrics,
ments in the machinery used in the manufacture of cotton and linen
goods, woollens and worsteds, hosiery and carpets. The improvements
introduced into this class of machinery since the year 1862 relate for
the most part to the details of mechanism and the perfection of work-
manship. In principle the various classes of machines are the same as
they were a quarter of a century ago, but the improvements referred to
have enabled the value of our exports of textile goods to be increased
from the 70 millions at which they stood in 1862 to 120 millions, the
figure attained last year, and that, too, in spite of the fact that the wages
of our operatives are higher and their hours of labour shorter than those
of any other country in Europe. The further improvements which will
probably be introduced in the near future into this branch of industry
refer to the amelioration of our native designs for patterns of cloth, and
in our chemical and mechanical processes for the finishing of fabrics.
Under Group X. are classified Machine Tools of various descriptions Machine
for the working of metals, wood, stone, pottery, and even paper and Tools,
dough. To the mechanical engineer this section of the Exhibition will
be one of great interest. The principal novelties in this group are to
be found under the heads of wood working machinery, milling tools,
and emery wheels. In other respects the machine tools of to-day,
though greatly improved in details, are substantially identical in principle
with those of 1862.
Much progress has been made during the quarter of a century in the Hydraulic
development of Hydraulic Machinery, which is classified under Group XI. Machinery.
It is true that, prior to the last great Exhibition, Sir
William Armstrong
had introduced the well-known system of transmitting water-power
through pipes by means of the pressure generated in accumulators for
the purposes of working dock-gates, cranes, swing-bridges, capstans, &c.,
but latterly this class of machinery has been much improved and its
applications extended. Nowadays hydraulic pressure is used instead of
the steam-hammer for forging wrought iron ; it has also been used with
marked success for riveting, and for the working of heavy guns, in-
cluding the controlling of the recoil. Hydraulic machinery for the
loading and discharging of merchant steamers has now been brought to
great perfection, and is in many cases preferable to the use of the steam
engine. Its uses for the working of lifts are too well known to need
more detailed reference.
The Elements of Machines are represented under Group XII. There
Elements
are, however, very few exhibitors under this heading. of
Group XIII. will probably hereafter be regarded as the most remark- Machi ?es
able feature of the Inventions Exhibition. Under it are classified the E lectri ' .
¥or Contents, see p- 3; View of Gardens, p. 41

;
Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49:
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p, 67 ; Method of reaching
;
Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
B 3
10 Introduction.
innumerable inventions in electric science which, for the most part,

belong to the last ten years. In the year 1862 electricity had but few
practical uses, if we except those of telegraphy and metallic plating, but
to-day it has penetrated into nearly every branch of practical engineering.
The following list gives a few of the more important inventions in this
branch of science :
The continuous - current dynamo or self- exciting electro - magnetic

generator, for transforming energy, as supplied to it by the steam
engine, water-wheel, & c., was simultaneously developed by Wheatstone,
Yarley, and Werner Siemens.
Electric The discovery that by reversing a dynamo, by sending a current of
Motors. electricity through it, it could be used as a motor, that, in fact, the
combination of a source of electricity with such a reversed dynamo
constituted a prime mover in exactly the same sense as the combination
of a steam generator and engine, will probably be in the future regarded
as one of the most important of the characteristic inventions of this
Exhibition. This discovery has led the way to the solution of the
problem of the transmission of electric energy to great distances. As
an example of what has already been accomplished in this direction,
it may be mentioned that at the Munich Exhibition half a horse-power
of energy was transmitted through a common iron telegraph wire for a

distance of forty miles.
The discovery of the electric motor has also rendered it possible to
drive boats, tramcars, and carriages by means of electricity, while
recently several electrical railways have been constructed, the most
remarkable being the Portrush Railway in the North of Ireland, in
which the source of power employed to generate the current is a natural
waterfall.
Electric The application of electricity to artificial lighting is, however, the
Lighting. discovery in which the public at the present moment takes the greatest
interest. The whole Exhibition, with its innumerable arc and incan-
descent lamps, is a remarkable proof of the perfection to which this
system of lighting has been brought during the last few years.
Galvanic Primary and secondary batteries have also undergone wonderful
Batteries. development during the period under review. The primary battery is
still, as it has always been, the only means for generating powerful
electric currents at first hand, and there are exhibited in this group
specimens of primary batteries of a power which was formerly thought
to be unattainable, and which are at the same time exceedingly easy
to manipulate.
Secondary batteries are in reality primary batteries in which the
waste chemical products are capable of regeneration in situ by the mere
process of sending a current of electricity in the reverse direction
through the cells. They are doubtless destined to play an important
rble in the future in all descriptions of electrical work.
Electa o- The progress made in Electro-metallurgy has not been less remarkable
metal* than that made in every other section of this group. The introduction
lurgy. of dynamos capable of delivering enormous currents of a low potential
has rendered possible the deposition of masses of metal which could
formerly not even be thought of. It is now possible to manufacture
refined copper in the largest quantities direct by the electrical process,
Eor Contents, sea p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p. 67
; ;
Introduction. 1
while such operations as the coating of the plunger of a large

hydraulic ram with a deposit of the toughest reguline copper half an
inch thick, is a comparatively easy operation.
Turning from the purely engineering developments of electrical Telegraphs
science, we find that in Telegraphy the principal improvements have and Te F-
1101168,
been the duplexing and quadruplexing of single wires, by means of 1
*
which, respectively two and four messages can be simultaneously trans-

mitted over the same wire ; but the most extraordinary advance in this
department has been the invention of the Telephone, which enables
sounds to be faithfully reproduced at great distances.
The great progress effected in every branch of electricity has, as a Instru-
matter of course, rendered necessary a corresponding advance in the ment5,
instruments used for testing and for indicating the quantity, potential
and energy of currents.
Under Group XIV. are included apparatus, processes, and appliances Applied
connected with applied Chemistry and physics. At the present day Chemistry,
chemistry plays a most important part in our national industry, in fact
there are few branches of applied science, from metallurgy to calico-
printing, in which a knowledge of chemistry is not more or less directly
useful. Since 1862 our knowledge of theoretical chemistry has been
greatly increased, but in its practical applications to the arts, the two
greatest advances are the supersession of the celebrated Leblanc process
for the manufacture of carbonate of soda by the so-called ammonia soda
process —and the improved means of utilising the bye-products from
gas works and coke ovens, by which w e obtain the numerous coal-
r
tar colours, ammonia, tar, pitch, benzine, &c.

Our knowledge of the effects of artificial manures has advanced
considerably during the last few years, and many of the exhibits in
Group XIV. illustrate this subject.
The Gas and other illuminants are arranged under Gas and
exhibits relating to
Group XV. These include improvements in the apparatus and methods °the r lUu-
of manufacture of coal gas. Also gasoline, gas-making machinery, minants -
photometers, governors, meters, and improved burners, including in the

latter various forms of regenerative burners, in which the heat generated
by the flame is used to raise the temperature of the air necessary to
sustain combustion. The improvements in the manufacture of gas
introduced since 1862 relate principally to the details of the apparatus
employed, to the methods of purification, and to the utilisation of the
waste products. The petroleum industry has been practically created
since 1862, and this section of the Exhibition is naturally well supplied
with specimens of lamps suitable for burning mineral oils.
Fuel and Furnaces form the subject matter of Group XVI. Fuel and
These, however, were amply illustrated both in the Health and the Furnaces
Smoke Abatement Exhibitions, and have in consequence been allotted
but space on the present occasion.
little Both gas and oil have lately
been much used as fuels for domestic heating and cooking purposes.
The greatest revolution, however, in fuel and furnaces since 1862 is
the invention of the Siemens’ regenerative gas furnace and gas pro-
ducers, so largely used in the manufacture of steel. In these furnaces
the raw coal is first distilled in gas-producers, and the common species
of gas produced is used in the furnaces in lieu of raw coal the air :
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67 Method of reaohinjr Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
B 4
12 Introduction.
necessary to maintain combustion is heated by the waste heat passing
away from the furnace, an arrangement which enables an intense and

easily regulated heat to be produced with a notable economy of fuel.
This form of furnace is illustrated in the Exhibition.
Food. Group XVII. relates toFood, Cookery and Stimulants, Group XVIII.
Clothing. to Clothing, subjects which were exhaustively dealt with last year.
Jewelry. Group XIX. deals with Jewelry.
Leather. Leather is represented under Group XX. ; there are few noteworthy
improvements to be chronicled in this branch of industry. The
demand for cheap leathers for the soles of boots has, however, led to
the adoption of a chemical process for tanning in place of the old-
fashioned and very slow method of tanning by oak bark. The hides,
in the new method, are immersed in a weak solution of bichromate of
potash, common salt and alum ; and are afterwards finished by impreg-
nation with paraffin, wax and resin. In this manner leathers can be
tanned in about five weeks which formerly took at least eighteen months,
but the saving in time is perhaps effected at the expense of quality.
India- Under Group XXI. are arranged various exhibits illustrating the
Kubber India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha industries, together with sundry
and Gntta' kindred manufactures, such as those of Celluloid and Vulcanised Fibre.
Percha.
The two latter are new articles which will be much used in the arts.
The great majority of the processes connected with the india-rubber and
gutta-percha manufacture were understood and practised before 1862.
Furniture Group XXII. illustrates inventions relating to domestic furniture,
and acces- travelling equipment, materials for wall and floor covering, &c. The
sories.
furniture and decorations in the Royal Pavilion are included in this
department.
Glass and Glass and Pottery are classified under Group XXIII., which also
Pottery. includes examples of the more modern kilns and ovens used in the
manufacture. The improvements to be recorded since 1862 are chiefly
those of design, and the more extended application of pottery ware to
decorative and sanitary purposes. In the latter department especially
the improvements to be recorded are most important, but were amply
illustrated in the Health Exhibition. The process of toughening glass
by tempering it in oil is a new improvement which is probably destined
to find extended application.
Cutlery Group XXIV. deals with improvements in Cutlery and Ironmongery,
and Iron- and includes Surgical Instruments.
mongery. The important subjects of Fire-arms, Military Weapons and Equip-
Fire-arms ment, and Explosives, are classified under Group XXV. If the
and Mili- improvements recorded in the industrial arts since the year 1862 are
tary equip-
ment. truly remarkable, it must be confessed that the progress attained in
the destructive arts of warfare are not less impressive. The Exhibition
held twenty-three years ago contained a few specimens of light Arm-
strong field-pieces and other guns, but at the present time the largest
Heavy specimens of heavy ordnance attain the weight of no tons, and their
Guns. projectiles alone weigh more than the cast-iron guns with which the naval
battles of the last century were fought. The immensely increased size
and power of the guns, projectiles and ammunition has rendered
necessary a corresponding development in the means of mounting and
working the guns, checking the recoil, and effecting the operation of
View of Old London, p, 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77i
Introduction. 13
loading. Theintroduction of steel as the material for the construction

of ordnance, though possibly not unattended with a certain amount
of risk, constitutes upon the whole a most important improvement.
The earlier Armstrong guns were breech-loaders, but for many of the
years intervening between 1862 and the present time breech-loading was
abandoned in this country. The invention in France and Germany of
two successful methods of opening and closing the breeches of even
the heaviest guns has, however, rendered a return to the breech-loading
system very general. Great improvements have been made in the
projectiles and the methods of rifling, as also in the manufacture of the
gunpowder. Instead of the violently explosive, quick- burning powders
which were common a quarter of a century ago, slow-burning powders,
which generate a more moderate and more sustained pressure, are now
in common use for heavy guns. Further important improvements in this
direction may be expected. The results of the improvements in the
proportions of the guns and in the quality of the powder are such that
muzzle velocities of about 2000 feet a second, are now common for the
projectiles of heavy guns.
The improvements effected in Small-Arms are not less remarkable, gmall-
Breech-loading is now universal both for military and sporting weapons, Arms,
and the range, trajectory and accuracy of all description of rifles has
greatly increased. In shot-guns, for sporting purposes, the introduction
of choke-boring has enabled increased ranges to be attained, and
permits within certain limits of any desired closeness of “ pattern.”
Amongst the latest novelties are the introduction of hammerless guns
and nearly smokeless powders. A perfectly new departure in weapons
of offence was the machine gun, the first type of which was used by the
French in the Franco-German War. The power of this class of weapon
has been latterly much developed.
Amongst the most deadly of the modern implements of war is the Torpedoes,
torpedo, the original form of which was used in the American War of
Secession. The highest development of the modern torpedo is the
Whitehead, which is furnished with a set of engines and a screw-pro-
peller, and can be made to travel for a limited distance at very high
speed, either on the surface or at any assigned depth below the water.
To Group XXVI. belong the important subjects of Paper, Printing, j> aper and
Stationery, &c. Few people have any idea of the gigantic consumption Printing,
of paper in this country, or of the serious paper famine with which we
were threatened before an efficient substitute was found for rags, as the
raw material of paper manufacture. The discovery of that substitute
in the shape of ground wood is one of the important inventions which has
been developed since 1862. A superior form of wood paper is obtained
by disintegrating the wood by chemical means instead of by grinding.
In printing, the most remarkable improvement has been the invention
of the type of machine represented by the “ Walter ” press for printing
newspapers. By means of this machine a reel of paper four miles in
length is printed continuously on both sides. It is led between two
pairs of cylinders arranged vertically over each other. The surface of
the topmost cylinder is a stereotype cast of the matter to be printed
on one side of the paper, while similarly the surface of the lowermost
prints the remaining side.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Gronnd Plan, between pp. 48 and
49;
View of Old London, p. 50 Index, p. 67 ; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
14 Introduction.
A notice of the improvements made in this group would be very

incomplete without a reference to the great progress made in the art or
printing plates and blocks prepared from photographs.
Clocks and Group XXVII. includes Clocks, Watches, and other time-keepers.
Watches There is no striking novelty, except the extended application of machinery
in the manufacture of the parts of watches, to record in this depart-
Philoso- ment. Philosophical Instruments and apparatus are classed under
phical Group XXVIII. The immense advances made in our knowledge ot
Instru- physical sciences has led to a corresponding advance in the instruments
ments.
of precision by which natural phenomena are observed and recorded.
It would be obviously impossible in these pages to call attention to even
one-tenth of the remarkable instruments which have been either invented
or improved during the last quarter of a century amongst them we
:
may however quote the important mechanical integrators brought out

—
by Amsler in Switzerland, the mercurial air pump, which is the most
powerful known means of producing a vacuum, without the aid of
which incandescent electric lighting would be impracticable, and —
lastly the spectroscope, which is probably the most powerful
instrument of analysis which has ever come into the hands of the
chemist.
Photo- Photography is the subject matter of Group XXIX., and in this
graphy. branch of practical science enormous improvements have been made
during the last few years which are admirably illustrated in the
Exhibition. These improvements extend alike to the negative and
printing processes, as well as to the apparatus made use of by
the photographer. In producing the negative the substitution for
the old wet plate process of gelatine plates has worked wonders in
simplifying photography, and in bringing its successful practice within
the reach of amateurs. In the printing processes the discovery
of the properties of bichromated gelatine has prepared the way
for the introduction of numerous methods for multiplying prints from
photographs.
Educa- Group XXX. represents Educational Apparatus, a subject which was
tional amply illustrated last year.
Apparatus.
Group XXXI., which is the last section of Division I., illustrates
Toys. improvements in Toys, Games, &c.
Music. Division II. deals exclusively with Music, and is divided into three
groups, of which the first relates to musical instruments and appliances
constructed since 1800; the second to music engraving and printing;
and the third comprises the Loan Collection of old instruments, pictures,
scores, &c.
Musical Musical Instruments and appliances are classified under Group XXXII.
Instru- Since the year 1800 the improvements imported into instruments have
ments. been innumerable. The full orchestra, such as we know it, is practically
the same as it was at the end of the last century, but of the instruments
Elutes and comprising it the string group alone remains unchanged. The Flute was
Peed In- perhaps the first to undergo reformation, and in the hands of Boehm
struments. became what we now know it. He altered the bore, the position and
shape of the holes, the venting of the holes, the action of the keys, and
the fingering. Other inventors have endeavoured to apply the inven-
tions of Boehm with partial success to the double and single Reed
For Contents, see P. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
72-77.
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp.
Introduction. IS
Instruments, viz. oboe and bassoon, the clarinet, basset-horn, and bass
clarionet. In Brass Instruments the principal changes have been the Brass In*
introduction of keyed instruments, such as the Kent bugle and ophi- struments
cleide as substitutes for the older type of sliding brass instruments
represented by the trumpet and trombone. Keys have, however, been
superseded by the invention of piston valves, which are now applied to
comets, horns, euphoniums, and bombardons.
The greatest musical invention of the present century is the piano-
forte, which has been developed by a series of improvements out of the
old harpsichord. By the introduction of tension bars, metal frames,
and other improvements, it was found possible to endow this instru-
ment with a power which was formerly thought unattainable. Some
idea of the strains put upon the frames of modern grand pianofortes may
be gained from the fact that the total tension in the strings of some of
these instruments attains the figure of about 25 tons. The Exhibition
is very rich in its collection of pianofortes, which illustrate all the recent
improvements in frames, sound boards, and actions. The organ also

has undergone many mechanical improvements in the present century,
1
the principal of which are the pneumatic and electric methods of

—
lightening touch, the methods of regulating the pressure of wind,
the application of mechanical instead of hand power for actuating the
—
blowing apparatus, and the introduction of the pneumatic tubular
transmission which enables the player to be seated at a considerable
distance from his instrument. The harmonium and the American
organ are instruments of comparatively recent introduction.
Group XXXIII. represents Music Engraving and Printing, and Loan
Group XXXIV., which completes the list of subdivisions of the Exhi- Collection
bition, contains a very interesting Collection of Antique Instruments,
Pictures and Old Musical Scores, which will doubtless attract very con-
siderable attention. The foregoing relates to the more serious side of
the Exhibition, which is perhaps more amply developed than in either
the Fisheries or the Health Exhibitions. Amusements and re-
creation have, however, not by any means been neglected. Old Old
London, which was such a popular feature last year, still remains, the London,
houses being fitted up as shops, in order to illustrate as far as possible
the contrast between the ancient and modern industries.
The Gardens will this year be more beautiful than ever, being Gardens
illuminated throughout by electricity, and great care has been be- and Bands,
stowed on the musical arrangements, all of which will be described at
length in their proper place.
.
The very onerous task of organising this exceedingly technical Exhi- Executive
bition has been carried out by an Executive Committee appointed by Council.
H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, of which the Chairman is Sir Frederick
Bramwell, and the other Members are gentlemen well qualified by their
position, their industrial knowledge, and their experience in organising
Great International Exhibitions, to carry out the task successfully.
The Visitor who has familiarised himself, by reading the foregoing
sketch, with the scope and general organisation of this Exhibition, will
find it all the easier to examine and understand its contents.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
; ; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
l6 ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
GAS ENGINE.
Over 16,000 delivered.
STAND No. 409.
CONSUMPTION ofGAS GUARANTEED TO BE TO 757

25U /o. LESS
I
PER BRAKE HORSE-POWER THAN ANY OTHER GAS ENGINE.
crossley’S patent TWIN CYLINDER ENGINES.

STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE.
IMPULSE EVERY REVOLUTION.
crossley’S patent VERTICAL ENGINES.

REQUIRING LITTLE GROUND SPACE.
crossley’S patent HORIZONTAL ENGINES.

CROSSLEY’S PATENT SELF-STARTER.
APPLIED TO EXISTING
(CAN BE
ENGINES.)
CROSSLEY BROS., La,

MANCHESTER, LONDON, LIVERPOOL, GLASGOW.
OFFICIAL GUIDE
TQ THE
INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION.
DESCRIPTION OF BUILDINGS AND

I.— GENERAL
ARRANGEMENT OF GROUPS AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
BEST METHOD OF SEEING THE EXHIBITION.
bird’s-eye VIEW OF —
COLOURED GROUND PLAN ALTERA-
BUILDINGS —
TIONS IN ARRANGEMENT OF GROUPS AND FOREIGN
BUILDINGS
COUNTRIES DINING AND REFRESHMENT ROOMS BEST WAY OF
VISITING THE EXHIBITION.
The visitor who proposes to see the Exhibition will do well before Bird’s-eye
going on his rounds to acquire a general knowledge of the situation of view of
Buil<ilI1 S s •
the principal buildings, and of the arrangement of the principal groups

of subjects and foreign countries. This is the more necessary because
all the principal galleries, courts and arcades are designated with
reference to the points of the compass. The northern end of the
buildings is adjacent to the Albert Hall and great Conservatory. The
south faces the new Natural History Museum. Prince’s Gate, or
Exhibition Road, forms the eastern, and Queen’s Gate the western
boundary of the Exhibition. The principal entrance by which the
majority of railway passengers obtain access to the buildings is on the
eastern side, and there is also an entrance from Queen’s Gate. This
explanation will enable the visitor at once to understand the where-
abouts of such buildings as the Southern Gallery, Western Quadrant,
Eastern Arcade, &c.
The reader will observe that the coloured Ground Plan between coloured
pages 48 and 49 is marked all over with numbers which relate to the Ground
Groups, the references to which are to be found in the margin of the Flan.
Ground Plan.
The general arrangement of the buildings is the same as that adopted
last year ; but as a great deal of additional space was required, it was
uonsln
found necessary to take down the labyrinth of small courts on the Buildings,
north side of the Southern Gallery, and also to remove the Dining
Rooms on the south side. The spaces thus liberated have been roofed
over as continuous courts and thrown into the Southern Gallery, while
the Dining Rooms occupy the space on which the Dairies formerly
stood. The Eastern and Western Galleries have also been made con-
tinuous with the East Arcade and West Annexe respectively, and in
this way the buildings have been simplified and considerable space has
been gained. The buildings of the Central Institution of the City
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
B 5
1 Official Guide to the
and Guilds of London Institute are not this year included in the ;
Exhibition.
Arrange- As was the case last year, the great bulk of the Exhibition being of M
ment of
British origin, the general arrangement of the Exhibition is not one I
Groups.
of countries, but of groups of subjects. The Foreign Countries are, U
Foreign however, kept by themselves, their exhibits not being mixed up in the I
Countries.
general groups. America and Russia occupy the West Central I
Gallery, while Germany, Siam, and Japan are lodged in the East
Central. China still holds its old position in the East Gallery, and I
Austria is lodged in the old Water Companies Pavilion.
The Great South Gallery is now divided lengthwise into North, I
Middle, and South Courts. The North Court is given up to Engineer-
ing Construction, Mining and Metallurgy, and Elements of Machines, I
together with part of the display of Military Weapons and Railway I
Plant. The Middle Court contains the principal portion of the two last- I
mentioned groups, and also the important collection of Prime Movers. I
The South Court is given up to Agriculture and Horticulture, while I
farther on are the Dining Rooms of the School of Cookery and of
Messrs. Spiers and Pond.
The machinery for electric lighting is in its old position between the I
South Gallery and the Old London Street. Naval architecture and I
carriages and bicycles are lodged in the Queen’s Gate Annexe, occupied
last year by Belgium. The Aquarium being a permanent institution I
maintains its former position. Machine tools fill one half of the West I
Gallery, and hydraulic machinery the West Annexe, while the other I
half of the West Gallery and the West Arcade are given up to textile I
fabrics. The East and West Quadrants which connect the two sides of I
the Exhibition together, and skirt the Gardens, are occupied in the fol-
lowing order by the groups representing Cutlery and ironmongery — I
Pottery and Glass — —
India-rubber Leather — —
Clothing and Toys. The
Eastern Arcade contains the exhibits relating to Fuel, Gas and other I
Illuminants, and Electricity. The East Gallery contains China, part of
the Musical division, and the section relating to Paper and Printing. I
The East Annexe is a detached building, given up wholly to Food,
Cookery, and Stimulants. The whole of the Central Gallery is taken
up with Music, and there is also a large Music Room for the trial of in-
struments, &c., in the East Central Gallery. The remainder of the
latter building belongs to Germany, Siam, and Japan, and the corre-
sponding West Central Gallery contains the American and Russian I
divisions. The South Central Gallery going from east to west contains
in successive order the groups relating to Chemistry, Philosophical In-
struments, Jewelry, Watches and Clocks, Photography and Furniture. I
The Old London Street is of course in its old position to the south of
the Central Galleries on the west side of the Central Avenue, while the
Prince of Wales’ Pavilion is in a corresponding position on the east side. I
Austria and Hungary occupy the Pavilion erected last year for the J|
Water Companies to the east of the Prince of Wales’ Pavilion.
Dining The Dining and Refreshment Rooms are distributed all over the build-
and Re- ings, and are referred to more particularly hereafter. The general
freshment refreshment contractors are on this occasion Messrs. Spiers and Pond,
Rooms.
who have made ample provision for the accommodation of large num-
For Contents, see p. 3 View of Gardens, p. 41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
; ;
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
International Inventions Exhibition. 19
The National Training -School

bers of visitors at different rates of prices.
of Cookery, whose cheap dinners and teas have been so highly appreci-
ated during the last two years, occupy their old quarters in the SdutH
Gallery, and there are numerous tea and cocoa houses in the gardens
and scattered about the buildings. The visitor who has mastered the Best way 1
above general information will, with the aid of the Ground Plan, have no of visiting
difficulty in finding his way to any particular section of the Exhibition the Build-
which he may wish to study. The general sightseer will however pro- in 8, *>
bably prefer to go systematically through the various groups and build-

ings, and in conducting him through them we propose to follow the
plan which was last year found to be simple and successful, viz., to com-
mence at the main entrances in the Exhibition Road, and proceed
through the three courts of the Southern Gallery to the extreme western
end, then turn to the right and visit all the circumferential buildings
with their annexes until the starting-point is once more reached. The
Central Galleries, together with the Old London Street and the Prince
of Wales’ and the Austrian Pavilions, will be taken next, and the
detached buildings and gardens last.
II.— THE ENTRANCES AND SOUTH GALLERY WITH ITS

COURTS.
—
ENTRANCES SUBWAY VESTIBULE DUVAL DINING ROOMS MILITARY
—
AND SPORTING WEAPONS AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING —
CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE MINING AND METALLURGY
—
RAILWAY PLANT PRIME MOVERS NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
—
COOKERY MESSRS. SPIERS AND POND’S DINING ROOMS AND BUFFETS.
The principal entrance to the Exhibition by which the great majority principal
of visitors are sure to pass the turnstiles, is situated in the Exhibition Entrance.
Road, about a quarter of a mile from the South Kensington Station of
the Metropolitan and District Railways.* A
spacious Subway lined
with white glazed bricks connects the Railway Station with the Entrance
to the buildings, and this will doubtless be found a great convenience
by passengers, and will tend to relieve the excess of traffic in Exhibition
Road.
On passing the turnstiles the visitor enters the Vestibule which, Vestibule
together with the old Council Chamber of the Royal Horticultural
Society beyond it, is kept free from exhibits which would tend to pro-
duce a congestion of traffic. The Vestibule contains a fine equestrian
statue of the Prince of Wales, the original being by Mr. Boehm, R.A.
* For Railway Map, and short account of Railway and Omnibus facilities to the
Exhibition, Cab fares, &c., see pages 72-77.
; ;
B 6
and presented by Sir Albert Sassoon to the Municipality of Bombay.

The side walls have been redecorated with cartoons illustrating the his-
torical development of some of the principal inventions represented in'
the Exhibition, an ancient and a modern subject having been selected
for each of the principal groups.
In the department of Mining and Metallurgy we have a representa-
tion of ore-dressing as reproduced from an old work of the sixteenth
century, contrasted with the modern system of hydraulic mining as
practised in California. Also the Catalan process for producing forged
iron, introduced in the thirteenth century, side by side with the Bessemer:
process for producing steel.
Engineering Construction is represented by girder bridges of the:
sixteenth century faithfully reproduced from designs by Leonardo da:
Vinci, and the East River Bridge in New York. Improvements in
“
locomotion are illustrated by George Stephenson’s Rocket,” side by side
with a modern express passenger engine.
Naval Architecture is represented by Miller & Symington’s original ,
steamboat, with interior paddles, contrasted with the “ America,” one off
the latest Transatlantic Liners now being converted into a fast cruiser.
To illustrate Textile Machinery, an early loom of the sixteenth:
century and a modern machine loom have been chosen.
Otto von Guericke’s electrical machine of the seventeenth century
and a Gramme continuous-current dynamo exemplify the progress made:
in electrical science.
The contrast between ancient and modern ordnance is well brought
out by a picture of a Venetian cannon foundry of the sixteenth century
and a modern Woolwich breech-loader.
Probably no contrast is more marked than that between an early
printing press and the Walter Press, as used for printing the Times
newspaper.
To illustrate Clock-making there is a picture of an ancient clock-
maker side by side with a representation of part of Messrs. Rotheram’s
watch factory at Coventry.
Messrs. The Entrance Hall contains also two of the stalls of Messrs. William
William Clowes & Sons, Limited, the official printers to the Exhibition. Att
Clowes & these stalls the official literature, viz. the Catalogue, the Guide, and the.
Sons, Li-
mited.
Daily Programme, may be purchased. The same firm have other stalls
at the Exhibition entrance to the subway, and at all the principal
entrances. The Daily Programme is printed at the Exhibition in an
iron house in the grounds, just outside the North Court of the South '
Gallery.
Duval Onthe right-hand side of the Vestibule is the Jury Room, and beyond
Dining that again the Duval Dining Room of Messrs. Spiers &
Pond, for the:
Boom. service of cheap dinners ct la carte. The object of the management is tot
serve a well-cooked and varied repast at an extremely moderate price.
There is also here a fixed-price dinner from the joint at one shilling per.
head, served from 12 till 4, and an abundant tea from 4 till the closing
of the Exhibition, at the same price. The distinguishing feature of the
Duval System is, that each diner is provided with a bill of fare
on which the prices are marked, and each dish as ordered is entered
on the account which is left on the table during the repast, open to 1
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaohing Exhibition, pp, 72-77,
the inspection of the guest, who can thus know exactly what he has
spent, and can compare the prices as charged with the figures on the bill
of fare.
On passing through the entrance halls the visitor finds himself at the South
Gallery.
head of a flight of broad steps which lead down to the South Gallery.
This part of the Exhibition is now an imposing structure, having been
trebled in width since last year, and divided lengthwise into North,
Middle, and South Courts.
Immediately at the foot of the steps in the Middle Court, and occupy- Military
ing also a small portion of the North Court, is a fine collection of and .
Military and Sporting Weapons classed under Group XXV. (see also page
12). The most prominent object which attracts the eye is a Woolwich
breech-loading 8-inch gun, built entirely of steel. It consists of an Woolwich
Gxms -
inner core or barrel upon which are shrunk a breech piece and front
hoop. Upon these are shrunk the trunnion ring and a tier of breech
hoops. The breech is closed by means of a screwed plug, the screw thread
being interrupted in four divisions. The breech is rendered gas-tight
by means of an asbestos wad, tin discs, and steel-bearing rings. This
gun weighs 12 tons, it fires a charge of 105 lbs. of Cocoa powder. The
projectile weighs 210 lbs. The velocity of the projectile at the muzzle
is 1970 ft., and at 1000 yards 1805 ft. per second. At 1000 yards it
can penetrate 14 inches of armour. The gun is rifled with 32 grooves,
having a gaining twist for half the length of the rifled portion and being
uniform for the remaining half.
The Royal Arsenal also shows a new type of steel breech-loading
field piece weighing 7 cwt. The muzzle velocity with a projectile
weighing 12 ’5 lbs. and 4 lbs. of powder is 1705 ft. per second.
An interesting tool shown by the same department is the 20-inch Trepan-
Trepanning Bar for boring large guns. Instead of effecting the operation nin S Bar
of boring by removing the metal in shavings, it actually cuts a solid
cylindrical core out of the gun. This steel core can of course be
afterwards used for various purposes, whereas if the boring had been
effected by the old process the shavings would only have had the value
of scrap. Solid cores as long as 32 feet have been removed by this
process.
The Royal Arsenal shows also accessories, such as tangent sights,
percussion locks, turret sights, and a model breech of the 9-2 inch gun
complete.
The Royal Laboratory exhibits, as a contrast, the ammunition and Ammuni-
projectiles of a 68-pounder smooth-bore gun, which was the standard tion.
heavy naval gun in 1862, side by side with a 12-inch breech-loading
cartridge complete, together with 1 2-inch common and Shrapnel shell.
The same department shows also various other samples of ammunition,
fuses, &c.
The Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield contributes four Nordenfeldt
machine guns of various sizes, together with Snider and Martini-Henry
rifles and carbines also a collection of swords, lances, pikes, &c.
;
The Royal Engineers’ Establishment at Chatham have a collection R

oyal
illustrating Submarine Mining also models of pontoons, bridges, &c. Engineers,
; ;
a complete balloon equipment and photographic, electric, and signalling
apparatus.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Flan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View ol Old London, p. 56 Index, p. 67
; ;
Royal The Royal Gunpowder Factory at Waltham Abbey contribute a case j
Gun- showing by models the successive stages of the progress made in the
powder manufacture of the various kinds of service gunpowders since 1862, and 11
Factory.
specimens illustrating the manufacture of compressed gun-cotton (Abel’s I
system) for Submarine mining and for Engineer field and siege pur- u
poses ; also models of the largest cartridges in use in 1862 and 1885, M
and electric lamps, with water jackets, as used for the illumination of
powder factories.
In addition to the above collection of military weapons and appliances, n
Breech-
loading there are numerous cases of sportsmen’s fire-arms and ammunition, 1
Guns, exhibited by many of the best known makers (see also p. 13). The. (
Rides, &c. inventions which they illustrate for the most part have reference to im- n
provements in the actions and barrels. Breech-loading is now of course 1

universal. Hammerless guns are fast superseding the old-fashioned sort |
with exterior hammers, and there are many devices shown for increasing I
the safety and convenience of this new type of weapon. One of the latest I
Joseph
improvements shown is Joseph Needham’s cartridge ejector, by means of
J
Needham’s which either or both cartridges are ejected from the gun automatically B
Ejector when the breech is opened, thus insuring great rapidity in loading. I
Guns. Mr. Needham’s stand is detached somewhat from the majority of exhibi- I
tors of sporting firearms, being situated in the North Court of the South 1
Gallery, close to the doorway leading to the grounds. It will be found >
interesting by sportsmen, for in addition to the ejecting hammerless gun

there is also a very simple magazine rifle, and the first breech-loading
hammerless gun ever made, and which was invented by Joseph Need-
ham, and exhibited so far back as the Exhibition of 1851. Opposite j
Mr. Needham’s stand Lieut-Col. Malet exhibits a life-sized model of a p

Hussar, furnished with an improved cavalry equipment, which enables ji
the trooper to do dismounted work without retaining his sword. The i|
picture at the back of the model illustrates an occasion on which the |j
value of the new equipment would be demonstrated.

Mr. Charles Lancaster exhibits an interesting novelty in the Centre
Lancas-
ter’s Four' Court— viz. Spencer’s patent repeating single-barrel shot gun, which
j
barrel can be fired six times without reloading, and also a four-barrel 20 bore I
Guns.
hammerless fowling-piece, weighing only 7^ lbs.
Steel, which has been making so much headway lately amongst engineers,
is beginning to be patronised by some gun-makers as a substitute for the I
old and trustworthy iron damascus barrels, and really beautifully-made I
solid drawn-steel barrels are now obtainable. They are undoubtedly (|
more durable than iron barrels, and if proper precautions are observed h
in the process of brazing, these steel tubes will, probably, eventually earn
the confidence of sportsmen. Several samples of steel barrels in the
rough and finished are shown by various manufacturers and gun-
makers. 1
Amongst the other inventions in fire-arms which have been made I
since 1862 we may mention choke-boring, and the express system for
J
rifles. Cartridges have also been greatly improved ; those made of

|
solid brass are favourably spoken of by some gun-makers. Amongst the }
most remarkable departures from long-established custom is the attempt f
now being made to substitute explosives made of the nitro-compounds i
for the old-fashioned black powder, which has maintained its supremacy |
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
;
View of Old London, p. 5G; Index, p. G7; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
for somany centuries. The new explosives have the advantage of

being comparatively smokeless and noiseless, and give very little recoil.
If, as seems now to be probable, they can be made perfectly
uniform
in their action, they will doubtless become very popular with sports-
men. All these improvements and innovations will be found to be
well represented by different manufacturers.
The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty have a large collection, Torpedo
Serv C6,
illustrating the Naval Torpedo Service, containing amongst other things
a Whitehead torpedo, — —
gun tubes and detonators, naval mine cases,
firing batteries and other
electrical apparatus.
Before leaving this portion of the Exhibition, the visitor who is Mon-^
cridf s
interested in the appliances for war should inspect the model of Colonel
™
Moncrieff’s Hydro-pneumatic System of Working Heavy Guns. This
pifeu at i c
model is exhibited by Messrs. Easton & Anderson, and is placed on Gun _
the North side of the exhibits of the Royal Arsenal. carriage.
The well-known firm of Sir W. G. Armstrong & Co. exhibit various Armstrong
'
rifled-guns and machine-guns. Included amongst the former is a short- Guns,
rifled howitzer, and a screw-gun which takes to pieces for convenience

of transport. The firm also exhibit harness and other appliances for
the transport of mountain-mule batteries.
The well-known machine-gun makers are well represented in this part Machine
of the building. Messrs. Nordenfeldt show several examples of their Guns,
type of gun on the north side of the centre row, and Messrs. Hotchkiss
and Mr. Maxim on the south side. Mr. Maxim’s gun is the latest
novelty in this class of weapon, and will well repay careful examination.
Its distinguishing feature is that all the operations —
reloading, firing,
ejecting the empty cartridge cases, &c. —
are automatically carried out
by the gun itself, through the agency of the recoil generated by the
explosion of each cartridge.
In the South Court, immediately alongside the collection described Agricul-
above, is the Exhibition of Machinery and Appliances connected with tural Ma-
Agriculture and Horticulture (see also page 6 ). In consequence of the chfnery.
numerous Exhibitions held by the Royal Agricultural Society, it was
deemed unnecessary to allot as much space to this Group as its
importance would otherwise have warranted. Nevertheless, most of
the principal makers of Agricultural Machinery are represented, and a
very interesting collection is the result.
Immediately at the foot of the steps on the South side of the Court,
Messrs. Aveling & Porter exhibit a large road locomotive, one of the
peculiarities of which lies in the spring wheels, which possess the advan-
tage of causing the whole weight of the engine to be spring carried.
The driving-wheels are fitted with compensating motion for turning
sharp curves.
Continuing down the South side of the Court, we next come to the
stand of Messrs. R. Hornsby &Sons, who exhibit their Sheaf-binder
Harvester, which won the first ,£100 prize of the Royal Agricultural
Society. The firm exhibits also various other agricultural machines.
Mr. Thomas Corbett has a very varied collection, including ploughs,
harrows, a combined winnower, corn elevator, and weighing machine, —
grain, tea and coffee dressing machine with elevator attached, cheese —
presses, &c. Close by, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49:
; ;
of Chicago exhibit anAmerican-made sheaf-binding reaper. Mr.

McCormick is been the original inventor of this most
stated to have
useful class of labour-saving machinery. Next in order come Messrs.
H. Bamford & Sons’ haymaking machinery, and Messrs. Richard
Garrett & Sons’ exhibits, the most important of which is a semi-
portable compound engine, and a fire-box with corrugated crown.
Dairy-farming is represented this year by the Aylesbury Dairy Com-
pany, Limited, and the Dairy Supply Association, who exhibit amongst
other apparatus the Danish Cream Separator, with the principle of
action of which the public was familiarised during last year’s Exhibition.
There are several exhibits relating to the important subject of silos at
this end of the Court, and in the centre is a large movable silo
exhibited by Messrs. F. W. Reynolds & Co., fitted with his system of
mechanical pressure. In front of this Messrs. Wills & Segar exhibit
a beautiful rockery, with Wills’ patent illuminated water-wheel and
revolving-light machinery for lighting grottos, ferneries, &c.
Electro- At the west end of this Court is a fine electro-pneumatic organ, by
pneumatic Bryceson Bros., which is played from a distance of 40 feet.
Organs.
Returning by the north side of the Court we first pass several exhibits
relating to horticultural subjects, and soon re-enter the space allotted to
Agricultural Machinery. One of the most important stands on this side
is Messrs. J. & F. Howards’, who exhibit a Sheaf-binder, adapted to
cut and bind into sheaves all kinds of grain crops ; it is fitted with a
sheaf collector, by means of which the sheaves may be laid in rows for
being set up in shocks. Next door Messrs. Ransomes, Sims &
Jeffries exhibit their patent furnace and apparatus for burning straw,
cotton, and maize stalks, and other vegetable substances, as well as coal
and wood, adapted to portable engines, a most useful contrivance in
countries where fuel is scarce. Another self-binding reaping-machine,
together with other implements, is shown by the Johnstone Harvester
Company, as also by Messrs. Walter Wood, and Messrs. B. Samuelson
& Co. The latter firm exhibits also a Meadow Grass Mower, and a
Self-Raking Reaping Machine, with side delivery. Messrs. Riches &
Watts show a Revolving Rake, and a Grist Mill.
The visitor will now have returned to the steps leading down from
the entrance halls, and can next cross over to the North Court of the
Engineer- South Gallery to the space allotted to Engineering Construction and
ing Con- Architecture. The great majority of the exhibitors in this section show
struction
such objects as improved materials for construction, e.g. patent stones,
and Archf
tecture. concretes, bricks, tiles, &c., —
improved systems of drainage, doors, —
—
windows, and other fittings for houses, improved floorings, roofings,
—
and internal decorations, also machinery for producing the above.
There are also exhibited inventions relating to the permanent way of
rail and tram ways. There are in addition a few important exhibits
of the higher class of engineering works. The South Eastern Railway
Channel Company and Submarine Continental Railway Company have a very
Tunnel. interesting collection of models relating to the Channel Tunnel, in-
cluding a model of the bed of the sea in the Straits of Dover, showing
the course of the proposed tunnel, and the geological formation along
its centre line, —
a model of the bed of the sea, showing the chalk forma-
tion at right angles to the line of the tunnel, —
models of Messrs.
For Contents, see p- 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
International Inventions Exhibition. 2$
Beaumont & Co.’s Boring Machines, used in the excavation of the

and various geological and other maps.
tunnel,
Mr. Banister, of the London and Brighton Railway, shows models of Newhaven
ar our
the new harbour at Newhaven and its breakwater, also a steam hopper
‘
barge for sinking bags of concrete weighing 100 tons, and one of Carey
& Latham’s concrete mixing machines.
Messrs. Clark and Standfield have a large collection of drawings of Clark and
hydraulic lifts, —
accumulators,—rams and presses,— a railway lift,— Stand-
floating docks, —
hydraulic grid docks, —
patent slip, — S
gripping camels for uy^ r aT1li c
—
wreck raising, and a method of constructing harbours, piers, and Machinery
and
breakwaters.
Mr. George B. Rennie exhibits his navigable and self-propelling and
careening floating dock, the purport of which is sufficiently described by
its name.
Messrs. Amos &
Smith, of the Albert Dock Works, Hull, show a
working model of an excavator, for use in the construction of docks and
>
railways, and for submarine dredging ; also a working head of the
machine in full size.
& Healey show the application of their system of
Messrs. Thwaite
removing sandbanks and other submarine obstacles to traffic or flow of
water, for the removal of the Pluckington Bank under the St. George’s
landing stage at Liverpool.
The greater portion of the remainder of the North Court is taken up Mining
with the subjects of Mining and Metallurgy (see also page 6). The and Mttil-
lur&yi
first stand which the visitor will pass is occupied by the Manganese
Bronze Company, who show several specimens of their very useful alloy,
including a large screw propeller, one of the blades of which has been
badly bent, but not broken, by hitting against an obstruction. The
Delta Metal Company and the Phosphor Bronze Company are also
exhibitors of alloys, the latter Company showing also silicium bronze
wire, suitable for telegraphic and electric-lighting purposes. The cele-
brated Rio Tinto Company exhibit a model of the open cast on the
South Lode of the Rio Tinto mines in Spain. At the next stand on the
South side are several safety appliances for mining, including a safety
cage to suspend in the shaft in case the rope breaks ; also an apparatus
for preventing accidents from over-winding. These are exhibited by
Mr. Stephen Humble. On the next stand Messrs. Robey & Co.
show one of their compact 12-HP. Winding Engines, with locomotive
boiler on a wrought-iron tank foundation, a useful arrangement, espe-
cially where materials for foundations are difficult to obtain.
On the south side is a small stand of historical interest, being a Bessemer
collection of original test samples of Bessemer iron and steel, exhibited Steel,
by Sir Henry Bessemer.
On the north side of the Court, against the wall, Mr. Snelus, of the
well-known Steel Works at Workington, exhibits improvements in the
manufacture of steel. Amongst other things he illustrates the basic Basic
process of dephosphorisation, the invention of Messrs. Thomas process of &
Gilchrist, which enables many of the poorer classes of ore to be used for
steel-making which could formerly not be utilised on account of the
phTsphonc
phosphorus which they contained. The inventors, Messrs. Thomas &: pig.
Gilchrist, are also themselves exhibitors of their process. Mr. Snelus
Tor Contents, see p- 3

;
View of Gardens, p. 41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
;
•
*
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p. 67 Method of reaching Exhibition, pp, 72-77,
; ;
B 7
exhibits also apparatus for carrying hot steel ingots, and improved
linings for Gjers’ soaking pits. Nearly opposite, in the central row, the
North-Eastern Steel Co. exhibit samples of their products. On a stand
adjoining, on the south side of the central row, Messrs. Hayward
Tyler & Co. have a large collection of direct-acting steam pumps for
mining and general purposes. The large machine adjoining, on the
same side of the centre row, is a 50-ton testing machine with autographic
indicator attached, for ascertaining the strength of metals. It is exhibited
by Messrs. Joshua Buckton Co. &
Close by, Mr. F. G. Cranston exhi-
bits several rock drills for driving tunnels, sinking shafts, &c., and also
a coal-cutting machine. On the north side of the centre row the metal-
Gold and lurgy of gold is illustrated by the Electro- Amalgamator Co., Mr. H.
Silver
Cassel, and the Pyrites Smelting Co. The former company show
Amalga-
their improved method of extracting gold and silver from the ores by
mators.
the combined action of mercury and electricity. Mr. Cassel’s method
is devised to extract gold from refractory ores, which are often of no
value though sometimes very rich in the precious metal, by means of

electrolysis. Dr. J. R. Atcherley also shows a continuous mercurial
rain amalgamator for saving float and flour gold, which would otherwise,
on account of its lightness, be lost.
Continuing towards the west end of the Court we find Messrs. Ernest
Scott & Co. exhibit an electro-magnetic apparatus for extracting iron
from other substances. A
special feature in this apparatus is the
automatic manner in which the iron is released from the magnets. The
adjoining space on the north side is occupied by Mr. C. E. Hall with
Mining stone-breakers, pulverisers, and drawings of coal-washing and drying
Machinery
machinery. Mr. Charles Shepherd also exhibits coal-washing machinery
and a dead-weight crushing mill. The well-known firm of B. S. &
Massey, on the north side, have several steam hammers and a saw for
metal cutting. In the adjacent space, on the same side, Messrs. Morris
& Wood exhibit a large mill for grinding quartz, superphosphates, and
other hard substances. Next to them, on the south side, Messrs.
Hathorn &
Co. show several of their rock drills, air compressors,
hydraulic tunnel cars, and a steam engine. Messrs. W. H. Baxter Co. &
exhibit improvements in stone-breakers and ore crushers, whereby an
irregular movement is given to the jaw, which breaks the rocks with less
power and produces better road-metal with less waste, and when set for
fine crushing the irregular motion prevents the material from sticking in
the jaw. Next door, on the north side, Mr. Crossley has an air pro-
peller for moving large columns of air at low pressure, for ventilating
mines, tunnels, workshops, &c. On the south side the Aqueous Works
and Diamond Rock-boring Co. exhibit improvements in rock-boring
apparatus ; and following on, Messrs. T. B. Jordan, Sons, & Commans
have a large collection of mining machinery, consisting of rock-drills,
air-compressors, pulverisers, mineral-dressing machinery, a foundry sand
mixer, and a patent spring beam hammer.
Near the diamond drills and mining machinery will be found a
practical and effective instrument for the survey of boreholes, which is
equally reliable at 500 and 5000 feet, and can be used in the smallest
and most crooked bore. The well-known errors of diamond and other
drills are thus detected, measured, and turned to useful account, instead
lor Contents, see p. 3 ;

View of Gardens, p.41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
;
View of Old London, p. 56 ;

Index, p. 67 ;
of being allowed to mislead and cause expense. In one mine alone,

of which Mr. McGeorge, the inventor, furnishes a large diagram, the
cost of a borehole search was over ^3600, ^2700 of which could
have been saved by prior use of the Clinograph. Errors amounting
to 75 feet in Australia and 150 feet in Germany have been detected,
and all bores measured have been found in serious error.
At the western end of the Court are numerouss exhibitor of Miners Miners
Safety Lamps, one of which is an electric lamp, and in another the source
of light is luminous paint.
There are numerous other exhibitors in this section of the Exhibition
whom lack of space renders it impossible to notice in detail ; but
amongst them may be noticed the Fleuss Breathing Dress, and the com- Fleuss’
pressed lime cartridge. The former apparatus enables the wearer to
enter a mine full of choke damp, fire damp, or smoke or other noxious
atmosphere with perfect impunity, for he is enabled to inhale his own
breath over and over again, as each exhalation is filtered through
caustic soda, which deprives the vitiated air of its carbon.
The compressed lime cartridge is now beginning to be extensively
used for wedging down coal, as a substitute for gunpowder. It thus
diminishes the risks of explosion. It is not only a safe system, but is
profitable as well. In the well-known Shipley Collieries in Derbyshire
its use has resulted in increasing the output of marketable coal by
500 tons per acre.

The power for driving the machinery in motion in this court is Galloway &
8ines
derived from a large compound engine exhibited by Messrs. Galloway
& Sons. The cylinders, which are superposed, have 14 and 24 inches Boilers,
^
diameter respectively, and a 36-inch stroke. It is capable uf giving off
160 horse-power. The steam is supplied from four steel Galloway
boilers of 7 feet diameter and 28 feet in length, suitable for working at
80-lbs. pressure per square inch. The same firm have also supplied
the whole of the shafting and framework for carrying the same, and also
the steam and exhaust piping throughout the whole building.
The visitor will now retrace his steps and enter the Middle Court of Railway
the South Gallery at the spot where Mr. Webb’s large locomotive Plant>
engine marks the commencement of the Railway Group (see also
page 19).
Immediately before the locomotive in question is the full size appa-
ratus for working and interlocking railway points and signals at a
station with a level crossing, with gearing for working crossing gates
interlocked with the points and signals, exhibited by Messrs. McKenzie
& Holland. The same firm exhibits the model of a railway junction,
showing the working and interlocking of points and signals, with
Fisher’s improved facing point lock. Close by, on the north side of
the Court, Mr. W. R. Sykes shows his combined electric interlocking
and blocking system for railways.
The next space is occupied by Mr. F. Webb’s celebrated compound Compound
express passenger locomotive, the “ Marchioness of Stafford.” Mr.
Webb, who is the Mechanical Engineer in Chief of the London & tlves '
North Western Railway, was the first in this country to apply the com-
pound system to locomotives, and he has done so with so much success
that his innovation must be accounted the most important improvement
: : Method, of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
B 8
in this class of engine which has been introduced for many years. I
;
The engine exhibited has three cylinders, instead of the two which had
p
become traditional in locomotives. Of these, the two smaller or high- jt
pressure cylinders drive one pair of wheels with outside cranks, and the Ip:
third, or large low-pressure cylinder, drives a second pair of wheels with

an ordinary bent crank axle. Joy’s valve gear is used in this engine. \
|
Mr. Webb improvements in radial axle boxes for

also exhibits locomo- v
tive and other rail vehicles, and in interlocking and working points and ;
signals, and patent steel sleepers for permanent way.

Tramway In the adjoining space Messrs. Merryweather & Sons show a tram- L
Engines. way locomotive fitted with air condenser, speed governor, and steam
brake. It is said to be specially adapted for steep gradients, and to be 1
free from noise and smoke. The Falcon Engine and Car Co. also I
j
show a steam tramway engine, and a working drawing of a condensing I
jc
tram engine, patented by Mr. N. Scott Russell. Close by, Messrs.

Black, Hawthorn & Co. exhibit another steam tramway motor. In
consequence of the rapid spread of tramways throughout the country, I n
and the great and growing expense of horse traffic, there is a much-felt |g
want for an efficient tram engine. In consequence of the imperfection I
\
of the permanent way of tramway lines, it is an exceedingly difficult
task to devise such an engine which shall be efficient and at the same I
'
n(
time comply with the requirements of the Board of Trade.

Railway The subject of mechanical brakes for railway trains is well illustrated,
Braked there being no less than eight exhibitors of improvements in this
apparatus. The two best known and most important are the Westing-
house Brake Co. and the Vacuum Brake Co., which occupy stands
close to each other, and following immediately after Mr. Merryweather’s
engine. The Westinghouse Co. exhibit their automatic air brake and
passenger communication, and also direct acting pumps for air, water,
or vacuum. The Vacuum Co. exhibit their vacuum continuous auto-
matic brake, with universal couplings. The subject of brakes is a most
important one for the travelling public, and the introduction of the con-
tinuous automatic brakes of the two above companies has probably
contributed more than anything else during the last few years towards
the diminution of the frequency of railway accidents. The remainder
of the exhibits in this Group relate chiefly to improvements in the
details of carriages and waggons, such, for instance, as couplings,
drawbars, buffers, lamps, ventilators, windows, doors, &c.
Prime The whole of the remainder of the Middle Court as far as the
Movers. western boundary of the Exhibition is taken up with the important
subject of Prime Movers. (See also page 6.)
Water The first exhibitor whom the visitor will pass is Mr. A. S. Sealy,
Motor. whose space lies immediately to the south of the Westinghouse Brake
Co., and who exhibits a Water Motor constructed with endless chains
i
and balanced feathering floats adapted to the utilisation of river and

tidal force.
Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, & Field exhibit a model of the four-cylinder
compound engines which they have fitted to the large vessels of the
White Star Line and the Compagnie Gdn^rale Transatlantique.
Otto Gas The well-known firm of Crossley Bros, have a fine collection of the
Engines. is of
Otto Gas Engines manufactured by them ;
the largest of these
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p. 67; Method of reaohing Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
7 horse-power. These engines have of late years come into very ex-
tensive use, and they now play a most important part in our national
industry, being invaluable as motors in all cases where boilers are im-
practicable or inconvenient.
Close to Messrs. Crossley, on the north side of the centre row,
Messrs. Jeffery & Blackstone show a very compact and convenient form
of vertical steam engine and boiler, mounted on two high wheels and ;
the Fairlie Engine and Rolling Stock Co. have some beautifully made
models of Fairlie’s double bogie locomotive for narrow-gauge mountain
lines, and also improvements in iron and steel permanent way.
The next space is taken up by Messrs. Daniel Adamson & Co., with
a
a large steam engine with the Wheelock automatic cut-off, designed to
give regulation and economy of fuel, and also a 100-ton testing machine
for obtaining tensile and other tests of metals. Following on, the Coal-
brookdale Co., which contributed so largely to last year’s Exhibition, ^°jg b 0l£
*
Qp
come again to the front with a large collection, including a Parker
—
& Weston’s patent steam pump, a Coalbrookdale engine, one of —
Elwell & Parker’s high-speed engines for electric lighting, and —
lastly, some vertical pumps.
In the next space Messrs. Greenwood &
Batley show a high-speed
horizontal engine, with Armington &
Sims’ cut-off. Messrs. J. E. &
Wood show a fine Corliss engine, and farther on, on the south side of
the row, a number of pulleys for the transmission of power.
Next door to the last-named firm, on the south side, Messrs. Willans
er
& Robinson exhibit the well-known three-cylinder high-speed compound E n
g^ s
engines now so much in use for driving dynamos, fans, and screw-
propellers, also an electric governor, a vertical boiler, and a system of
fan-draught to quicken combustion in furnaces.
Messrs. J. T. Marshall & Co. show one of their 12-HP. compound
semi-fixed engines and boilers in the space next to Messrs. J. &E. Wood
on the north side of the row and proceeding on the same side, Messrs.
;
R. Hornsby & Sons show a 16-HP. horizontal under-type compound

engine with automatic expansive gear and annealed steel boiler. The
next space on the north side is occupied by Messrs. Hathorn & Co.,
who show a small locomotive engine, the valves of which are entirely
novel and well deserve inspection. On the south side of the above
engine Messrs. A. G. Mumford show some steam donkey pumps and
marine engines.
In the next space on the nortn side Messrs. Ogden & Livesay exhibit
a steam engine, of the Corliss type, and close by Messrs. Heenan &
Froude show the Tower Spherical Engine driving a dynamo direct
without the aid of gearing. This motor belongs to the class of rotary
engines. The internal mechanism is explained by means of a wooden
model, and on the south Messrs. Korting Bros, show a gas engine,
injectors which are a specialty of the firm, and patent heating elements.
Messrs. Beynon & Cox, of Torquay, also show a gas engine (Wither’s
patent), and in the next stand Messrs. A. Shanks & Son exhibit a
very neat inverted cylinder compound marine engine.
Farther on, Messrs. Walker Bros, exhibit a large air-compressing
engine, and on the south side of centre row, Messrs. Browell, Lindley,
& Co. show Lindley’s high speed governor fitted to engines, driving —
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p, 41; Ground Flan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View of Old Loudon, p. 56 Index, p. 67
; ;
gear for dynamos, — and an engine with the above governor and
fitted
friction-driving gear. On the north side the Harrison Patent Steering
Engine Co. exhibit noiseless steering engines for steam alone, or for
steam and hand combined.
Gas The next spaces are taken up with gas engines, the large demand for
Engines. which type of motor has caused many engineers to turn their attention
to its improvement. The British Gas Engine and Engineering Co.
exhibit some of Atkinson’s gas engines, which are remarkably simple
and handy machines ; also Atkinson’s feed-water heater, and improve-
ments in surface condensers and tubes. Messrs. Edwards & Co. also
exhibit improvements in the same class of machinery, as also do Messrs.
L. Steme & Co., who manufacture Clerk’s patent gas engine.
Visitors interested in mechanical engineering should not pass over the
valve-gearing exhibited by Mr. David Joy, in a stand against the north
Joy’s wall of the Court next the Grill Room door. Mr. Joy’s valve-gearing is now
Valve largely used both in locomotives and marine engines, and is both inge-
Gearing.
nious and simple. Models are shown of its application to various types
of engines, and also specimens of parts of the gear after prolonged use.
Returning to the centre row, Messrs. Duncan Bros, exhibit some
Robey small engines, and close by on the north side Messrs. Robey show one
Engines.
of the now popular type of semi-fixed compound engines, with boiler
combined, specially adapted for electric-lighting with Richardson’s
patent regulator for maintaining either a constant current or electro-
motive force irrespective of the work done, or the variations in the
boiler pressure. The same firm exhibits also a 12-horse horizontal fixed
engine, with the Proell Corliss apparatus.
On the south side of Messrs. Robey a mechanical stoker and firebars
for feeding furnaces automatically is shown by Messrs. Hodgkin-
son & Co. The next space on the north is occupied by the Kirkstall
Forge Co., who show improvements in shafting, couplings, and bearings.
The shafting is rolled so straight, round and true that it requires no
turning, its torsional strength is increased 20 per cent., and the strength
to resist bending is increased 33 per cent. The couplings are held by
friction. In the next stand Messrs. Howard, Lane & Co. exhibit their
improved sectional boiler, fitted with an apparatus for illuminating the
interior by electricity for the purpose of observing the action under
work. In the bottom space Messrs. W. & J. Galloway & Sons show
one of their well-known boilers, with some of the side plates removed in
order to show the interior arrangements. The space to the south of the
Kirkstall Forge Co. contains one of Root’s high pressure water tube
Corru- safety boilers, beyond which is a large trophy of rolled corrugated
gated Furnace Flues for steam boilers, shown by the patentee, Mr. Samson
Furnace Fox, who also exhibits a rolling mill for the manufacture of corru-
Flues.
gated flues and plates. These flues are magnificent specimens of work-
manship, and the invention has conferred a real service on boiler
makers, by rendering safe the adoption of pressures which would other-
wise be extremely dangerous for round furnace flues. In the space at
the extreme west end of the Gallery Mr. R. M. Marchant exhibits an
engine and boiler, in which he shows the process of retaining and cir-
culating the steam in the engine instead of condensing it or allowing
it to blow off.
: : Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 73-77.
International Inventions Exhibition ,
31
The foregoing is a description of a few of the principal exhibits in

the group of Prime Movers, but it does not pretend to have nearly
exhausted the list- There are numerous manufacturers and patentees
who show great improvements in the details, fittings, and accessories of
engines and boilers and transmission machinery, whose names cannot
be mentioned for lack of space, but whose exhibits will well repay
careful examination. For exhibits in the grounds to the south of the
Gallery, see page 61.
Before quitting the South Gallery some mention should be made of Dining and
Refresh-
the Dining and Refreshment Rooms, which occupy the space to the
south of the gallery at the western end. Booms.
The National Training School of Cookery occupies its old situation National
towards the middle of the Gallery, and will there continue, under the Training
able management of the Lady Superintendent —
Mrs. E. Clarke the school of —
useful work which it carried out with so much advantage to the public Cookery,
during the two preceding Exhibitions. In one room a portion of meat
or fish, bread and potatoes, is served every day for 6 d., from noon till
9 p.m. In the other a dinner of two courses, consisting of either hot or
cold joint and pudding, with bread and potatoes, is served on every day
from noon till 5 p.m., for is. From 6 to 8 p.m. a 2 s. dinner is to be served
in the same room. There is the choice of two soups, two fishes, entr'ce
or joint, with vegetables, bread and butter, and cheese. On Wednesday
a superior dinner will be served for 2 s. 6 d. In the Theatre demon-
stration lessons in various branches of cookery will be given. The
subject of the morning lessons, from noon to 1 o’clock, will be high-
class cookery ; admission 6 d. From 2 to 3 there will be demonstrations
in plain cookery; these lessons will be free. As an illustration of the
appreciation in which these dining-rooms were held by the public last
year, it may be mentioned that 122,606 dinners were served at ij.,
163,715 dinners at 6 d., and 111,965 teas at 4 d., making a total of
398,286 meals served. Also 2895 persons attended the 6 d. demonstra-
tion lessons. The provisions consumed amounted to 23,682 lbs. of
beef, 1400 New Zealand sheep, and 49 tons 3 cwt. of fish.
Next door to the School of Cookery, Messrs. Spiers & Pond have Messrs,
three rooms. The first is the Exhibition Dining Room, in which are s P iers &
Pori<i
served hot or cold luncheons at 2 s. 6 d. per head, from 12 o’clock till 3, ‘
and a table dlhbte dinner at separate tables, from 5 till 9, at 35-. 6 d. per
head. The middle room is a luncheon buffet for the supply of light
refreshments, wines, spirits, beer, &c., open till the close of the Exhi-
bition. The end room is the Restaurant, in which dinners and
luncheons are served d la carte till 9 p.m.
On the north side of the Gallery, opposite the Restaurant, is a grill-
room, where chops, steaks, sausages, cutlets, devilled bones, &c., are
served from noon till 9 p.m. Leaving the South Gallery by the end
door on the north side we find a so-called Machinery Bar, which is a
large second class refreshment room, where cold luncheons, teas, coffee,
beer, spirits, &c., are provided at moderate prices.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Gronnd Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p, 67
; ;
3^ Official Guide to the
III.— THE QUEEN’S GATE ANNEXE—THE AQUARIUM.

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE —STEEL CASTINGS— CARRIAGES— BICYCLES AND
TRICYCLES —THE AQUARIUM — FISH CULTURE.
Queen’s On passing the machinery bar the visitor will find a corridor on the
Gate left-hand side, which leads to the Queen’s Gate Annexe, occupied last
Annexe.
year by Belgium. On the present occasion it is given over to Naval
Naval Architecture, Carriages and Bicycles (see also page 7). Most of the
Architec- interesting models of war and merchant ships are situated on the western
ture.
side of the Court, close to the turnstiles from Queen’s Gate. Here
Sir W. G. the firm of Sir William Armstrong &
Co., of Elswick, show a very fine
Arm- collection of models, some of them being of war ships which have
strong,
recently excited much attention. Amongst others is the Chilian Cruiser
Mitchell,
& Co. “Esmeralda,” built in 1884, of 3000 tons displacement, and 18 knots
speed. This vessel is acknowledged to be one of the most useful and
powerful war vessels of her tonnage in the world. The armament
consists of two twenty-six ton breech-loading guns, two of six tons, and
two six-pounder rapid-firing guns. There is also a set of half models
of gun-boats of the “ Staunch ” class, showing the gradual development
of the type, commencing with the “ Staunch” herself, built in 1867, of a
displacement of 160 tons, and a speed of 7^ knots, having an armament
of one 9-inch 127-ton gun, and ending with the Chinese gunboats “ Iota,”
“Kappa,” and “Lambda,” built in 1881, of 440 tons displacement, and
10 knots speed, and armed with one n-inch 35-ton gun, worked and
loaded by hydraulic power, two 12 -pounder breech-loading guns, and
two Gatlings. There are also models of many other cruisers and iron-
clads for foreign governments, and also of merchant-steamers, and
torpedo boats ; in most cases particulars are appended to the models.
To one of these models a particular interest attaches at the present
moment. It represents the Nile steamer “Safia,” built in 1862. The
Safia ” was the last steamer abandoned by Sir Charles Wilson at Gubat
after his unsuccessful mission to Khartoum.
Thames The Thames Iron Works show a collection of models, of which those
Iron of H.M.S. “ Warrior” and H.M.S. “ Benbow,” being the earliest and one
Works.
of the very latest types of ironclads, will prove most interesting.
Messrs. Messrs. Laird Bros., of Birkenhead, show a series of models arranged
Laird to illustrate the progress in paddle-wheel Channel steamers since 1840,
Bros.
and screw mail steamers since 1852, also models of several early iron
steamers.
Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty show models of the
following ironclads and other war vessels, which very well exemplify
the gradual change of type in the ships of the Royal Navy ; taken in
conjunction with the models of the “Warrior” and “Benbow” above
referred to, the series is fairly representative, —
the “ Monarch,” built at
Chatham in 1868; “ Glatton” and “ Rupert,” also built at Chatham in
1871 and 1872 respectively; the “Devastation,” built at Sunderland in
1875 i and tê “ Inflexible,” laid down at Portsmouth in 1874.
Messrs. Samuda Bros, also show two interesting models, one being
;
View of Old Londog, p. 58; Index, p. 67; Method of reaohing Exhibition, pp, 72-77.
the “ Riachuelo,” a Brazilian ironclad of 6000 tons displacement, speed

of i6§ knots, and an armament of four 9-inch 20-ton guns, six 5|-inch
Also a model of the “ Mary Beatrice,’
’
guns, and fifteen machine guns.

a paddle-wheel steamer for the Folkestone-Boulogne service, which it is
claimed is the fastest vessel of her class, having attained a speed of
19 knots. The Barrow Shipbuilding Co. also show several half models
of steamers. Messrs. Yarrow &
Co. show models of the stern wheel
”
steamers “ Lotus and “ Waterlily,” which have rendered such useful
service to the Nile Expedition, and of seagoing torpedo boats built for
the Brazilian Government, and the Cunard and White Star Cos. show
fine models of their magnificent Atlantic passenger steamers.
Amongst the exhibits relating to boats may be mentioned the self- Life-boats,
righting Life-boats, sent by the Royal National Life Boat Institution,

and the water-brakes and rudder-propellers invented by Capt. Heathorn,
R.A. the latter improvements are intended to supplement any existing
;
propelling agencies, without offering any obstructions when not in use.

The rudder fitted to the cutter is at will “ stiff” for sailing (on the Capt.
balance rudder principle), or, when slackened out, a propeller ; prepon- êataom’s
derance of water-pressure on the largest area producing motion when pj^ pe u eri
the rudder is moved to and fro. The row-boat can go up or down any
creek which it can float in, and can also hold its touch to the roughest
sea by its midship paddles, which can be triced up at will, or left to
form very good lee-boards for sailing. Messrs. Simpson & Denisons
show a very neatly-arranged steam launch, fitted with Kingdon’s patent
surface condensing compound steam engine and natural draught boiler.
Amongst the exhibits relating to construction and details of machi- W. Jessop
nery we may mention the crucible cast-steel stern frames and solid *
rudders, — stern propeller brackets and blades, —
B
crank shafts, solid and castings,

^ ’
built up, — and flexible shaft couplings exhibited by Messrs. William

Jessop & Sons. These cast-steel stern frames are coming very much
into use as a substitute for forged wrought-iron. The absence of all
welds, and the excellent quality of the material, would appear to render
the invention very advantageous for shipbuilders.
A little beyond the Admiralty exhibits is a very interesting apparatus, Heck’s
invented and exhibited by Mr. J. Heck for the mechanical calculation stability
of the stability of vessels. This apparatus consists of a frame sup- Balance -
ported on knife edges and forming a balance. On one end there is

a table working in bearings, and capable of being turned to any desired
angle ; on this table a hollow or internal model representing the ship
to be tested is placed. This model is formed by a number of rectangu-
lar pieces of wood about f-in. thick, hollowed out to the shape of the
cross sections of the vessel at intervals of 20 feet, and kept together by
two end pieces and 8 bolts ; this gives an accurate mean result, and
gets over the practical difficulty and expense of having to deal with a
model so long as to be unwieldy. On the other end of the balance
there are two scale pans, into one of which weights are placed, so that
the whole is in equilibrium when the model is empty of water and at
any inclination. The model is filled with water to a height correspond-
ing to any particular draught, and by inclining it to any required angle
the shifting of the centre of gravity of the water in the model can be
determined by simply noting the weight in the other scale pan necessary
; ;
hlethod of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
B 9
to preserve equilibrium, and from the data thus obtained the stability
can be easily estimated. The weight of the model, when empty of
water, being balanced, counteracts any disturbance in the balance that
might be caused by inclining the model, so that only the shifting of the
water affects the result. By increasing or reducing the water in the
model the moments of can be obtained for any draught.
stability
Carriages. The remainder of the Queen’s Gate Annexe is given up to Carriages,
Bicycles and Tricycles. The number of exhibitors in the carriage depart-
ment is very large, and comprises many of the best-known names.
Many of the carriages exhibited are remarkable for their convenience
and the perfection of the workmanship, no less than for the ingenuity
ofmany of the mechanical details. Where there are so many excellent
examples of workmanship and design in a class it would be invidious
f
to particularise.
Bicycles The
display of Bicycles and Tricycles is also an extraordinarily good
and one. The progress made in this new industry during the last few years
Tricycles.
has been really remarkable. The substitution of the wire tension wheel
for the old wheel with wooden spokes was the initial invention which '
rendered so many other improvements possible. The tricycle, which is

the most recent invention, is now being used, not merely for purposes
of locomotion, but also as a very useful parcels carrier, and several of
these machines fitted up for the service of the parcels post, for the
conveyance of milk, and the use of retail tradesmen, are shown.
Amongst the most recent improvements is the safety bicycle, which is
now manufactured by nearly all makers of repute. One type of this
machine has comparatively small wheels, to which the motion is ;
imparted by chain gearing, the crank axle being situated very near the
ground, and the gearing so arranged that the principal wheel makes
1
about one and a half revolutions for every turn of the cranks. In f
another type the cranks are retained on the axle of the principal wheel,
but are worked by levers, which arrangement enables the saddle to be
placed further back, thus rendering a fall forward more improbable.
The Queen’s Gate Annexe contains also several fire engines, ex-
tinguishers, escapes, and accessories.
Aquarium. Returning now to the main buildings, we enter the Aquarium, which
was constructed and stocked with fish for the Fisheries Exhibition at a
cost of some ^6000, and in the incredibly short space of time of six
weeks. The salt water for the tanks containing the sea fish, to the
amount of about 65,000 gallons, was brought from Brighton, and clari-
Maignen’s fied through Maignen’s patent “ Filtre Rapide.” It is kept in a state
Filters. of circulation through the tanks by means of pumps driven by Otto
gas-engines, in a pumping station at the southern end of the gallery.
The fresh-water fish are kept in tanks supplied with water which has
been softened by Maignen’s process, for the water supplied by the
London Companies is too hard for fish to live in for any length of
time. By means of this process the carbonate and sulphate of lime, 1
which render the water hard, are thrown down, and easily removed by
filtration through Maignen’s large supply “ Filtre Rapide.” The various '
tanks contain many interesting specimens of fish, but probably the one
which will most attract sightseers is that which contains the collection of
Sea Anemones, many of which are of rare beauty. This department of
View of Old London, p, 56 Index, p, 67
; ;
the Exhibition has been handed over to the Council of the National Fish
Culture Association, the President of which is the Marquis of Exeter,
and the manager and secretary, W. Oldham Chambers, F.L.S. The
object of the Council has been to render the Aquarium instructive as
well as interesting, and consequently arrangements have been made for
stocking the tanks with various species of food fishes, in addition to
which there is a well-arranged establishment for the artificial culture of
marine and fresh-water fishes, molluscs and Crustacea. The collection
is further enriched by the loan of numerous cases of stuffed fishes.
The Council of the National Fish Culture Association have spared no
trouble and expense to still further heighten the attractiveness of the
Aquarium, and preparations have been in course of progress since the
beginning of the present year for bringing to perfection the several
necessary preliminaries, to ensure the successful retention of fish in
captivity. During the winter the Aquarium was maintained in such
-a manner that the collection now shown to the public might include as
many well-seasoned and matured fish as possible. Elaborate arrange-

ments have been made for replenishing the tanks with marine and
fresh-water fish, and to this end special trawlers are being employed on
all parts of the coast to capture and forward specimens, so that the
Aquarium may always be replete with carefully selected fish, forming
a unique display as far as London is concerned.
In order to still further intensify the interest attaching to the living
collection of fish, the Council of the National Fish Culture Association
obtained the consent of the Lords of the Committee of the Council of
Education to a portion of the magnificent exhibits in the Buckland
Museum being transferred to the Aquarium for exhibition. An excel-
lent show of interesting and edifying objects is thus presented to the
public tanks, forming a rare and important combination of exhibits
hitherto rarely excelled.
The fish culture department, belonging to the National Fish Culture Fish
Association, is situated in the western portion of the building, and runs Culture,
parallel with the Aquarium, containing exhibits of fish-hatching and
rearing apparatus invented by the Marquis of Exeter and Mr. W.
Oldham Chambers. During the winter and spring this department has
been a scene of lively activity, on account of the spawning season,
when many hundred thousands of fish eggs were successfully incubated,
and the fry transferred to waters at the Delaford Park Fishery belonging
to the Association. It is to be regretted that, on account of the time
of year, the public were prevented from viewing the hatching operations,
which were of a most interesting and instructive character.
In regard to the exhibits contained in this section, on one side is to
be seen a tank of large proportions, in which magnificent specimens of
salmonidae of various species, including grayling, are shown, whilst on a
line with it is a row of hatching boxes, in which ova are deposited, and
the fry maintained until such a time as they lose their umbilical sac.
Exactly opposite are several tanks in which are exhibited some of
the fry hatched last year on the premises, including salmon and trout,
which are interesting as affording an idea of the capacity of artificial
fish culture. Among other exhibits are a model of an Oyster Culture
Establishment designed by the Marquis of Exeter, models of Fish
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41: Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49-
’
View o 1 Old London, p. 56; Index, p. e7; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77,
ts i o
Culture appliances designed by Livingstone Stone, Esq., H. C. Chester,

Esq., M. G. Holton, Esq., W. H. Wroten, Esq., and a model exempli-
fying the most efficacious and economical method of constructing
breeding ponds for fish, invented by Mr. W. Oldham Chambers, F.L.S.,
all of which are well worthy of mote, forming, as they do, edifying and
interesting studies, selected from the Buckland Museum.
IV.— EAST AND WEST GALLERIES— ARCADES AND

ANNEXES.
MACHINE TOOLS HYDRAULIC MACHINERY TEXTILE FABRICS RE-
FRESHMENT AND DINING ROOMS IRONMONGERY GLASS AND
POTTERY INDIA RUBBER CLOTHING TOYS AND GAMES FUEL
—
AND FURNACES — ILLUMINANTS PRINTING ELECTRICITY.
Western The West Gallery (which is entered from the Aquarium) has this
Buildings.year been joined with the West Annexe, thus the two, together with the
West Arcade, form one commodious building in which the three Groups
of Machine Tools, Hydraulic Machinery, and Machines used in the
Manufacture of Textile Fabrics are located.
Machine The south half of the West Gallery is given up to Machine Tools.
Tools. The best method of seeing this section will be to commence at the
south door and to walk up the eastern passage or gangway as far as
tire large Galloway engine which drives the machinery, and then return
by the western gangway.
The first exhibitors at the south end of the row are J. Tushaw & Co.,
who show apparatus for punching, perforating and shearing plates and
angle irons. Next door is a machine for making blocks for lighting
fires, exhibited by Mr. T. Onslow. Next comes the space occupied by
Messrs. Chubb & Sons, who show a metal-cutting saw and grinding
machine for making the frames and bolts of safes, also a model of their
factory, and of a patent steel strong-room. The next exhibits are
machinery for paint grinding, by Messrs. Brinjes & Goodwin, and for
making paper bags and labels, by Mr. F. D. Bumstead. In the succeed-
ing allotment Mr. Kingston shows machinery for cutting and binding
firewood. Messrs. Greenwood & Batley show several interesting
machines for making those cutters which now play so important a part
Milling in mechanical engineering, also milling machines for cutting twist
Machinery drills, &c., grinding machines for milling cutters, and a machine for
•
shaping bevel wheels. Messrs. Hulse & Co. also show several milling
machines, lathes, planing and drilling machines, See.
Wood- Messrs. Samuel Worssam & Co. show wood-working machinery;
working amongst other things a four-cutter general joiner, and a rope and roller
Machin- feed saw-bench. Mr. H. R. Marsden exhibits his well-known stone
ery.
breaker and pulveriser.
Messrs. Powis & Co. show a universal joiiier and a tool for the
manufacture of gun-stocks, banister-rails, shoe-lasts, &c., also a model
For Contents, see p- 3 View of Gardens,

;
p. 41 Ground Plan, between pp. 43 and 43
;
View cf Old Louden, p. 56 Index, p. 67

; ;
of a steam navvy. Messrs. Brunton & Frier have several tools for
working and polishing stone. Messrs. H. C. Duffy & Son show wood-
block flooring and paving, and also planing, jointing and chamfering
tools. In the space next to the large engine the well-known firm ot
A. Ransome & Co. have a fine collection of wood-working and tree-
felling machinery.
Returning now by the western side of the Gallery we find the follow-
ing amongst the more important machines exhibited : —
Messrs. Harpers
show a useful machine for cutting keyways in wheels, pulleys, &c. A
little way farther on Messrs. John Spencer &
Co. show a similar
machine. Mr. J. Templeman exhibits improvements in the manufacture
of fire-lighters. R. Broadbent and Son have an improved Blake stone-
breaker and instantaneous grip belt-fasteners. Farther on John Watts
& Co. show a double band-saw for deep cutting, which takes two cuts
simultaneously. Messrs. Holden & Brooke exhibit their improvements
in injectors, and also a portable boiler-drilling machine. Machinery
for turning and screw-cutting is shown by Thomas Shanks & Co. At the
next stand Mr. Newell illustrates the process of embossing tinware, and
towards the end of the row Messrs. Minton exhibit improvements in
the manufacture of pottery. No branch of manufacturing industry has
been so conservative and so slow in the introduction of machinery as
the pottery trade. The manufacture of cigars and cigarettes will interest
many visitors, and is shown in the end space. The west wall of the
Gallery is also occupied with exhibits, many of which are well worth
visiting.
From the bottom end of the Court the visitor can pass into the West Hydraulic
Annexe, which is given up to hydraulic machinery (see also page 9). In Machin-
ery*
this case also the best plan to see the principal exhibits will be to com-
mence at the south end of the Court, and to proceed by the right-hand
gangway. At the commencement of the row Messrs. Worthington & Co.
show their steam pumps, water motors, and water meters. Close by, against
the east wall of the Court, Messrs. Price & Co. and Messrs. Field & Co.
show machinery for the manufacture of candles, night-lights, soaps, See.
Farther on, on the right-hand side, Messrs. Fielding & Platt show
Tweddell’s system of hydraulic machines for riveting and other
mechanical operations, also a high speed rotary steam engine for
Hunches, dynamos, &c. On the left hand side the East Ferry Road
Engineering Works show models of hydraulic cranes, lifts, and weighing-
machines. Messrs. Atwood & Co. exhibit direct acting hydraulic lifts,
and hand-power and hoists. Messrs. Horn & Sons have a patent
lifts
four-slide exhauster, and pump for gas, air, and liquids ; and Messrs.
J.
Ladd & Co. show presses for baling goods. In the next stand, Messrs.
Hathorn, Davey & Co. exhibit an interesting little domestic motor, or Domestic
safety engine, for pumping, electric lighting, &c. This motor is a vacuum Motor -
engine of simple construction, its power being derived from the con-
densation of steam at the atmospheric pressure. It has a small gene-
rator in which the pressure of the steam cannot exceed that of a boiling
tea-kettle. It is therefore perfectly free from the risk of explosion. The
vacuum is produced by a small supply of cold water, the quantity
required being about one gallon per minute per horse-power ; the water
may be used over and over again. These motors are made as small
For Contents, see P. 3 View of Gardens,
;
p.41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
;

; ;
Method of reaching Exhibits* pp. 72-77.
as £ H-P. Farther on, Selig, Sonnenthal & Co. have several interesting
machine tools. At the next stand, Messrs. Glossop & Stacey show
three small steam hammers, and, farther on, Mr. B. Smith has a
telescope hoist and hydraulic crane. The well-known firm of Sharp,
Stewart & Co. exhibit several machine tools and improved Giffard’s
injectors.
Reverting to the right hand side, Messrs. Beck & Co. exhibit in the
space beyond the doorway a rotary pressure blower for cupolas,
furnaces, &c., and also a rotary pump, which runs at slow speeds, and
has only two moving parts. At the next stand Messrs. Appleby Bros,
show several cranes and a model of a quartz reduction mill. Messrs,
—
John Warner & Sons have a chain pump, a steam pump condenser
and steam pump, and an expansion gear. Messrs. Hugh Smith & Co.
show an important collection of hydraulic machinery, including ac-
cumulators, cranes, and various classes of riveting machines used
in the manufacture of ships. The Hydraulic Engineering Co. also
exhibit several machines, including compound steam pumping engines,
hydraulic capstans, engines, cranes, lifts, accumulators, and machine
tools. Mr. R. Waygood has a large collection of lifts and a patent
rotary engine. The Pulsometer Engineering Co. exhibit a large
pulsometer, which is a pistonless and frictionless steam pump with
no moving parts but the very simple valves ; the machine acts by the
direct pressure of the steam on the surface of the water contained in
the chambers. The same firm exhibits the Deane direct acting pumping
machinery for high lifts, and also a filter for purifying continuously
large masses of polluted water.
Tangye Messrs. Tangye Bros, have a large show at the end of the Court.
Brothers Amongst their numerous exhibits we may mention the following a :
colonial steam engine with automatic expansion gear, —

a direct-acting
centrifugal pumping engine, —
a Tangye gas engine, a gas —
hammer,
hydraulic lifting and pulling jacks, a —
special steam pump, and a —
compound condensing pumping engine. In the next space to Messrs.
Tangye Mr. T. Williams exhibits a direct-acting steam pump.
Returning towards the southern end of the Annexe, we find the two
first spaces given up to hoists and lifts exhibited by Messrs. J. Barker &
Sons, and Messrs. A. Smith & Stevens. Next comes an important

collection contributed by the well-known firm of Easton & Anderson,
Easton
and
Anderson. who show one of Rich’s turbines working
a centrifugal pump ; also
parts of the lifts for the Mersey Tunnel Railway, each of which lifts can
raise from 80 to 100 people. The same firm show high-pressure air-
compressing pumps, for charging torpedoes, and a model of a patent
hydraulic ferry steamer for tidal rivers. Mr. Henry Coles shows a steam
crane with improved slewing gear, and also a patent grab and bucket
dredger. Messrs. Anderson & Gallwey show several hydraulic riveters
and machine tools; and Messrs. James Kite & Co. high-pressure filter-
presses. Messrs. Kdrting Bros, exhibit a new steam pump, called the
aquapult. The Phoenix Metal Die and Engineering Co. have steel dies
for hot forgings and stamping in metals. The Westinghouse Brake Co.
show their direct acting pumps for air or water, and Messrs. Lines <Sr
Bridgman a machine for nailing boxes. In the next stand, Mr. S. George
exhibits a very ingenious little rotary pump, which is reversible, and
View of Old London, p. 5b; Index. P. t>7 ;
Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77,
will run at a slow speed. Messrs. S. Chatwood show elevators, and

Messrs. Clark, Bunnet & Co. exhibit a duplex hydraulic lift, with pumps
and accumulators.
Having gone through the hydraulic machinery, the visitor can now Textile
Fabrics,
find his way to the department of Textile Fabrics by walking back to the
large Galloway engine in the middle of the West Gallery (see page 9).
This magnificent double-cylinder compound engine has been kindly Galloway
So ns
placed by Messrs. Galloway & Sons at the disposal of the Executive &^ .
1116
Council for the purpose of driving the machinery in motion in this g^f
Gallery. The engine is of the horizontal type, the two cylinders being Boilers,
placed alongside each other, and the piston so arranged as to be
simultaneously almost at the opposite ends of the stroke, a plan which
ensures great steadiness of twining. The cubic contents of the
cylinders are as 1 to 3, the high pressure being 14 inches, and the
low pressure 24 inches diameter, the stroke of both being 30 inches.
There is a link valve motion, and a powerful parabolic governor. A
condenser is usually placed in rear of the engine, and is worked by
the continuation of the low-pressure piston-rod. The boilers, which
generate steam for the use of this engine, are in an adjoining building,
the Western Annexe, and will be referred to later on.
Close by, in the north end of the West Annexe, are the two
fine boilers lent by Messrs. Galloway & Sons, already referred to.
These are of the well-known Galloway type, the flues provided with
circulating tubes ; they are of steel throughout, 26 feet long and 6 feet
6 inches in diameter, and are suited for a pressure of 80 lbs. to the
square inch.
The firm who occupy the space next to the engine are Messrs.
Mather & Platt. They show a sampling machine for making com-
binations of colours and designs on short lengths of cloth to show
effects ; also a continuous bleaching machine for use in Thompson’s
bleaching process, to supersede the chloring operation as hitherto
practised, and lastly a soaping and washing machine for cleansing
printed cloth from the gums and thickening used in printing colours.
Proceeding by the right-hand gangway we find Messrs. Taylor & Sons’
space on the left-hand side. This firm exhibit mechanism for actuating
—
the healds of looms, an improved joint for heald levers, —
and mecha-
nism for actuating the rising and falling of boxes of looms. In the
next space Messrs. J. Farmer & Sons show a creasing and measuring
—
machine, a universal calendar, upon which the following finishes can
be produced, viz. chasing, frictioning or glazing, swizzing, embossing,
:
—
and Moire lustre, an apparatus for washing, bleaching, scouring,
soaping, and dyeing woven fabrics, —
and a model of machinery for
treating town refuse. Messrs. Lawson & Sons show an automatic
spinner for rope-yarn. Messrs. Watson & Laidlaw have centrifugal
hydro-extractors, —apparatus for bleaching sugars and other granular
substances, and details of machinery. Mr. George Daughters shows a
double-action hair-carder, for carding curled hair, old hair, and fibres,
without breaking. Mr. Thomas Thorpe exhibits a doubling machine,
with upright spindles and stop motion, for running two threads together
without twisting on to spools or bobbins, and a winding machine with
upright spindles and damping apparatus for winding from hank on to
For Contents, see P. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 18 and 49;
40 Official Guide to the International Inventions Exhibition.
spools and bobbins. At the top of the row Messrs. John Bell Son &
show the art of spinning asbestos fibre by itself without the aid of other
fibres.
Textile Returning now towards the engine by the other gangway, we have
Fabrics.
exhibitors on both sides. In the centre row, on the left, Messrs.
Howell & James show an Irish hand-loom, with a linen-weaver at work,
also samples of Irish linen and flax. On the right-hand side Messrs.
Gauntlett & Co. show carding machines, one for woollen and cotton
flocks, and the other specially made for hair and fibrous material only.
In the next space on the same side the Asbestos Co. show their
machine for making gland-packing from asbestos. Behind these two
firms Mr. Anderson Laing exhibits a winding machine with self-acting
oiling and damping machine combined. In the next space Messrs.
Samuel Brooks have a large and most interesting exhibition of improve-
—
ments in drawing-frames for cotton, ring spinning-frames for both
—
warp and weft yarn, a ring doubling-frame, a winding-frame and —
reel. On the other side of the gangway, in the centre row, the
McNary Machines Co. exhibit improvements in machinery for the
manufacture of wool, cotton, hemp, and jute fabrics, also various —
fabrics, seamless hats, and bag-shaped articles. On the same side Messrs.
Hacking & Co. show looms for weaving checks with a 4-shuttle motion,
— a loom for weaving trouserings, —
a machine for folding and measuring,
and a machine for winding cotton yarn. On the opposite side,
Professor Hele Shaw exhibits sphere and roller mechanism for the trans-
mission of power; and close by, Messrs. Walter Glover & Co. show James’
patent machine for making cord fishing lines, gold thread, bullion
fringe, &c. —
also a rope-making machine, —
a rope pulley friction brake,
&c. Messrs. Broadbent exhibit a conical drum-winding machine for
winding yarn on paper tubes, and also instantaneous belt fasteners.
Messrs. A. Haacke & Co. exhibit braiding machines for the manu-
facture of non-conducting ropes filled with fossil meal and samples of
fossil meal and Kieselguhr. In the centre row Mr. G. Hodgson shows
power looms. Messrs. H. Livesay also show modern looms, and, as
a contrast, a loom made half a century ago. At the bottom of the
Treloar’s centre row Messrs. Treloar & Sons show a machine for making coir
Door Mats, plaits for door mats. It may here be mentioned that during the last
two years Messrs. Treloar have kindly supplied the Executive Commis-
sions with the door mats used throughout the buildings, and of such ex-
cellent quality that in spite of the enormous traffic they have not shown
the slightest signs of wear. On the present occasion they have again
come forward in the same manner, and as a novel feature, have worked
the word “ Welcome ” and its equivalent, in numerous foreign languages,
into the centre of the mats. On the right hand side, Messrs. Parry &
Rocke exhibit Welsh knitting yarns and hand-knitted hosiery, manu-
factured by attendants in the national Welsh costume.
The visitor can now proceed northwards by the Western Arcade
towards the Quadrants which skirt the Gardens. The Western Arcade
itself is of exhibits in the textile group, which, at the moment of
full
going to press with the first edition of the Guide, were not sufficiently
advanced for description. On ascending the flight of stairs at the end
of the Arcade we pass through the West Refreshment Pavilion, which
Tor Contents, see P. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
; ;
\
GENERAL
VIEW
Or
THE
GARDENS
Official Guide to the International Inventions Exhibition. 41
is used for the service of cold luncheons, tea, coffee, ices, &c. Adjoin- West
ing is a Lager-beer counter and American bar. Over the West Refresh-
Quadrant is the Club Dining Room, which overlooks the Gardens. ion p^
Access to this room is obtained by the stone staircase in the Conserva-
tory. In it are served dinners of a superior character from six to nine Dinin
o’clock at the fixed price of 7s. 6d. per head. Room.
The West Arcade houses three groups in the following order, pro-
ceeding towards the Conservatory, Cutlery and Ironmongery, Pottery —
—
and Glass, India Rubber. He will not fail to observe the fine collec-
tion of pottery contributed by Messrs. Doulton & Co., and the crystal
and coloured glass exhibited by Messrs. T. Webb & Sons. The visitor
who is interested in the above subjects will be able readily to appreciate
the value of the objects exhibited by an inspection of them. At the
end of the Quadrant, close to the Conservatory, is the magnificent in-
stallation of Siemens’ dynamos, together with their engines and boilers, Siemens’
used in lighting up the thousands of electric lamps employed in the Dynamos.
1
illumination of the Gardens. This installation will be again referred

to under the heading of Electric Light.
For Loan Collection of Musical Instruments, Manuscripts, &c., on
view in the Albert Hall, see page 55.
Crossing through the Conservatory the visitor finds himself in the East
East Quadrant, which contains the remainder of the India Rubber group, Arcade<
and also the departments of Leather, Clothing, and Toys and Games.
The subject of clothing was very completely dealt with last year, and Clothing,
has consequently not received much space on the present occasion.
The majority of the exhibits are readily understood by mere inspec-
tion. There are a few machines shown in this departmant, such as
washing, boot-making and sewing-machines, also knitting and pleating-
machines.
Mr. Henry Heath, of Oxford Street, exhibits the manufacture of silk Hat-mak-
hats in its different stages. The process of making the seams and in £
tLea ' ’
finishing a silk hat is an operation requiring a great deal of delicate
work and skill, no joining of the silk must be visible.
The space devoted to toys and sports contains many exhibits relating T °y s ani
Games -
to our principal out-door games ; also some magic lanterns, and some
excellent billiard tables by renowned makers.
eslL "
At the south end of this Arcade is a Refreshment Pavilion, of exactly
^g^ t
similar character to the one in the West Arcade. While over head are pavilion
the Temperance Refreshment Rooms, in which cold luncheons and light and Tem-
refreshments can be obtained at all hours at popular prices. No perance
intoxicating liquors are sold here. These rooms, like the Club
Dining Rooms, are likely to be frequented, commanding as they do Rooms,
splendid views of the grounds.
Descending the the visitor finds himself in the East ast
flight of stairs,
^
Arca e ’
Arcade, the portion of which he enters first being reserved for the
subject of Fuel and Furnaces. This group has been fully illustrated in Euel and
the late Exhibitions, and has therefore but little space allotted Furnaces
to it.
Gas cooking ranges and stoves occupy a prominent position

fire-places,
in this section. The most important exhibit is, however, an improved
form of regenerative gas furnace and gas producer, exhibited by Mr.
Frederick Siemens.
‘ B 11
Gas and As the visitor proceeds southwards, the next Section of the East
other
Arcade is given up to gas and other illuminants. Messrs. George
Illumi-
nants. —
Waller & Co.—J. Somerville and Kirkham and Clark, exhibit gas-
making apparatus, or improvements in the details of such machinery.
Messrs. C. Hearson &
Co. show the Sun Gas-making Machine for two
hundred lights. This machine makes gas from gasoline. Messrs. W.
Sugg &Co. exhibit a variety of their well-known burners, governors,
photometers, &c. In the Oil Lamp Section the most interesting
exhibit is Defries &
Sons’ new safety lamp. It gives a perfectly white
light of great power, emits no unpleasant odour, and is so constructed
that it is inexplosible, even when upset. Any ordinary American
oils can be used with this lamp, the use of refined oil being quite un-
necessary. The two refreshment rooms adjoining “ Old London ”
are illuminated by these lamps.
East There are several doorways leading from the East Arcade into the
Gallery. East Gallery, and the visitor will do well to inspect this portion of the
Chinese buildings next. The northern half is reserved for China, and the col-
Exhibi- lection contributed by that country will be found to be one of the most
tion. interesting features in the entire Exhibition. The walls and roof of the
Court are beautifully coloured by Chinese artists, and are hung with
Chinese lanterns and coloured flags ; the walls are richly decorated
with porcelain plates, educational pictures, and specimens of old arms
and armour, conspicuous amongst the latter being the striped black
and yellow tiger clothing of the old soldiery. The writings of many
of the symbols on the walls were executed by the Chinese Ambassador
the Marquis Tseng, who is famed for his skill in caligraphy. On either
side of the central passage are beautifully carved shop fronts, which
are exact reproductions of those in actual use in the cities of Pekin,
Kienkang, Canton and Hankow. Between the shop fronts on either
side of the central gangway are sedan chairs adapted for mule trans-
port. Close by, on both sides are cases of Chinese boots, the absurdly
small size of some of which afford one more proof of the ridiculous
results which may he produced by fashion. On both sides are some
cases of beautiful soapstone ornaments. Farther on the visitor will
find on his right-hand a bedroom with two beds beautifully curtained,
one for summer, the other together with a complete
for winter use,
set of bedroom furniture. On the left-hand side are the magnificent
appointments of a salo7i, consisting for the most part of ebony and
marble couches, chairs and tables, reversible stools, the side for summer
use being of straw, that for winter of a warm material. The carpet,
which is most beautiful, is also of Chinese manufacture, as are the
metal charcoal hand and foot warmers.
The wall-cases beyond these contain a collection of Chinese books,
many of them being of an educational character ; there is also a series
of rubbings from old tablets, some of which are two thousand years old.
The Chinese are famous for their study of literature ; they were the
original inventors of competitive examinations. Lately they have taken
to the study of modern sciences, and many of the books exhibited are
translations of European text books. The wall-cases round the Northern
end of the Court are filled with wax figures, draped to illustrate the
summer and winter clothing of various ranks in Chinese society. There
are over thirty of these figures fully clothed, not merely with the outer
garments, but with complete underclothing in addition. Many of the
figured silks and embroideries are of very beautiful design and work,
and are worthy of the closest attention. The floor of the North end of
the Court is occupied on the one side by a gorgeous bridal palankeen,
and on the other by a catafalque covered with exquisite embroidery.
The palankeen is represented with its bearers. There is also a Pekin
cart with a figure of its driver ; the harness and metal-work are of very
fine workmanship.
Flanking the Chinese Court, and looking out on to the Grounds, is
a handsomely-decorated Chinese restaurant and tea-room, which was
erected by Messrs. Holland. It is surrounded by a spacious verandah,
and contains a dining-saloon, with balcony, a tea-room, and kitchens.
According to the Chinese theory, when a man goes to a restaurant he
ought to feel cheerful, sociable, and happy and on the other hand, he
;
goes to a tea-room to reflect, or to indulge in sober and earnest con-

versation. Accordingly we find the decorations of the two rooms reflect
these ideas. The dining-room is very gay, full of light and colour, and
the tea-room is relatively sombre. The artificial flowers used in the
decoration of the frieze are made of pith, and come from Amoy. The
wall decorations represent vines and other creepers, and the door leading
out to the terrace is a fine piece of carving, executed by a Chinese artist
named Teh-et-Kene, at present residing in this country. The restaurant
and tea-room are only to be approached through turnstiles. The ac-
commodation being limited, a charge of one shilling is made for each
person, which includes tea or other light refreshments. The rooms are
this year in the occupation of Messrs. Spiers & Pond.
It will be convenient to go over the southern half of the East Gallery East
before continuing along the remainder of East Arcade. In this Section Gallery,
are collected together the exhibits relating to Printing, Paper, and Printing,
Bookbinding (see also page 13 ). They consist for the most part of PaP er and
—
machines for printing, folding, cutting, and stitching paper, litho- —
graphic stones, and processes employed in lithography and photo-
lithography ; also copying apparatus, paper, and the raw material from
which it is produced, &c. The best way of seeing the principal exhibits
dn this Gallery is to walk southwards by the gangway on the right hand,
or west side of the Court, returning by the other side. The first ex-
hibitors passed are Messrs. Newall & Son, who exhibit mechanical
and chemical wood pulps, and wood flour used in the manufacture of
paper, linoleum, Sec. Messrs. Sprague & Co. show an ink photo pro-
cess, and photo-lithography. Mr. J. Ayling shows an improved appa-
ratus for preparing drawing or transfer paper, which being photographed
or lithographed upon a zinc plate produces illustrations for use with
type ; the whole process of making the blocks is shown daily, from the
artist’s drawing to the finished block. Messrs. Horne show improve-
ments in the manufacture of luminous paper, and also paper-folding
machinery, a wire-stitching machine, and an engraving machine for
Hatching work. Mr. J. Salmon exhibits a printing machine with patent
taking-off apparatus, and web feeding attachment,
printing machine,— and also cutting and stitching machinery.
—
a lithographic
"Nearly
all the machines in this Section are driven by
powerful gas-engines.
6e 3; of Gordons, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and
J' _ 49;
View r
of Old London, p. 56; Ind«r, p. 67 Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
B 12
Messrs. Furnival & Co. also exhibit various printing machines ; also
a hot and cold rolling machine for glazing and finishing paper. Messrs.
W. Crossland have several cutting and cornering machines; Messrs.
Newsum, Wood, & Dyson an Anglo-American litho machine ;
and
Messrs. J. S. Virtue, copperplate printing press, at work on etchings for
the ‘Art Journal’; also specimens of etchings and line engravings.
Mr. F. R. Daldy shows a sewing machine which sews at the rate of
18,000 sheets per day, either on tape or cord; also a book-sawing
machine adapted to the above.
‘Illus- At the south end of the Gallery are two highly interesting exhibits,
trated The first, exhibited by the proprietors of the Illustrated London News,’
‘
London is Harrild &

Sons’ Registered Fine Art Two-feeder “ Bremner ” printing-
News and machine. The second is by the proprietors of the ‘Graphic,’ and illustrates
p '
improvements in printing machinery and the various processes involved
in the whole method of producing a high-class illustrated newspaper.
Returning now by the east side of the Gallery, the visitor will notice
on the right-hand side the important exhibits of Messrs. Waterlow &
Sons, which include blocks for printing from, produced by various
—
photographic processes the Woodbury type printing process, presses
for printing the same, and examples of engraving on steel and copper.
Messrs. Harrild & Sons also have a large collection of Bremner
—
machines, stereotype foundry corebars, and metal furniture moulds,
also printers’ joinery and utensils. Messrs. G. Mann &
Co. exhibit the
Climax lithographic printing machine, with damping and taking-off
arrangements. Mr. Dallas shows the so-called Dallastype and Dallas-
tint photo-graving, chromo-Dallastint, —
glass engraving, and a process —
for engraving metals without etching by acids, an application of Croker’s
hot pen. Messrs. Urnpherston show a rag engine for paper pulp.
There are various other appliances connected with the stationery
trades to be seen in this department, both in the Gallery and the
Arcade, which the visitor will do well to examine.
Elec- On re-entering the East Arcade the visitor at once finds himself in
tricit 7 This is one of the most interesting
.
the space allotted to Electricity.
and important sections of the Exhibition, many of the best known
inventors and manufacturers exhibiting (see also page 10).
Almost the first stand encountered in this part of the Gallery is in
the occupation of Mr. J. W. Swan, the inventor of the celebrated in-
candescent lamp which bears his name. He exhibits the Swan Lamp in
various sizes, and applied to various purposes. These lamps can now
be had in powers ranging from 2^ up to 100 candles. Amongst them
is a small lamp for illuminating the internal cavities of the living body
during operations. Mr. Swan also exhibits a new process for the
production of perfectly uniform carbons for incandescent lamps. The
filaments are produced from a liquid by pressure through a die. He
also exhibits an electric meter, consisting of the combination of a
galvanometer and a clock, which indicates on dials, similar to those of
a gas-meter, the amount of electricity used by each consumer. Close
by, Messrs. Laing, Wharton &
Down exhibit the Thompson-Houston
system of arc lighting. The lighting of the whole of the East Gallery,
including the Chinese Court and the printing departments, is carried
out on this system, and appears to be one of the most satisfactory
For Contents, see p- 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
; ;
Mctlicd of reacliins Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
installations in the entire Exhibition. The

invention has only just been
imported from America. The system is remarkable for the extreme
steadiness of the lamps, and the automatic regulation of the dynamo.
A little way down the Arcade the Consolidated Electric Co. show the
B T K system of electric lighting from storage batteries, and of dis-
tribution of electricity from a central station for house-to-house lighting.
Nearly opposite, on the right-hand side, Mr. G. Trouvd shows his well-
known primary batteries, an electric motor, and models of electric boats,
and an electric tricycle. On each side of the way, for some distance
down, are numerous cases containing various fittings, and appliances
relating to electric lighting, telegraphs, telephones, motors, batteries,
and dynamos, which are well worth visiting.
On the left about two-thirds of the way down the Arcade, Primary
side,
Mr. Maxwell Lyte has an exhibition of Primary Batteries, showing their Batteries,
application to transmission of power, telegraphy, and house lighting.
There are a great many varieties of primary batteries on view in the
Exhibition, and amongst them one of the most remarkable is the
Holmes Burke battery, exhibited by Mr. O. March, on the right-hand
side, nearly opposite to the last-named stand. The battery is shown in
its application to electric lighting and to driving a motor. The motor
in question is of the electro-magnetic type, and is a very useful one for
small and moderate powers. The Holmes Burke 8-cell battery shown
by Mr. March keeps 14 Swan 5-candle lamps brilliantly illuminated.
The arrangements for filling and emptying, for making the electric con-
nections, and for getting at the plates, are of a very simple and practical
character, and constitute most important improvements.
On the left side, opposite to Mr. March’s stand, the celebrated Anglo-
Anglo-American Brush Co. show all their latest improvements in the
rus °’
manufacture of arc and incandescent lamps, their holders, carbons,
and fittings, and in the construction of dynamos, motors, and their
armatures. Beyond them the Electric Power Storage Co., who have
Ejectrjcat
done so much for the improvement of secondary batteries, exhibit a p ower
large number of their storage cells of various types ; also some motors, storage
and a model of the electrical tram-car which has been run with so much Co.
success on their experimental line.
On descending the steps at the end of the Arcade the visitor will find
several other important electrical exhibits. On the left-hand side the
Edison & Swan United Electric Co. show dynamo machines. On
the right Mr. Fergusson exhibits the interesting zinc and copper oxide
batteries of the Chapeyron Lalande type, also motors, lathes, lamps, &c.
In the left-hand corner Messrs. Woodhouse & Rawson have a very wood-
interesting collection of incandescent lamps, measuring instruments, house and
switches, automatic cut-outs, and other accessories. The speciality of Rawson,
this firm is an incandescent lamp, taking a relatively small amount of
electric energy to produce the light. One interesting feature of their
collection is a group of thirty lamps worked by a dynamo, which in its
turn is driven by another dynamo acting as a motor ; the latter
receives its current from another dynamo, driven by a water motor at a
considerable distance.
Messrs. Paterson &
Cooper show the new Phoenix dynamo, also arc-
lamps, measuring instruments, motors, and other accessories. Messrs.
;
View ot Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77,
4-6 Official Guide to the International Inventions Exhibition.
R- E. Crompton & Co. exhibit the successive improvements in the

Crompton-Burgin and Crompton-Kapp dynamo machines, which have
resulted in a greatly increased output and efficiency. The same firm
show improvements in measuring instruments in arc-lights and
accessories. On the opposite side Mr. Taylor Smith shows his
ingenious domestic fittings for electric lighting.
5&Bt Parallel with the East Gallery, but separated from it, is the East
Lnnexe.
Annexe, which is given up exclusively to Group XVII., which embraces-
food, cookery, and stimulants. This Group was very fully dealt with in
the Health Exhibition. Amongst the novelties exhibited are folding-
tables and seats, which are very convenient for picnics, &c. They are
shown by Mr. Baker, the well-known gun-maker.
V.— CENTRAL BUILDINGS.

OLD LONDON — PRINCE
OF WALES* PAVILION FURNITURE JEWELRY-
—
WATCHES AND CLOCKS PHOTOGRAPHY INSTRUMENTS CHEMISTRY —
AUSTRIA JAPAN SIAM FOREIGN COUNTRIES AMERICA — •
WALTHAM WATCHES RUSSIA — MUSIC — —

LOAN COLLECTION OF
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, &C.
The now arrived at the point from which he started, and

Visitor has
there remain the central buildings to be inspected. The best way
still
of visiting these is to proceed along the South Gallery to its middle

point, then to turn to the left and proceed up the Central Avenue.
“ Old London ” will be found on the left hand, and the Prince of
Wales’s Pavilion on the right.
“ Old London ” Street is sure to be this year, as it was last, one
The
Old
London. of the most popular features in the Exhibition. The following account
of it is taken from the Official Catalogue, and is based upon the
description written by Mr. George Birch, F.R.I.B.A., from whose
designs and under whose superintendence the street was erected :
Entering from the Central Avenue, immediately in front of the Pavilion of His
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, stands one of the City Gates Bishopsgate r —
reduced in proportion and flanked by the City wall ; this gate (not one of the
original gates, of which there were but four) was broken through the ancient walls, the
peculiar Roman manner of building, with courses of tiles, being shown on the lower
part. Above the arch on each side are the arms of the City of London and the
arms of the Bishopric, and immediately over the gate, in a niche, stands the statue
of one of the bishops, William the Norman, to whom the City was particularly
indebted, for by his good offices all those rights and privileges and immunities
which the City had inherited from Roman times, and which had been confirmed
and strengthened under the Saxon Kings, were reconfirmed by the Conqueror.
Above, on the towers which flank the gateway, are the statues of Alfred, who
wrested the City from the Danes, and of his son-in-law, Aldred Earl of Mercia, to
whom he committed the government thereof.
Passing through the gate, the corresponding statue, that of William the Norman, is
seen, representing St. Erkenwald, the Fourth Bishop of London, a.d. 675, after the
reconstitution of the see and re-establishment of Christianity by St. Augustine. The
ground floor on each side shows on the right a debtor’s prison, and on the left an
For Contents, see p- 3 View of Gardens,

;
p.41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
;

; ;
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Old ordinary lock-up, and beyond are the staircases to the first-floor. After
passir
London, through the gateway, the first house on the left is the “Rose Inn” (No.
1), Fei
church Street, curious as having its front covered with small cut slates, instead of
th
ordinary lath and plaster and timber construction usual in London.
1 he next house (No. 2) stood in Lcadenhall Street, and was known
as the “Coc
Tavern.” The representations of this house, of which there are many, represent
after the gable had been removed, and a fiat coping substituted, but in this
instanc
its pristine condition has been reverted to. Following in order is a block of thre
w houses (Nos. 3, 4, and 5) formerly existing in Fleet Street, towards Temple Bar,
0
> the south side, and known by the name of the “Three Squirrels,” now
Messr
Gosling’s Bank.
The house (No. 6) is a copy of the one which stood at the comer of Fleet Strec
and Chancery Lane, and was traditionally known as the “Isaac Walton’s house.
“ Vir et Piscator optimus,” but there is a doubt
that tradition in this case w z
tradition only, as the actual house was two doors further to the
west; but apa
from this, the house itself was a magnificent specimen of an ordinary citizen;
house in Elizabeth s reign, and was for many years a conspicuous ornament
t
i leet Street, and in close contiguity to those well-known haunts
of the wits <
the period, the “ Apollo ” and the “ Devil ” Taverns.

Set back a little from the main line of the street, in order to give prominent
to Walton s house, and to give it the appearance of a corner
house, are two unpr<
tending wooden structures (Nos. 7 and 8), which formerly stood hard by the anciei
church of St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate Street, and were the ordinary type <
hundreds of others in the old City, a shop below, and a solar or chamber above.
Standing prominently in advance of these is the old tower of a church, which
although not strictly modelled from that of All Hallows Staining, differing only i
having a larger traceried window, resembles in its general form and outline man
others in which our forefathers were wont to worship. Most of these churche
were small, for the parishes attached to them were also diminutive, and th:
tower type, with bold octagonal staircase turret on one side, was almost universa
There were exceptions, in which the towers had lofty pinnacles at each corner, lik
the present St. Sepulchre’s, Holborn, or the more modem re-buildings by Wren, <
St. Michael s, Cornhill, and St. Mary, Aldermanbury and the curious arche
;
superstructure with its five lanterns of St. Mary-le-Bow, or de Arcubus, and the ver
fine spite of St. Laurence Pountney ; but the generality of the churches
possesse
towers similar in character to the one depicted here.
Next to the church, and fronting down the street, is a portion of the Middli
Row (No. 9), which stood in the Strand, just outside Temple Bar, and was know
as Butchers’ Row. These houses well represent the overhanging of the stories s
prevalent in London where the ground-floor space was very limited, additional root
01
Lc above being obtained by these means at the expense of light and air.
—
Elbow Lane. The site at this point considerably narrows from 70 to 30 feet, an
the houses are not continued on parallel lines, in order to break a perspective whic
would have been too long for a picturesque effect, and also in order to obtain th;
sinuosity so characteristic of London streets.
Next on the left is a fine large house of two gables (No. 10) which stood i
this Middle Row, Strand, and was known as the French Ambassador’s house,
<
the Duke of Sully’s ; also Monsieur Beaumont’s, both ambassadors here from th
Most Christian King to the Court of St. James. This Duke de Sully was the famoi
Henri de Bethune, the wise and popular Minister to Henri Quatre, King of Franc
and Navarre. That this house was probably occupied by him there can be litti
doubt not only from the commonly accepted tradition, but from the fact of
;
i
being decorated with badges of the De Bethunes, the French crown and fleur-de-li:
and two hands grasping one another in a true “ entente cordiale.”
The next (No. 11) is a low structure of wood and plaster, and has been modellei
from an old engraving representing a portion of Bishopsgate Street.
Beyond this is an old house (Nos. 12 & 13) which was in Goswell Street, of th
date of Elizabeth’s reign. The windows are mullioned and transomed, and sho-
one peculiarity very general in old London, in carrying on the upper lights cor
tinuously.
No. 14 is a timber house with carved bargeboard, which stood next to Blue Boar
Head \ard, King Street, Westminster.
The last house (No. 14a), decorated with medallions of the Roman Emperors i
plaster, stood on Little Tower Hill. There is nothing remarkable in the building
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
; ;
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
ADFOR
ANUFACTURING
DRESS FABRICS
COMPANY,
AT FIRST COST!!
BRADFORD
THE
YORKSHIRE,
”
“CENTURY
CASHMERES.
OCEAN
SERGES.
TUFTED
ZEPHYRS.
CANVAS
CLOTHS,
ALL-WOOL
FABRICS.
FOULES.
MIXTURES.
THE
Cl
KOH-I-NOOR”
ART-FABRICS.
ETC., ETC.
THE BRADFORD MANUFACTURING COMPANY will, on receipt of letter,
i r post-card, Tost Free, Sample Patterns of their
promptly forward, DRESS FABRICS.'
including the latest novelties for the Present Season.
THE LARGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM.
The highly of the advantages of trading direct with The Bradford
Press speaks
Manufacturing Company, whose Dress Fabrics are unequalled for quality and price.
The B. M. Co. pay Carriage to any part of the Kingdom on all orders over £1 in value. The*
B. M. Co. obtained the SILVER MEDAL
(HIGHEST AWARD)
for their “Century”:
Cashmeres at the HEALTH
EXHIBITION. Write at once, and mention the Official
Guide to the Inventions Exhibition. Address
THE BRADFORD MANUFACTURING CO., BRADFORD. YORKSHIRE.

iiunMiim To & uar d as-ainst disappointment, you are requestedto address in
WuKlylNI-i full, and not to be misled by the announcements of imitators of the
n 111 111
I U BRADFORD MANUFACTURING COMPANY’S Advertisements.
•
For Ground Plan of Exhibition see next page.

48 Official Guide to the International Inventions Exhibition ,
ordinary lock-up, and beyond are the staircases to the first-floor. After passir
through the gateway, the first house on the left is the “Rose Inn” (No. i), Fei
church Street, curious as having its front covered with small cut slates, instead of tt
ordinary lath and plaster and timber construction usual in London.
The next house (No. 2) stood in Leadenhall Street, and was known as the “ Coc
Tavern.” The representations of this house, of which there are many, represent
after the gable had been removed, and a flat coping substituted, but in this instant
its pristine condition has been reverted to. Following in order is a block of thre
houses (Nos. 3, 4, and 5) formerly existing in Fleet Street, towards Temple Bar, 0
the south side, and known by the name of the “Three Squirrels,” now Messr
Gosling’s Bank.
The house (No. 6) is a copy of the one which stood at the comer of Fleet Strec
and Chancery Lane, and was traditionally known as the “ Isaac Walton’s house.
“Vir et Piscator optimus,” but there is a doubt that tradition in this case wr
tradition only, as the actual house was two doors further to the west ; but apa:
from this, the house itself was a magnificent specimen of an ordinary citizen
house in Elizabeth’s reign, and was for many years a conspicuous ornament t
Fleet Street, and in close contiguity to those well-known haunts of the wits <
the period, the “ Apollo” and the “ Devil” Taverns.

Set back a little from the main line of the street, in orde^ *
to Walton’s house, and to give it the appearance ex-
tending wooden structures (Nee » »-
’
church of c' f ^ ’
0 ^.vviucavûc auu txisu 111 Older to obtain th; I
sinuosity so characteristic of London streets.

Next on the left is a fine large house of two gables (No. 10) which stood i
this Middle Row, Strand, and was known as the French Ambassador’s house, <
the Duke of Sully’s ; also Monsieur Beaumont’s, both ambassadors here from tl
Most Christian King to the Court of St. James. This Duke de Sully was the famot
Henri de Bethune, the wise and popular Minister to Henri Quatre, King of Franc
and Navarre. That this house was probably occupied by him there can be litt.
doubt not only from the commonly accepted tradition, but from the fact of
;
i
being decorated with badges of the De Bethunes, the French crown and fleur-de-li:
and two hands grasping one another in a true “entente cordiale.”
The next (No. n) is a low structure of wood and plaster, and has been modellei
from an old engraving representing a portion of Bishopsgate Street.
Beyond this is an old house (Nos. 12 & 13) which was in Goswell Street, of th
date of Elizabeth’s reign. The windows are mullioned and transomed, and sho'
one peculiarity very general in old London, in carrying on the upper lights cor-
tinuously.
No. 14 is a timber house with carved bargeboard, which stood next to Blue Boar
Head Yard, King Street, Westminster.
The last house (No. 14a), decorated with medallions of the Roman Emperors i
plaster, stood on Little Tower Hill. There isnothing remarkable in the building
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
; ;
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
R ADFO
MANUFACTURING
DRESS FABRICS
COMPANY,
AT FIRST COST!!
BRADFORD
THE
YORKSHIRE.
”
“CENTURY
CASHMERES.
OCEAN
SERGES.
TUFTED
ZEPHYRS.
CANVAS
CLOTHS.
ALL-WOOL
FABRICS.
FOULES.
MIXTURES.
THE
u
KOH-I-NOOR”
ART-FABRICS.
ETC., ETC.
THE BRADFORD MANUFACTURING COMPANY will, on receipt of letter.
< r post-card, Tost Free, Sample Patterns of their
promptly forward, DRESS FABRICS,
including the latest novelties for the Present Season.
THE LARGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM.
Press speaks highly of the advantages of trading direct with The Bradford
The
Manufacturing Company, whore Dress Fabrics are unequalled for quality and price.
The B. M. Co. pay Carriage to any part of the Kingdom on all orders over £1 in value. The!
B. M. Co. obtained the SILVER MEDAL
(HIGHEST AWARD)
for their “Century”;
Cashmeres at the HEALTH
EXHIBITION. Write at once, and mention the Officiai|
Guide to the Inventions Exhibition. Address
THE BRADFORD MANUFACTURING CO., BRADFORD. YORKSHIRE.

lif hd limn To guard against disappointment, you are requested to address in,
VuUKl\jiN(4 full, and not to be misled by the announcements of imitators of the
sv rt 1 1 li I liU BRADFORD MANUFACTURING COMPANY’S Advertisements.
For Ground Plan of Fxhibiticn see next page.

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A D E
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LONDON.
Inventions
1885.
Exhibition,
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£ -
ADVERTISEMENTS.
SIXPENNY MAGAZINES FOR EVERY HOME.
THE THE
Leisure Hour. Sunday at Home.

THE THE
Bors own Paper. Girls own Paper.

London: 56. Paternoster Row; and of all Newsagents.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
in all its branches, including its applications to Submarine Telegraphy, Telephones, Electrie
Lighting, Electric Storage and Distribution of Power, &c.,
TAUGHT IN TWELVE MONTHS,

AND YOUNG MEN THEREBY QUALIFIED FOR LUCRATIVE POSITIONS.
CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY GRANTED
on the result of Examinations held at the end of the Course of Instruction Holders of these
Certificates are now earning large salaries in important and responsible posts. School
established in 1S68. Pupils can commence their Hudies at any time.
~ For further pa'ticular-*, apply to the Secretary, School of Electrical Engineering,

12, Princes Street, Hanover Square, London, W.
Information may also be obtained at the Exhibit No. 1307, Section 13, East Arcade.
“jTih¥^Ten\
“
379, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.,
Receives Advertisements for the
LONDON, PROVINCIAL, AND COLONIAL PRESS,

AT LOWEST RATES.
3*70, LONDON, "VfcAO-
ENTRANCE IN SOUTHAMPTON STREET.
UPRIGHT IRON GRAND PIANOS.

Improved Iron Improved Iron
Castings, String Frames,
specially prepared cast in one piece
with a coating for from iron carefully
condensing and analysed and test-
neutralizing the ed to stand a ten-,
metallic tone pro- sile strain of 12
duced by Iron tons to the square

String Frames. inch.
Exhibit No. 3648, Music Gallery.

beyond that the roof line is level, and was chosen as a contrast to the all-prevailing Old
gable. London.
At this point (No. 15) — the
termination westward of the street the entrance —
“ Oxford
thereto is masked by one of the galleried fronts of an old London inn. The
Arms,” Warwick Lane, was chosen as a typical specimen; but there are still
remaining in Bishopsgate Street, Holborn, and more especially the Borough, several
examples of these.
The house beyond (No. 16) was on the west side of Little Moorfields, Finsbury,
and was a very fine specimen of plaster work. It was not removed until the com-
mencement of the present century. A low building connects this with two houses
(Nos. 17 & they stood at the south comer of
18) possessing considerable interest ;
Hosier Lane, Smithfield, over against the famous “ Pye Corner,” where the fearful
conflagration of 1666 was arrested, after having laid considerably more than three-
fourths of the City in ashes ; they were not removed until 1800.
Another gateway here arrests our steps : this was the entrance to the famous
Priory of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate, founded by Queen Matilda, and whose Prior,
by virtue of his office as representing the Knighten Guild, who had made over to
this priory their lands and soke, was admitted as one of the Aldermen of London, of
the Ward of Portsoken. According to custom, he sat in Court, and rode in scarlet,
or such livery as the other aldermen used.
Beyond this (No. 19a) is the gable end of the Hall of the Brotherhood of the
Holy Trinity (which is reached by ascending the staircases to the first floor) in
Aldersgate Street, near to Little Britain. This Hall has been selected as a typical
example of the Hall of a Guild or Livery, of which there were many within the
boundaries of the ancient City. The ancient stained glass with a figure of St.
Blaise, and several ancient shields which existed in 1611, have been faithfully
reproduced.
The house beyond is one of the most remarkable in this street (No. 20), remark-
able not only for its extreme richness of decoration, but as being connected with
Sir Richard Whittington, famous in song and in story. It was situated four doors
from Mark Lane, in Crutched Friars, or Hart Street, up a courtyard, and was
described in old leases as Whittington’s Palace. Although the house, from its style
and ornamentation, could not possibly have been of his time, it is possible that the
front only had been ornamented and altered, for in general outline and arrangement
it resembled houses of that date ; it was richly ornamented with carvings of the
armorial bearings of the City Companies, which stamped it as being the house of
a remarkable personage, and one whom the City delighted to honour. It was
impossible to reproduce the extreme richness of its decoration. The ornamentation
has therefore only been painted, the original having been entirely carved and painted
and gilt.
The next two houses (No. 21) were drawn by Mr. Gwilt before they were re-
moved they were situated in Bankside, and are picturesque examples of plaster
;
decoration and open balconies.

The last two houses (Nos. 22 & 23) in this street, on the left before arriving at the
gate at which we entered, were also from the Gwilt collection (now in the Gardner)
and stood in the High Street, Borough ; they were only removed of late years, and
were drawn and measured by Mr. Gwilt.
As to actual size the whole of the buildings have only been slightly reduced, but
this has been done in proportion, although such reduction is not to a uniform scale,
but has been adopted in the different cases to suit the uniformity of the plan and
arrangement of the whole. The interiors, it must be recollected, do not in all cases
correspond in size with the exteriors.
The foregoing notice is written from particulars furnished by Mr. Geo. H. Birch,
the architect, and is not intended to be more than a very brief description of the
examples selected to represent “ Old London.”
The buildings were designed and constructed as bearing upon and connected with the
special objects of the International Health Exhibition, 1884, to which the Corpora-
tion of the City of London and several of the Livery Companies liberally subscribed.
Upon the transference of the numerous courts and structures which had contained
the /‘exhibits” of the Health Exhibition to the Executive Council of the Inter-
national Inventions Exhibition, 1885, that body resolved to retain the “street,” and
to adopt it as a special feature of attraction outside the general scope of a display
mainly confined to productions of the last twenty-five years, and in any case not
previous to the present century.
;
The exhibitors to whom the shops and rooms have been allotted this year were
consequently selected with the object of providing, as far as was practicable, useful
comparisons between ancient and modem handicrafts. The exceptions to this rule
are very limited in number.
The plank flooring which covered the roadway last year, time not allowing of
Mr. Birch’s original idea for a pavement being carried out, has been replaced under —
the direction of Mr. Wilson Bennison, architect and surveyor to the Council by an —
appropriate pavement in imitation of the old style cobble stones and bricks which
greatly adds to the antique appearance of the whole of the surroundings. Although
the buildings remain substantially as in last year, improved access and means of
communication with other parts of the Exhibition have been established.
The street is now illuminated at night by electricity, thus avoiding the necessity of
closing it at dusk, as was the case last year. Both arc and crystal glow lamps are
used ; of the former kind, five Mackie lamps of 2500 -candle-power each are so
arranged as to produce the picturesque effect of moonlight in the street and narrow
lane and alleys, while the shops and rooms upstairs are lit with 300 incandescent
lamps by Crompton & Co., from two dynamos supplied by a 45 -horse power
Wilkins’ high-speed engine.
Prince of Opposite to the gateway of Old London is the pavilion of H.R.H. the
Wales’ Prince of Wales, which has been completely decorated and furnished by
Pavilion. Messrs. Gillow & Co. The entrance-hall and adjoining alcoves are
decorated in the Egyptian style, with panels of Musharabyeh woodwork,
Oriental embroideries, carpets, metal work, and faience. The drawing-
room is of white woodwork, of the Early Style of Louis XIV. The
panels are painted on gold in shades of grey and blue, and the chairs
are covered in Royal Windsor tapestry. The dining-room is in
classical style, with niches and divans in colours. The adjoining room is
hung with Italian Mezzari, the floors are all laid in parquet, and covered
with Anglo-Persian carpets specially manufactured. Messrs. Gillow &
Co. have also kindly provided the furniture and fittings in the room set
apart for the accommodation of the Press. The Conservatory is deco-
rated with a very beautiful rockery and fernery, and with a dripping well
built by Messrs. Dick Radclyffe & Co. The rockery is lit up by hidden
electric lamps. The floor is in mosaic marble.
South
Between the Prince’s Pavilion and the “ Old London ” gateway is the
Central entrance to the South Central Gallery. Six of the smaller groups are
Gallery. provided for in this building. On the left-hand side as we go in, at the
extreme western end of the Gallery, is the department for furniture and
fancy goods. The furniture and decorations of the Royal Pavilion are
included in this group, and constitute the most extensive exhibit.
Furniture. There are also several examples of pieces of furniture ingeniously
contrived to meet special cases, also wall and floor coverings and
various systems of decoration, together with sundry fancy goods.
Jewelry.
The next group is Jewelry. In this department the largest exhibits
are by Messrs. Hancock & Co., and by the Goldsmith’s Alliance, who
show the manufacture of jewelry, also silver plate and precious stones.
The visitor should not fail to inspect the small case of jewelry exhibited
by Mr. Guiliano, which contains some of the most artistic specimens
of ornaments in gold and precious stones which have ever been brought
together. The collection comprises reproductions of Greek, Roman,
and Mediaeval necklets, bracelets, brooches, &c. ; also specimens of
open Arabesque work, in gold and enamel, and a method of cutting
stones in the natural forms of the crystals. Mr. E. Gray shows some
machinery used in the jewellers’ trade.
For Contents, see p. 3 ;

View of Gardens, p. 41 Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49
;
View of Old London, p. &6 ;

Index, p. 67; Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
International Inventions Exhibition. 5i
The kindred trade of watches and clocks is next illustrated. Many Watches
of the best known watch and clock makers show specimens of beauti- and
Glocks
fully made English time-pieces. There are also a few turret and -
chiming clocks.
Photography is illustrated in the next space. Here are shown numer- Photo-
ous examples of the latest forms of photographic apparatus, and of pro- graphy.
cesses, especially those based on the newly discovered properties of
gelatine emulsion (see also page 14). Mr. J. Swan, the inventor of
the incandescent lamp, which bears his name, is also great in this
department, and makes a very interesting show. The majority of
: visitors will probably be most interested by the processes for printing in
I
ink, from blocks prepared by photography. The results obtained by
I these methods are extremely beautiful, and all the details of the pro-
cesses are of great interest ; foremost amongst them may be cited the
Woodbury and the derived Stannotype processes.
Philosophical instruments and apparatus are shown in the adjoining Philo-
space. The collection includes microscopes, telescopes, barometers, *
thermometers, anemometers, spectroscopes, models of mechanism, ments
chemical apparatus, drawing and surveying instruments, calculating
machines, and electrical instruments, &c.
The last Group in the South Central Gallery is that of applied Chemistry,
chemistry (see also page n). Here are exhibited the manufactures
and industries, based upon the utilisation of the waste products of gas
works. One of the most important of these is the manufacture of
alizarine, which is exemplified by the British Alizarine Company. There
are also exhibited products prepared from paraffin and petroleum,
leather tanned by the bichromate process (see also page 12), improve-
ments in the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia and other artificial
manures, and various methods of manufacturing bicarbonate of soda
(see also page 11). The majority of visitors will probably be astonished
at the number of substances manufactured from the waste products of
gas works, as set forth in the large chart hung over the eastern doorway
of the Gallery.
From this end of the Gallery access is obtained to the Austrian Austria.
Court, which contains exhibits in various groups. The Austrian collec-
tion is, however, specially remarkable for the beauty of its pottery,
porcelain, and faience. It occupies the old Water Companies Pavilion,
and in the beauty and artistic effect of its exhibits offers a striking
contrast to the character of the rest of the Exhibition. The principal
exhibitor of ceramic ware is the firm of Wahliss, of Vienna. largeA
portion of the porcelain was made in Bohemia and hand-painted in
Vienna. Amongst other things worthy of special attention is a portion
of a dinner and tea service, in ivory tint and dark blue and gold, made
for the Crown Prince. The centres of the plates are decorated with
a monogram and royal crown. There is a good deal of bentwood
furniture exhibited, and some beautiful toilet tables inlaid with tiles,
also drawing-room cabinets inlaid with plaques. The visitor should not
omit to notice the collection of Austrian National Costumes, as shown
by coloured photographs.
After inspecting the Austrian Collection the visitor had better leave East
the Court by the way he came in, and cross over the South Central Central
Galleries
View of Old London, p. 56; Index, p. 67 Method of reaching Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
;
into the East Central Gallery, which is given over to Japan, Siam,
Switzerland, Germany, and various other foreign countries.
Japan. The Japanese Collection is, as has been usually the case in these
exhibitions, of great interest to Europeans, not merely on account of the
beautiful specimens of bronzes, porcelain, and other decorative objects
shown, but also because of the evidence given of the extremely rapid
progress which Japan is making in the arts of Western civilisation.
In the Japanese section there are exhibits in twenty-four out of the
thirty-four groups into which the Exhibition is divided. It will be a
surprise to many visitors to find improvements in modern fire-arms,
and complicated telegraph instruments included in the collection. The
show of specially Japanese goods, such as silks, porcelaines, bronzes,
lacquer work and fans is very representative.
Siam. To the North of Japan is the space allotted to Siam, which is
occupied by many curious musical instruments some of the cases
;
contain beautiful specimens of native textile fabrics. In between

the two countries is an interesting case of Indian jewelry, fabrics and
costumes. On the Western side are several pianofortes, and a specimen
of Mr. Bailie Hamilton’s Vocalion, which is a variety of the reed organ,
embodying several new improvements. To the North of Siam is the
Music music-room, in which recitals are given at intervals on various instru-
Room. ments shown in the Exhibition. The Western half of the East Central
Galleries is allotted to various foreign countries. Amongst the most
striking of objects shown in this section are the specimens of Venetian
glass shown by the Venice and San Murano Glass and Mosaic Company,
the hard glass railway chairs and other objects shown by Mr. F.
Siemens of Dresden, and the collection of majolica by Duvigneau
and Co., of Magdebourg. The Swiss section contains many beautiful
specimens of the watchmaker’s craft, and also mathematical instruments.
West The West Central Galleries are divided between the United States
Central of America and Russia, the Southern and Western portions being
Galleries.
reserv ed for the former country. On entering the gallery by the door
America, leading from the Central Avenue the first exhibit of importance which
Multiplex the visitor comes across is the Multiplex Telegraph System, invented
Telegraph,
py Delaney, of Boston. By means of this system are obtained
simultaneously over one wire 6 distinct “ Morse” circuits with a rapidity
of transmission determined only by the expertness of the operator or ;
12 similar circuits with a rate of transmission of above 20 words

per minute; or 36 messages are transmitted (by the use of the inventor’s
printing instruments); or 72 printed messages are similarly transmitted
at a rate equal to 100 messages during the ordinary business hours of
the day. With either the “Morse” or printing instruments these
messages may be sent all in one direction, or any number within the
limits named in either or both directions over a single wire at the same
time. Each circuit is independent and private, and it is impossible to
“tap” wires and interpret despatches in transit. Facsimile drawings in
fineness equal to the ordinary woodcut can be rapidly transmitted over
a single wire. The whole system is based upon the principle of having
a motor carrying a contact brush over a series of segments at each end
of the main line, and both motors working in absolute synchronism by
the action of an automatic corrector.
Close by will be found some most useful machines known as type- Type
writers, which are intended as substitutes for the ordinary process of Writers,
writing with pen and ink. One of these, the “ Columbia ” type-writer,
is the latest machine of this class. It is a model of simplicity and
neatness of arrangement, and is extremely portable and comparatively
inexpensive. It is claimed that an experienced hand can write by
means of it far faster than by hand. Ordinary press copies can be
taken, or if preferred any number of copies up to six can be made
simultaneously with the original impression by means of carbon paper.
The other instrument of this class exhibited is the Hall type-writer,
which is also a very excellent machine. Few people have any idea of
the extent to which type-writing is adopted in the United States.
Thousands of women earn their livelihood by means of these instruments.
The space at the end of this part of the Court is occupied by Waltham
the Waltham Watch Company, whose display is one of the most Watch
interesting in the entire Exhibition. The idea of making watches by
machinery is essentially American in its developments. So far back as ery
1850 a small factory was started at Roxbury, Massachussets, which was
removed four years later to Waltham, and has since grown into the
famous establishment with its five acres of floors and over three miles of
work-benches, which is represented by the model in the Exhibition.
The original stock capital of .£40,000 has increased to .£800,000, and
the number of hands has grown from 75 to 2500. During the last
eighteen months half a million of watches have been made, and the
working capacity of the factory will soon be 2000 watches a day. In
order to employ the hands in the finishing-rooms to advantage, it is
necessary to have at least 30,000 watches in progress. For many
portions of the work female operatives are employed on account of their
greater rapidity and delicacy of manipulation. The women get the
same wages as men for doing the same kind and amount of work.
The factory is divided into twenty-five departments, each under its own
foreman. The majority of the latter have been for about a quarter of
a century in the employ of the company. The number of distinct
operations required to produce a medium grade of keyless watch was
specially calculated for the “ Scientific American.” It reached the
surprising total of 3746 —
a number which is considerably exceeded for
some of the higher grades of watches. The great aim of the company
is to secure absolute interchangeability of parts. The various pieces of
the work are measured with extreme accuracy; for instance the jewel
holes are measured to be two ten-thousandths of an inch larger than the
pinions which work in them. The result of this extreme accuracy is
that should any part of a watch fail in actual use, a duplicate can be
supplied by post on receipt of the name of the part and the number of
the movement. All Waltham watches have “ going barrels ” instead
of fusees, which have long since been discarded as useless in every
country but England. They have invariably lever escapements and
quick trains, by which is meant that the watch beats 18,000 to the
hour against 16,200 times, which is the standard in this country. It
would be impossible to describe in detail even the principal operations
involved in watch making by machinery, but twelve of the most in-
teresting automatic machines may be seen at work in the Exhibition.
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, p, 67
; ;
They are as follows : a screwing tool, which makes 4000 screws per day.
A pinion-turning tool. dial A feet making machine. A tool for
drilling and inserting screws into the rims of compensation balances.
A lathe for turning the “ staffs ” of balances at the rate of 500 a day,
as against one per hour, which is all that can be accomplished by the
most expert hand labour. A
pinion leaf polishing machine. uni- A
versal lathe for repairing purposes. pinion leaf cutter. keylessA A
bevel wheel cutter. A
train wheel cutter. An escapement wheel
cutter, and a pinion staff polishing tool. It is worthy of note that all
the teeth of wheels are cut to a true cycloidal shape, thus ensuring
frictionless rolling contact in the wheel work of the watch. The
cutters and polishers of these tools are themselves kept true and in
perfect order by a machine specially invented to give the exact
cycloidal form. The gauging of the strength of hair springs may be
seen close to the office of the company. Each spring is tested and
provided with a balance wheel of a weight suitable to its strength.
Thus one of the most troublesome operations connected with the regu-
lation is accomplished before the watch is put together. In the
cases at the wall of the court are to be seen watches of the various
grades manufactured by the company, and sold at prices ranging from
£2 10s. to ^50. Close to the large engine at the North end of
the Court are two stands of considerable interest. One is occupied
by a weighing and packing machine, which is productive of great
economy of labour in large establishments. It is able to pack 18,000
parcels of one pound each per day. The space at the bottom is
occupied by the Troy Laundry Machinery Company. The magni-
Hicks, ficent Corliss engine by Messrs. Hicks, Hargreaves and Co., which
Hargraves drives the machinery in the American Court, should be inspected by all
& Co.’s engineers. It is in every way a credit to the Exhibition. It is pro-
ngme “ ”
’
vided with a small auxiliary or barring engine for starting, which
throws itself out of gear as soon as the main engine commences to
work.
Russia. In the Eastern section of this gallery is to be found the Russian
collection, which contains many objects of interest. Mr. Woerffel, of
St. Petersburg, whose exquisite bronze castings excited so much notice
last year, will be again well represented. There is an interesting collec-
tion of dress, jewelry and armour from the Caucasus, a magnificent case
of furs, and a very good show of pianos, and other musical instruments.
Cigarette making machinery is shown at one side of the Court, and
freshly made Russian cigarettes can here be purchased. The Russians
are celebrated for their enamels on silver, and there is a case exhibited
containing many beautiful objects of this description. At the South
end of the Russian Court there is a beautiful show by Messrs. Howell
and J ames of Roumanian embroideries.
Music. From the Russian Court the visitor can easily find his way to the
great Central Gallery running East and West, which is reserved for
the Musical Exhibition. Here he will find a collection of pianofortes,
organs, harmoniums and string and wind instruments, by nearly all the
best makers, such as has never before been equalled. To go into all
the peculiarities of the different instruments would be impossible, but
all novelties in construction and mechanism are open to inspection.
For Contents, see p. 3 ;

View of Gardens, p.41 Ground Plan, between pp, 48 and 49
;
View of Old London, p. 56 ;

Index, p. 67 ;
The leading modern improvements in musical instruments have been

already briefly described. (See p. 14.)
Before leaving the Central Gallery a few minutes should be spared Doulton &
to inspect the twelve beautiful tile panel decorations put up by Co.
Messrs. Doulton on the walls of this part of the Exhibition. Com-
mencing on the left-hand side these panels represent scenes from
the lives of the following inventors and musicians William Caxton,
:
Benjamin Franklin, James Watt, George Stephenson, Henry Purcell,

Mozart, Handel, Haydn, Richard Arkwright, Robert Peel, Louis
Daguerre and N. Niepce, and Michael Faraday.
It will be found convenient to keep the description of the Musical
Sections of the Exhibitions together, and for this reason the important collection
Loan Collection of musical instruments, manuscripts, &c., which is
housed in the upper gallery of the Albert Hall, will be here referred to.
The easiest means of access to the collection is by the large lift, which
plies continuously between the upper and lower galleries of the Hall. It
will be found convenient to commence with the three furnished rooms
which have been arranged by Mr. George Donaldson, and which are
intended to illustrate domestic musical life at three different epochs.
The first room, nearest to the great organ, belongs to the early
eighteenth centuiy. Both the furniture and the musical instruments
should be noted ; they include a quartett stand, —
a viol d’amore, —
viol da gamba, —
and a fine Llitchcock spinet.
The second room belongs to the Tudor epoch. It is hung with
splendid pieces of tapestry, and the floor is covered with a Persian car-
pet, which it would be difficult to match for beauty of design. Both
hangings and carpet are at least as old as the Tudor epoch. The
musical instruments contained in this room are a theorbo, a chitarrone,
an arpanetta, and Queen Elizabeth’s own virginal, beautifully decorated,
of Italian make, and bearing the Royal Arms. The virginal belongs to
the same family of instruments as the spinet and harpsichord, a family —
out of which has grown, by a process of continuous development, the
modern grand pianoforte.
The third room is in the Louis Seize style. In it are shown a harp of
beautiful shape, and a harpsichord belonging to Lord Powerscourt, and
painted by Van der Meulen. This instrument formerly belonged to
Marie Antoinette.
Passing out of the rooms into the gallery the visitor enters the collec-
tion of musical instruments. The first cases contain Mr. George
Donaldson’s very interesting collection, which includes a guitar that
belonged to Louis Seize when Dauphin, and another guitar with fleur-de-
lis pegs, which is said to have been the property of David Rizzio. We Alma Ta _
next come across Mr. Alma Tadema’s pianoforte, made by Messrs. Broad- dema's
wood, in the Byzantine style ; the instrument and seat, which is pianoforte,
included in the design, are decorated with inlays, ivory carvings, &c.
At the far end a silver panel, of great value, is let into the case of the
piano. It is by the Neapolitan sculptor, Amendola, and the subject is
the drowning of Orpheus. The lower side of the cover contains many
autographs of celebrated musicians who have played on this instrument.
The back of the seat is painted by Mr. Tadema, as is the little pianino
close by, which was also designed by this artist.
Tor Contents, see P. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
View of Old London, p. 56 Index, :>. t-~ JTethod of ror^Mr.s Exhibition, pp. 72-77.
; ;
Old Vio- We now come to what, to many musicians, will be the most interesting
lins. collection in the gallery, viz., the cases containing the fine old Italian
violins, violoncellos, &c. There is a certain interest which attaches itself
to this class of instrument which never can belong to any other, and
which based upon the fact that no modern makers have succeeded
is
in developing or changing the type of the best instruments of the

Cremona School, which remain, after nearly a century-and-a-half, the
very best violins that can be placed in the hands of the modern musician.
Collectors will have a rare chance while this Exhibition remains open
of making themselves thoroughly acquainted with the peculiarities of the
instruments of the old makers, for no such collection has ever before
been brought together. It contains no less than 150 fine violins, violon-
cellos, &c., of which twenty-five are by the celebrated Stradivarius, the
prince of violin makers.
English
A special feature has been made of the instruments of the old English
School of makers, who have hitherto been very much neglected, but many of their
Violin productions rival, and have been often sold as, fine specimens of Italian
Makers. make. Amongst the English makers may be mentioned Bernard Fendt,
of whose make a splendid violin is shown, —
Banks Forster Duke — —
—
Wamsley Betts, and five generations of Hills, one of whom of the fifth
generation has arranged the present collection. An interesting violin
of English make, by Urquhart, is shown. It was made in 1666, the year
of the great fire of London.
Brescian
The Italian collection arranged, as far as possible, chronologically.
is
School. The first cases contain instruments by the famous Brescian makers,
Gaspar di Salo, Maggini, and Zannetto, who lived as far back as the year
1500. These makers maybe called the fathers of modem violin making.
The instruments shown are nearly all tenors, which are of very fine tone.
It is a curious fact that the violins by these makers are not nearly so
good as their tenors.
Amati
The next cases contain specimens of the make of the Amati school.
School. The greatest of the Amati family is Nicholas, and one of his instruments
isshown which is the finest in existence. It is called the Alard, date
1645. There is also a very fine specimen of Antonius and Hieronymus

Amati, and several by Francesco and Joannes Baptista Ruggerius, both
pupils of this famous family. There are also four tenor Amatis shown,
one of which belongs to the Queen. Three of these instruments have
been reduced from their original size in recent times. The fourth, which
willbe easily recognised, retains its original size it is by Antonius and
:
Elieronymus. It is almost too large to be played, except between the

legs, after themanner of a violoncello.
Wenext come to the cream of the collection, the cases containing
Violins by instruments by Stradivarius and Guarnerius. So highly valued are these
Stradi- instruments, both by collectors and violinists, that a good violin in
varius
and Guar- the best style of either of these makers, and in perfect preservation, will
nerius. fetch the price of a thousand guineas. The first case contains violins by
Stradivarius, in excellent preservation, though not perhaps in the very
best model of this famous maker. The second case contains six instru-
ments by Stradivarius, which it would be difficult to match. The
latest violin, dated 1732, which in workmanship is as good as anything
he ever turned out, and is probably the best instrument known of its
View of Old London, p, 66; Index, p. 67 ; Method of reaohing Exhibition, pp, 72-77.
THE
"
OLD
LONDON
STREET
date, was made when the master had reached the age of eighty-three
years. The model is perhaps a little fuller than what is now reckoned
as his best type. Each of these instruments would fetch a thousand
guineas. There are not more than twenty violas by Stradivarius in
existence ; so this Exhibition is fortunate in showing two, and both
perfect specimens. Their dates of 1690 and 1721. The instruments
in this case show the three epochs of Stradivarius, viz. 1689, 1690
: —
1711, 1716 —
and 1721, 1732; the two of his grand period 1711, 1716,
are the finest in the entire collection. There is a third case containing
several interesting instruments by this maker, and then we come to
the collection of violins by the celebrated Guarnerius family, the greatest
of whom, Joseph Guarnerius del Jesu, was the only equal of Stradivarius.
There are seven fine violins by this maker shown, which are worth from
^700 to ^800 each.
Then comes a case belonging to the Venetian school, of whom Peter Venetian
Guarnerius, Sanctus Seraphino, and Montagnana were the most famous School,
makers. The best specimens of their make fetch from ^150 to ^200
a-piece. The handsome Sanctus Seraphino violoncello is known as the
“ beauty.”
Following on, the next case is chiefly remarkable for a violoncello made
for Charles IX. of France, by Andreas Amati. Then comes a small col-
lection of instruments of the Roman school by Techier and Guadagnini,
and next a case containing specimens of the Dutch and German schools,
including two unique Steiners and a violoncello by Rombouts, of the
Hague, “date 1720.
The last case, which will be particularly referred to, contains two violon-
cellos by Stradivarius, one of which belonged to the husband of the singer
Mora, who evidently took but little care of his instrument, which in
model, wood, and workmanship is a beautiful specimen. The other in-
strument was made for a Corfu nobleman, by whose family it was kept,
wrapped up in cotton wool, for a century ; hence its perfect state of pre-
servation. In this case are also contained two Bergonzi violins and a
cello.
After passing the violins we come to the collection of spinets,
harpsichords, old wind instruments, &c., which is undoubtedly the
most interesting and complete ever brought together. We first come
across the collection sent by the Conservatoire of Music of Brussels,
and which is so complete that it may almost be said to be a museum
•in itself. It fills several cases, which contain, amongst other things,
—
a fine Flemish spinet the Patavini spinet of the year 1550, exact —
—
copies of the Roman Cornu and Lituus a remarkably fine specimen
of an early upright grand pianoforte by Frederici of Gera, dated
—
1745, and a complete set of 16th century cromomes, the only set in
existence this instrument is almost unknown, even by name, except
:
for the Cremona stop on the organ, which takes its name from it. This
collection contains also a positive and portative organ, or Regal ; only
two specimens of this instrument are known to exist. With these latter
is exhibited M. Victor Mahillon’s Shudi harpsichord, which once be-
longed to the Empress Marie Theresa.

Close by is exhibited a claviorganum, a once not uncommon instru-
ment, with two rows of keys, which is a compound of organ and
; ;
5 § Official Guide to the International Inventions Exhibition.
Loan Col- harpsichord, and was made in London in 1745. The next remarkable
lection.
objects are, a double spinet by Hans Ruckers, belonging to Messrs.
Chappell, and the Maidstone clavichord, which is said to have belonged
to Handel. Close by is a curious-looking piano of anonymous make,
which belonged to the Irish Lady Morgan. In style and inlaying it
resembles the cabinets of the epoch. We next pass a Broadwood grand
piano, made for Mr. W. Graham, and painted by Mr. Burne Jones with
the Story of Orpheus and an Allegory of the Earth and her Children.
In the centre of the Gallery are two old Highland harps, resembling
the famous one in the museum of Trinity College, Dublin. They are
of the fifteenth 'century. One belonged to Mary Queen of Scots, and
was given by her to Beatrix Gardyne of Banchory. The other, which
k
is called the Larnont harp, was for a long time in the family of the
Robertsons of Lude. They are lent by Mr. Stewart of Dalguire.

We now come to an interesting collection lent by the Queen, and
which contains an Erara piano with old French paintings and a
Ruckers harpsichord from Windsor Castle, which Mr. A. J. Hipkins,
who is a great authority on musical instruments, and has had an im-
portant share in forming and arranging this collection, considers to have
been Handel’s, and the one described in his will ; also a case containing
the original scores, in Handel’s own handwriting, of the Messiah/ ‘
‘
Israel in Egypt,’ and other works.
Mnsieal The remainder of this gallery is given up to the splendid collection
Manu- of ancient musical manuscripts, treatises, scores and old printed musical
scripts, &c.
books, which is of great interest to antiquarians and musicians. It would
be impossible to describe in detail all the interesting objects contained
in this section, but a few of them may be mentioned, such as the Mainz
Psalter of the year 1457, lent by Lord Spencer, which is the first book
printed with music inserted by hand, and which is insured for ,£10,000.
A curiosity of composition is Tallis’ forty part song, the MS. score of
which is shown. Another interesting relic is a Gloria written in 1502
by Dr. Fayrfax for his degree. In one case are contained autographs
of Beethoven, Bach, Mozart, Haydn, Purcell, Wagner, Schuman, Cheru-
bini, Gounod, and other famous composers. The musical notation of
early times is illustrated by a manuscript of the eleventh century, written
in a series of symbols called Neumes. The collection contains also a
set of the musical treatises of Franchinus Gafforius, printed between 1480
and 1497 and lent by Lord Spencer, Mr. A. Lyttleton, and the Trustees
of Anderson’s College, Glasgow. The earliest example of printed music
in England is shown by a copy of Higden’s Polychronicon,’ printed
‘
by Wynkyn de Worde at Westminster in 1493. There are four treatises

on the organ, and three very early works on dancing by Curoso and
Negri ; also a splendid manuscript lent by Lord Ashburnham a ballad ;
written to English words on the death of Cardinal Wolsey, and a Mass

which was probably written for the coronation of Henry VIII.
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VI.—THE ELECTRIC LIGHT — THE GARDENS, AND

MUSICAL ARRANGEMENTS.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS MACHINERY FOR —
ELECTRIC LIGHTING THE GARDENS THE MUSICAL ARRANGEMENTS
TRAMWAYS.
One of the most remarkable features of this Exhibition is the thorough- Electric
ness with which the electric lighting arrangements have been carried
out. It may safely be stated that nothing on so large or so representa- in S and
g
tive a scale has ever before been brought together. As a comparison Grounds,
it may be mentioned that whereas in 1883 there were 252 arc and 2629
1
incandescent lamps, this year there will be 464 arcs and 5530 incande-
scent lamps, used in and about the buildings, in addition to the 18,000
incandescent lamps used in the gardens as a substitute for the small oil
lamps hitherto employed for the illuminations. The whole of the current Machinery
required for the gardens is supplied by Messrs. Siemens Brothers, but the fo F 1 ecr.
1® ^
.
lighting in the buildings is distributed amongst several firms as set forth u

^
in the annexed list, taken from the Official Catalogue (see pages 59, 60).
The whole of the power required to light the buildings is supplied by
Messrs. Davey, Paxrnan, & Co., whose engine-house is situated between
“ Old London ” and the South Gallery. This firm supplied the engine
and boiler power necessary for working the whole of the vast system of
electric lighting throughout the late Health and Fisheries Exhibitions. At
the Fisheries Exhibition about 1 000-PIP. was employed, at the Health
Exhibition about 1300-HP., and at the present Exhibition 2300-HP. in
steam is provided for. The power is greater than that of any display which
has yet taken place. The steam engines provided for this purpose are five
in number. The two largest engines are capable of developing 750-HP.
Nos. 1 and 2 engines are of the coupled horizontal type (same as fixed
for driving the electric light at the South Kensington Museum), and
provided with Paxman’s Patent Automatic Cut-off Gear, worked direct
from the governors, so as to ensure very steady and even running. The
advantage of this system is that only just sufficient steam required for
the duty is admitted to the cylinder at each stroke of the piston. This
is one of the very few automatic arrangements which work with regu-
larity and certainty. The cylinders are steam jacketed. It may be

mentioned that one of the large driving bands on one of the engines
suddenly broke when the engine was transmitting about 350-HP., but
—
the excellence of the automatic gear even in this extreme case pre- —
vented the engine from over-running. No. 3 engine is of the compound
receiver type, indicating 200-HP. It is fitted with Paxman’s Automatic
Gear as above described. The cranks are at right angles, and accurately
balanced. With condensers and good generators, this engine will work
with less than 2 lbs. of coal per indicated horse-power per hour, and
run very smoothly and with great steadiness. No. 4 engine is of the
semi-fixed compound type, of 140 indicated HP., and is precisely the
same as No. 3 above described, but with locomotive boiler placed above
Machinery the engine. At the Health Exhibition this engine, although without
for Elec-
condenser, ran constantly with 2 1 lbs. of fuel per indicated horse-power
tric Light-
ing. per hour. No. 5 engine is a double cylinder semi-fixed steam boiler.
A battery of eight large boilers, of the locomotive type, is fixed between
the two large coupled engines for supplying them, as also some high
speed engines, with steam. There is also a second battery of six
boilers on the west side. The whole of these are made to work at
100-lbs. steam pressure. The fire-boxes are of mild steel. Altogether
nearly 2300-HP. in boilers are provided for. Receivers, 16-in. diameter,
have been placed along the top of the two batteries of boilers.
The The Gardens, with their innumerable electric lights, are a spectacle
Gardens. which has never yet been rivalled, and will undoubtedly prove to be
the great popular attraction to the Exhibition.
The principal lines of the Conservatory, band-stands, Albert Statue
quadrants, and tire buildings on the east and west sides of the gardens
are picked out with lines of light, as also are the chief features of the
garden, such as the balustrading, terrace lines and flower beds, while
the trees and shrubs are profusely sprinkled with richly-coloured lamps.
The whole of this work has been undertaken by Messrs. Siemens
Brothers, under the direction of Sir Francis Bolton. The number of
incandescent lamps used is about 10,000, and the necessary current is
derived from three Siemens’ dynamos coupled parallel, each of which
is capable of producing a current of 450 amperes at a potential of
250 volts. This being the largest output ever obtained from a single
machine. The dynamos are each directly driven by a Goodfellow and
Matthews 6 cylinder compound engine of 200 indicated horse-power.
In addition to the Upper Gardens, many other portions of the
grounds are well worthy of a visit. The Central Avenue is beautifully
planted with rhododendrons. The garden adjoining the North Court
of the South Gallery is well laid out, and contains two out-door cafe's,
which are much frequented. In the bit of ground to the north of Old
London, Mr. Lockhart has a very popular cocoa and coffee house. To
South the south of the Great Southern Gallery is a long stretch of ground
Parade. occupied by many interesting exhibits. Towards the eastern end Mr.
Williamson has an oyster bar. Close by are many samples of green-
houses, conservatories, and methods of glazing without putty. A
full-sized model in wood of a cast-steel stern-post with brackets for
twin screws, all in one piece, is a splendid sample of the work which
can now be executed by Messrs. Jessop. (See also p. 33.)
Tram- In this part of the grounds are also to be seen two very interesting
ways. tramways, in one of which the car is driven by compressed air, and in
the other by electricity. The former is exhibited by the British
Mekar- Mdkarski Improved Air Engines Co., Limited. A
short description of
ski’sAir the method of working the car may be found interesting.
Engine.
By means of engines and pumps atmospheric air is compressed into
reservoirs to 450 lbs. on the square inch. From these the air is, when
the car is coupled up to the charging-pipes, allowed to pass into
smaller reservoirs, which are carried underneath the car-body. When
these are charged with atmospheric air to the necessary pressure, the
charging-pipes are disconnected, and the car is ready to commence its
i'or Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardens, p. 41; Ground Plan, between pp. 18 and 19;
View ol Old London, p. £»o
;
Index, P. t>7; Method of reaching nxnxbition, pp. 72-77.
journey. To the driving-wheels of the car ordinary working cylinders

of 5! inches diameter by 10 inches stroke are connected, and through
these cylinders the compressed air from the reservoirs is used. The
principal feature of the system is that the air in passing from the reservoirs
to the cylinders bubbles through boiling water, and steam of 60 lbs.
”
pressure on the square inch, contained in a vessel called a “ hot-pot
this vessel being charged at the pumping station during the time occupied
in filling the car reservoirs with compressed air. The advantages
claimed in thus using the air are that the heat which the air takes up in
passing through the hot water, not only causes the air to expand, but
prevents the formation of snow in the cylinders and at the exhaust.
The moisture also picked up by the air in its passage through the water
acts as a lubricant for the slide valves and pistons.
The working pressure varies from 120 lbs. down to 50 lbs. on the
square inch, the variation being regulated by a valve of peculiar con-
struction. One of the “ hot-pots,” with its regulating valve upon it, has
been placed at each end of the car, and means for ingress and egress of
passengers has been provided ; so that when the end of the journey is
reached, the driver takes his reversing handle, and the wheel of the
regulating valve, to the opposite end of the car with him, and the
conductor changes ends as in the ordinary horse-car.
Among the many requirements of the Board of Trade is one
that there shall be provided upon the car a governor, which shall,
when the car exceeds a speed of 10 miles an hour, not only cut off the
steam, or rather the air, from the engines working it, but shall put on
the brakes. An apparatus fulfilling these requirements has been fitted,
and it works most satisfactorily.
The electric tramcar is one of ten now being constructed for the Electric
Electric Tramway Company of Blackpool. It is worked in the fol- Tramcar.
lowing manner. An underground channel is constructed in the centre
of the track, having a narrow slit or opening in its surface, so that com-
munication can be made between the electric motor on the car and
electric conductors within the channel. Two conductors are employed;
first, that they may be hidden under either side of the surface, and so
be protected from injury by any substance falling through the slit in the
surface of the channel ; and secondly, to make it possible to deal
with points, loops, and crossings. The current returns by means of
the rails, which are electrically connected one with the other. Com-
munication is made with the cars by means of a collector, which runs
upon the copper conductors within the channel. Insulated copper
bands, protected by steel plates, pass through the slit and are attached
by a flexible metallic cord to an electrical terminal underneath the car,
so that when the car moves the collector is drawn along with sufficient
force to clear away any ordinary obstruction ; but, should an absolute
block occur, then a special clip releases the collector and a breakage is
avoided. From the terminal underneath the car the current passes to
the switch-box, when the quantity and direction of the electricity passing
to the motor is regulated, and thereby the speed and direction of the
car is controlled. From the motor the current passes by way of adjust-
able clips to the axles and by them through the wheels to the rails and
back to the station where the electricity is generated.
For Contents, see p. 3; View of Gardons, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
; ;
Musical The musical arrangements have been very carefully thought out, and
Arrange- a great treat has been provided for Londoners in Strauss’ famous
ments.
orchestra of 45 performers, which has been specially engaged to
come from Vienna and to remain in London for two months, from
June 3rd. The full band and trumpet corps of the Pomeranian
(Bliicher) Hussars will also, by special permission of the Emperor of
Germany, visit the Exhibition during the month of June. In addition
to the above, the bands of the three Guards’ Regiments, of the two
Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards, —
the Royal Artillery, the —
— —
Horse Artillery, the Engineers Marines, and the Royal Irish Con-
stabulary will give concerts during the season. The bands will perform
twice daily, viz. in the afternoon and evening ; during fine weather in
the grounds, and when wet in the Albert Hall.
The electrically illuminated fountains this year have been con-
siderably augmented and improved. The effects produced by the
various coloured beams of powerful arc lamps, thrown upon the jets and
sprays of the fountain are produced by an elaborate combination of
appliances, which are well worth a short description. The whole
arrangement is controlled from a small room in the clock-tower, com-
manding a bird’s eye view of the grounds. On a small bench beneath
the window is an instrument resembling the key -board of an harmonium,
having 3 tiers of keys for giving by means of electrical connections the
necessary directions to the men stationed in a chamber constructed in the
basin immediately under the principal fountain jets. A second key-
board furnishes the means of automatically controlling the lights
in the various parts of the grounds, which can be put on or off,
raised or lowered, at the will of the operator. Several improvements
have been made since last year in the fountain basin. A second
wall has been built round the centre island above the outer water level
this produces a cascade, the water from the centre fountain jets flowing
over it from the higher to the lower level. Seven small islands have
also been constructed in the basin, each surmounted by ornamental
rockwork and a fountain jet. These islands each contain a powerful
arc lamp, and various glass slides, so arranged as to throw their beams
upon the centre fountains ; the whole being worked by an ingenious
arrangement from the centre island. On the west side of the fountain
is a small rustic house, from which access to the centre island is
obtained by means of a subway. The interior of the island contains
a perfect labyrinth of water mains with their various valves and five
large arc lamps, so arranged as to throw their beams vertically through
glasses let into the roof immediately under the five principal jets,
each lamp being provided with five glass slides of various colours,
which can be instantly interposed between the lamp and the glass in
the roof. Ranged along one side are the various indicators worked
from the clock-tower ; a man seated in front of these reads off the
various signals and passes the word to the men operating the valves,
lamps and coloured glasses. Eight men are necessary in order to read
the signals, attend to the valves, and the five lamps, to shift the colours,
to work the communications with the seven small island lamps, and
to reply to the telephone.
For Contents, soo P. 3; Viow of Gardens, p.41; Ground Plan, between pp. 48 and 49;
; ;
ADVERTISEMENTS. 65
THE "P BC" PRIMARY B ATTERY.

The following are the Advantages of this Battery
1
:
! IT IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND POWERFUL IN THE MARKET.

NO STRONG ACIDS OR DESTRUCTIVE CHEMICALS ARE USED.
NO DISAGREEABLE OR INJURIOUS FUMES ARE GIVEN OFF.
Works for long periods without recharging.
EASILY, QUICKLY, and INEXPENSIVELY RENEWED WITHOUT DIRT or MESS.
An allowance is made for the waste products when returned, thus greatly reducing the cost of working.
IT IS COMPACT LIGHT. AND

I It is very durable, and having little or no local action, there is no material
consumed when the Battery is not at work, and there is no necessity for
removing the plates from the solution.
THE CJ'O'IEtltlSia'T
THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE
IS
IS
CONSTANT.
VERY LOW.
It Is admirably adapted to the independent lighting of houses by Electricity, it having been designed to supply
the long-felt want of a cheap easily-managed Generator for comparatively small Electric Light Installations
I (including moveable ones such as those in Trains, and Goats, or for driving a motor in Launches'), and working
I sewing Machines, Dental and other Lathes, Fans, small Blast Furnaces, Fret and other Saw Tables, l'rlcycles, &c.
TASLE LAMPS, LIGHTING MINES, SPECIAL FORMS ARE MADE FOR
Telegraph and Telephone Purposes.

POCKET BATTERIES FOR PIN AND JEWEL LAMPS.
BATTERY BOXE S, TERMIN ALS, LAMPS, FITTINGS, BELL S, ETC., SUPPLIED.
Apply for further information to —
THE PRIMARY BATTERY CO., Limited,
12, PRINCES STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, W,
And at the Exhibits, Nos. 1307 and 1309, East Arcade, Group 13, where the
various forms can be seen at work.
THE
GREATEST LABOUR-SAVING INVENTION

OF THIS ERA IS THAT OF THE
SEWING MACHINE BY
ELIAS HOWE,
Whose Machines in the latest forms and with all the
recent improvements are made solely by
THE HOWE MACHINE CO. Ld.

AT THEIR FACTORIES,
BRIDGETON— GLASGOW.
For Exhibits, see Stand No. 1636, Section XVIII,
East Quadrant.
London Depot Show and Sales Booms 46 & 48, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
:
SPEED WITH SECURITY

BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES ! !
THE HOWE MACHINE COMPANY, LIMITED,
Manufacture the most EXACT, the CHEAPEST, and the BEST.
For Exhibits, see Stand No. 804, Section VI., Queen’s Gate Annexe.
London Depot Show and Sales Rooms 46 & 48, Queen Victoria Street,
:
E.C.
66 ADVERTISEMENTS.
The finest,
The finest,
best, and most best, and most
delicious Toi- delicious Toi-
let Soap in the
let Soap in the
World. World.
See the Lancet %
Dr. THOMAS
Simpson, Glas-
British Medical
gow, writes: “I
—
Journal, Health , nave used the
and other Jour- soap you sent me,
and can give it
nals on the value
unqualifieclp raise.
of Hamamelis for Hamamelis Vir-
the Skin. ginia has been
used in Homoeo-
pathic practice
“The Hama* for twenty years,
melis Toilet Soap so that it is not
an untried reme-
has, in addition proved
dy, having
to its invaluable of incalculable
healing qualities, value in many
a delicious fra-
Ilia disorders of the
skin, especially
grance quite My f-T- i 1
,p cilpi irol wV/'i f *
in varicose states,
unique, and when etc., etc.,and you
have met a long-
once used will be
felt want in bring-
found absolutely ing it more pro-
indispensable to minently into

the toilet.”— public notice.”
Court Jour?ial. See the Lancet

British Medical
" There is no Journal, Health,
and other Jour-
more delightful nals on the value
toilet soap in ex- of Hamamelis for
istence, and Ham- the Skin.
amelis only needs Sole Proprietors and Makers': - Numerous other
James Alexander Medical autho-
to be used once Vfc Co., Pure Toilet Soap
rities (too numer-
to find a perman- and Perfumery Works, Lambeth, S.E., ous to mention )
ent home in every . ancl Paris, 23l,
.
Rue St. flonore. . unite in com-
house.” — Court mending Hama-
melis for the
Circular. Skin.
Plain Is. 6d., Wrapped and Perfumed 2s. 6d. per ±Sox of Three Tablets. Stand No. 1447. Group 14.
PAGET AND SON,

48, 49, 50, ALDERSGATE STREET, LONDON, and
BASINGSTOKE, HANTS.
Manufacturers of
TENTS.
BOATING. S
WnWWm,
/PAetfrressMy
~-/-r£.<s<7A'f / Atm
seAJOTAS /
BATHING.
FISHING.
SHOOTING.
CRICKET.
CAMPING,
AND FOR
EMIGRANTS.
MARQUEES ON SALE OR HIRE
For HORTICULTURAL and AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.
BALLS, WEDDINGS, BAZAARS. FLAGS, BANNERS, ETC.
GENERAL INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Admiralty
Aeronautics ....
Agricultural Machinery
• 32
23
9
East Annexe
East Arcade
,, Gallery
.... .
.
46
4I
42
Agriculture and Horticulture . 6 Educational Apparatus . . 14
America
Ammunition
....
Alterations in Buildings 17
52
21
Electricity ....
Electrical Power Storage Co.
Electric Lighting . .
•
10, 44, 59
9 44
,
45
Anglo-American Brush Co.
Aquarium ....
Applied Chemistry
.
11, 5i
45
34
Grounds
Motors
Electric
....
Electric Lighting of Buildings and
61,
.
64
10
Armstrong Guns . 23 Electric Trams • 63
Austria ....
Arrangement of Groups. 18
5 i
Electro-metallurgy
Engines ....
Elements of Machines .
.
.
9
2S
10
Basic Process of making Steel from Engines and Boilers 27, 36

phosphoric pig
Bessemer Steel
.
Best way of visiting the Buildings

25
25
19
tecture
Entrances
....
Engineering Construction and Arcl li-
.... .
6, 24
19
Bicycles and Tricycles . 34 Executive Council . 16
Brakes ....
Bird’s-eye view of Buildings .
Brass Instruments.
17
28
15
Filters .... •
Fire-arms and Military equipment 12, 21

34
Breech-loading Guns, Rifles, &c. 22 Fish Culture • 35
Cab Fares
Carriages
....
.... 74
34
Fleuss’ Breathing Dress.
Food .....
Flutes and Reed Instruments .
.
.
27
14
12
Chemistry ....
Channel Tunnel
.....
. 24
5 i Fountains ....
Foreign Countries .
.
18
64
China
Classification of Exhibits 5
42
Furniture ....
Fuel and Furnaces 11, 41
12, 50
Clothing ....
Clocks and Watches .
Clowes, W., & Sons, Limited

. 14, 5 L
53
12, 41
20
Galloway Engines and Boilers
Galvanic Batteries
27, 39
10, 45
Club Dining Room 41 Gardens and Bands . .15, 62, 64
Coloured Ground Plan . 48 Gas and other Illuminants 11, 42
Compound Locomotives 27 Gas Engines 28, 30
Corrugated Furnace Flues 30 Glass and Pottery. 12, 41
Cremona Violins . 56 Gold and Silver Amalgamators 26
.
Cutlery and Ironmongery 12, 41 Guns 12, 21
Decorations in Central Gallery 55 Hat Making . 41

Dining and Refreshment Rooms 18, 31 Heavy Guns 12, 21
Domestic Motor
Door Mats .... . .
.
37
40
Hydraulic Machinery .
Hydro-pneumatic Gun-carriage
9 37
,
23
....
.
Duval Dining Room • 20

Dynamos 4i ‘Illustrated London News’
and Graphic
*
’
44
....
.
East and West Central Gal- India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha . 12

LERIES 5 L 52 Index to Advertisers • 77
East Central Galleries .
5 i Instruments (Electric) . . II
68 Index.
Japan
Jewelry
....
.... •
PAGE
52
12, 50
Queen’s Gate Annexe • •
PAGK
32
Leather
Life-boats
....
.... 12, 51
• 33
Railway Facilities, &c.
Railway Brakes .
Railway Plant
72,
.
.
7,
.
73
28
27
Limitations to scope of Inventions Refreshment Pavilion and Tern-
Exhibition 5 perance Refreshment Rooms • 4i
Loan Collection . 15 . 55 Road Carriages, Bicycles and Tri-
Locomotives . 27 cycles • 7
Royal Engineers . . 21
Machine Guns . • 23 Royal Gunpowder Factory . 22
,, Tools .
9, 3b Rudder Propeller • 33
Machinery for Electric Lighting . 61 Russia. • 54
Maxim Gun. • 23
Metallurgy ....
Mekarski’s Air Engine .
Military and Sporting Weapons .

.
6,
62
25
21
Safety Lamps
Siam '"....
Sheaf-binders
. .
•
27
24
52
Milling Machinery • 36 Small- Arms. 22
13,
Miner’s Safety Lamps . • 27 South Central Gallery . •
5o
Mining and Metallurgy . 6, 25 South Gallery . 21
Mining Machinery . 26 South Parade . 62
Models of Ships . 32 Spiers & Pond 3i
.....
•
•
Moncrieff Gun Carriage. • 23 Stability Balance . • 33

Music 14, 64 Steel Castings 62
33,
Music Room . . . • 52 Swan Lamps • 44
Musical Arrangements . . 64
Musical Exhibition , .5, 54 55 .
Telegraphs and Telephones . 11
Musical Instruments . .14, 54 , 55
Textile Fabrics 9, 40
Musical Manuscripts • 58 Torpedo Service . • 23
Torpedoes . 13, 23
National Training School of
Toys and Games 14, 41
Cookery .31
. . .
Tramways .
.
. 62
Naval Architecture . 7> 32
.
Tramway Engine . . 28
Newhaven Harbour . . . 25 Trepanning Bar 21
. .
Type Writers 52
Old London Street . . 15, 46
•
Omnibus and Tram Car facilities 76, 77
tions .....
Origin of the Exhibition of Inven-
5
Valve-Gearing
Vestibule
Violins
•
•
30
19
56
Paper and Printing . 1
3 > 43
Philosophical Instruments 14, 5 i Waltham Watches • 53
Photography 14, 5i Watches and Clocks H, 5L 53
Primary Batteries 10, 45 Water Motor . 28
Prime Movers, and means of dis- West Central Galleries . • 52
tributing their power 6,
. 28 West Refreshment Pavilion . 41
Principal Entrance . 19 Western Buildings • 3b
Prince of Wales’ Pavilion 5° Wood- working Machinery • 3b
Printing, Paper and Bookbinding 13, 43 Woolwich Guns . • . 21
advertisements. 69
190 & 192, EDGWARE ROAD, W.,

Five Minutes from the Marble Arch.
NEW TIME CLOTHING STORES,
SUPPLY RETAIL to the Public every description of Men’s,

Boys’, and Children’s Clothing at FACTORY PRICES.
The Goods ON THE PREMISES
are manufactured
by the NEWEST INVENTIONS IN MACHINERY, on
the Division of Labour principle, securing thereby the
Highest Efficiency at the Lowest Cost,
The FACTORY is always open to inspection, and
the Manager will he pleased to explain to Visitors the
various processes of production, without any importunity
to purchase,
BOOK OF STYLES and COMPLETE PRICE LIST

forwarded Free on application,
A Special Department for Orders by Post.
Cheques and P. 0. Orders payable to J. EMMERSON, Manager.
One Minute from Edgware Road Station, Metropolitan Railway.
190 & 192, EDGWARE ROAD, W

70 ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE CELESTINA!!!
The Celestina is an entirely New Automatic Musical Instru-

ment, which surpasses anything of the kind ever placed before the public for
either Sacred or Secular Music, and may well he described as a real
MUSICAL WONDER,
The Celestina plays thousands of tunes, indeed there is no limit
to the number.
Any one, even a child, can play it, although without musical knowledge.
It affords an excellent accompaniment for Singing ; and is eminently
adapted for Dancing.
It has important advantages which render it far superior to other Mechanical
Musical Instruments.
1st. The Music Rolls are so small and compact, that if necessary
they can be carried in the pocket without inconvenience.
2nd. The Price of the Music is less than one-third that of any
other instrument of equal capacity.
3rd. The Tone Enchants every one who hears it, being rich, round,
mellow, and powerful as a First-Class Parlour Organ.
The Celestina is well adapted for Mission Hails, small Churches,
Yachts, Pleasure Parties, Dancing Saloons ;
or to make Home
bright and happy.
See it, hear it, an l you will bo delighted.
Price, including Packing Box and One Roll of Music , £0 6s. May be had on Easy
Terms, or Discount allowed for Cash.
GEOEGE WHIGHT & Co., 143, Holborn Bars, London, E.C.

(Comer of Brooke Street), and at
International Inventions Exhibition, East Central Gallery, Group XXXII.,

Stand 3071.
Y -Hi XV A A kJ Ali ITA lid -Li JLO. 7*
V ISITORS Laundry
inspect
selection of
to the International Inventions Exhibition are respectfully invited to
our London Show Rooms,
Machinery and
which contain a most comprehensive
Dairy Appliances as exhibited by us (with
important additions) at the International Health Exhibition in 1884, and for which
Two Gold Medals and Two Bronze Medals were then awarded to us.
THOMAS BRADFORD & CO.
Bradford’s Patent Washing Machinery and Laundry Fittings

for domestic use, and also for Publie Institutions and Public
Laundries, are universally recognised as the best that are made ;
see new Vowel Testimony ”

Illustrated Catalogue, also “
containing the opinions and experience of some
^ ,x,>^500 users of Bradford’s Patent “ Vowel ”
Z)'
^Washing, Wringing, and Mangling
Machines.
$ fa
BRADFORD’S Patent
“ Diaphragm ” Churns,
“ Albany ” Butter Workers,
and
Revolving-Disc Milk Pan Stands are
highly recommended by a largo number of users,
and also by the principal writers and lecturers on “ The
Daily.” Awarded Gold Medal, and Silver Medal
Dublin, 1884. New Illustrated Catalogue Free by post.
ESTjABLISHBD 1SS2.
AND
CONTRACTOR
HOME AND /Was invented in 1852.
FOREIGN .
30/ Over 15,000 sold.
GOVERN-/ V/ These PUMPS were
MENTS./ selected by the Contractors
/for
the
The above PUNCHING 1

Different Patterns
/
SHEARING MACHINES ai
to be seen at work in all the T^Vv/
/
these 1,
are
to h® seen at work in
PUMPS
principal ^*^/ / the Exhibition, viz., at
DOCK AND SHIP /
/Messrs. W. & J. GALLOWAY
& SONS’, Western Annexe.
YARDS ^/Mr. SEELEY ALLIN’S Exhibit,
At HOME and /i$S> / Group South Gallery, Middle 4, Crt.
ABROAD. />*>'/ Messrs. 1H0MAS DOCWEA & Co’s

Exhibit, near Princess
. Pavilion,
/ outside South Gallery.
OLDFIELD ROAD IRON WORKS, SALFORD, MANCHESTER
7™™""
Agents for London and District
-
:
—PRICE *
& BELSHAM, 52,
-
Queen Victoria St„ E.O,

72 Official Guide te the
International Inventions Exhibition ,
73
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CAB FARE S TO OR FROM THE
EXHIBITION ROAD ENTRANCE.

M. YDS YDS
Alpha Road .Alpha . Place, St. John’s Wood 2 549 Hammersmith North End, Edith Road 278
Baker Street Marylebo-ne Road 2 326 Hanover S iuare 428
Bank of England Threadneodle Street 4 260 Harlev street Devonshire Street, Marylebone 772
Baslnghall Street Bankruptcy Court 4 289 Herne Hill The Half Moon 182-8
Battersea Bridge Beaufort Street 1 850 Holborn Southampton Street 1500
Battersea .St. Mary's Church, Church Road
. . 2 61 Holborn Circus 784
Battersea Park . . Clielsea Suspension Bridge 1 1597
Bay-swater Queen’s Road, l’orchester Gardens 1 1504 HOSPITALS
Bedford Square Bloomsbury 2 1444 Bethlehem Lambeth Road 608
Belgrave Square 1 227 Charing Cross Agar Street, Strand 848
Berkeley Square ••••••• 1 1437 Consumption • • • Fulham Road, Brompton 1395
Bethnal Green St. John’s Church, Cambdg.Rd. 6 114 German Alma Road, Dalston 1646
Bishopsgate Street Houndsditch 4 937 Great Northern Caledonian Road 752
Blackfriars Road Charlotte Street 3 849 Guy’s St. Thomas’s Street, Borough 518
Bloomsbury Square 2 1643 King's College Lincoln’s Inn Fields 1003
Boltons, Tne (N.W. Corner) West Brompton 1 185 Lock Harrow Road 325
Bond Street Oxford Street 2 140 Lock Dean Street, Soho 816
Bond Street Piccadilly 1 1280 London Whitechapel Road 783
Borough High Street • • St. George's Church 3 1750 London Fever.. Liverpool Road, Islington 1207
Brecknook Road Camden Road 4 1169 Lying-in Endell Street, Long Acre 1046
Brixton St. Matthew's Church, Brixton Road 4 1689 Lying-in, General •• York Road, Lambeth 1561
Broad Street High St., St. Giles’s, Bloomsbury 2 1026 Lying-in, London City Road 1296
Brompton Hans Place, Elizabeth Street — 1605 Lying-in, Queen's Marylebone Road 1446
Brunswick Square St. Pancras 3 815 Middlesex Charles • • Street, Fitzroy Square 1074
Bryanston Square Marylebone 1 1396 Royal Free Gray’s Inn Road 1289
Cadogan Place Pout Street 1 180 St. Bartholomew’s West Smithfield 1283
Camberwell Road The Red Lion 4 881 St. George’s Hyde Park Corner 180
Camberwell Green High street 4 864 St. Luke’s Old Street, City Road 1133
Camden Town .Mother Red Cap, High Street
- 3 1355 St. Mary’s Cambridge Place, Paddington
• • • 995
Camden Town. .Cobden Statue, High Street
• 3 1171 St. Thomas's Westminster Bridge 1296
Cavendish Square Marylebone 2 411 University Gower Pancras
Street, St. 71
Chancery Lane Holborn 3 308 Westminster Broad Sanctuary 609
Charing Cross The Statue 2 650
Cheapside Wood Street 3 1688 Hyde Park Corner The Lamp Post 140
Chelsea Hospital ChapelEutrance Queen’sRd. 1 592 Hyde Park Victoria Gate, Uxbridge Road
. . . . 1710
Chester Square Tue Church 1 850 Islington The Angel 604
Christ’s Hospital Newgate Street 3 1212 Judd street Euston Road 1161
Clapham Common The Plough, High street
• 4 3 KenningtonPk.Rd. & Clapham Itds. Brixton 973
Clapham Common S.E. Corner, Balham IlillRd. 4 708 Kennington Road Kennington Lane 890
Clapham Park ..Clarence Road, King's Road 4 1213 Kensington The Church, High Street 1480
Clarendon Square Somers Town 3 1225 Kensington Rd., Kensington Cr es. (Centre) 1080
Olerkenwell Ho. of Correction, Cobham Row 3 1085 Kilburn Park Hoad, Edgware Road 233
Clerkeuwell Green Sessions House 3 1567 King’s Cross 1396
Coal Exchange Lower Thames Street 4 747 King’s Road .Chelsea, The Man in the Moon
• 665
Commercial Docks Plough Bridge 6 1227 king’s Road Chelsea, Robert Street 16
Commercial Road East Canal Bridge 6 930 Knightsbridge Sloane Street 1288
Corn Exchange Mark Lane 4 965 Ladoroke Grove John’s Church
St. 1674
Covent Garden Market Russell street 2 1043 Lambeth Bridge Mlllbank Street 995
CnmberlandTerraoe, centre of.Regent’sPk. S 460 Lambeth Baths • • Westminster Bridge Road 26
Custom House Lower Thames Street 4 865 Lambeth Palace 1396
Dorset Square Marylebone 2 229 Leadenhall Street Lime Street 739
Downing street Treasury Passage 2 1040 Lincoln’s Inn Serle Street 36
Eaton Square The Church 1 655 Lisson Grove Marylebone Road 1551
Ebury Bridge Buckingham Palace Road 1 1122 Lombard Street Birchin Lane 384
Eccleston Square Pimlico 1 1422 London Bridge Adelaide Place, City 649
Edgware Road Marylebone Road 1 1109 London Docks Upper East Smithfield 103
Elephant and Castle Newington S 1198 Long Acre St. Martin’s Lane 608
Euston Road Tottenham Court Road 3 20 Loughborough Road Cold Harbour Lane • • 1693
Euston Square St. Pancras 3 464 Lower Wandsworth Road ..Queen’s Road 650
insbury Square City Road 4 1207 Lowndes Square Knightsbridge 1455
fitzroy Square St. Pancras 2 1463 Ludgate Circus -City 719
Fleet Street F etter Lane 3 350 Maida Hill Aberdeen Place, Edgware Road
. . 397
Fulham Road
Gloucester Square
Stamford Bridge
Paddingten
1
I
1220
1255
464
Manchester Square
Mansion House
Marble Arch
Marylebone
• • •
Oxford Street
— City
1652
160
976
Golden Square St. James’s 2 189 Marylebone Road . . .St. Marylebone Church 723
Gray’s Inn Gate Holborn 3 386 Marylebone Road Albany Street 1314
1 483 Metropolitan Cattle Market .S.E. Comer - 103
1 1471 Mile End Road Cambridge Road 1103
1 1298 Mile End Road Bancroft's Hospital 623
Guildhall City 4 213 Mint Tower Hill 1603
Haokney Well Street, Mare 5 6 1311 Montagu Square Marylebone 1528
HamiltonTerrace A bercomPl.Bt. John’s Wd. 2 1477 Notting Hill Pembridge Square 1065
M. YDS. TD8.
l 1283 Sloane Square Chelsea 342
l 698 3mithfield Meat Market, West Entrance 1216
3 758 Soho Square 885
3 951 Somerset House Strand 1413
Old Broad Street- 4 6S0 Southwark Bridge Queen Street Place 164
S 788 South wick Crescent • St. John's Church • • •
646
1240 1639
Spitalfields . Christ Church, Church Street
. .
886 King John Street 446
1
Stepney Green
2 594 The Swan, Clapham Road 1611
StOCkwell
2 1064 48
Stoke Newington Road .Wellington Road •
1 1517 Wellington Street 1282

Strand
2 52 St. Clement Danes Church 1725
Strand
1 769 St. Pancras 625
Tavistock Square
2 1152 167
Temple Bar Fleet Street
2 1152
5 877
4 1322 THEATRES, Places of Amusement, &c.
844 Adelphi Theatre Strand >67
1
87 Agricultural Hall Upper Street, Islington 956
2 430
Pimlico- - Army Clothing Depot, Grosvenor Rd. 2 802 Albert Hall Kensington Road
857 Alhambra Leicester Square 416
2
Portman Square Marylebone 1328 Astley’s Theatre Westminster liridge ltd. 1412
1
Post Office St. Martin ’s-le-G rand 1517 Botamic Gardens Regent’s Park 1185
3
Queen’s Square Westminster 2 334 British Museum Gt.RussellSt., Bloomsbury 1468
Court Theatre Sloane Square, Chelsea 448
KAILWAY STATIONS Covent Garden Theatre Bow street 1083
Aldersgate Street Metropolitan 4 28 Cremorne Gardens .King’s Road, Chelsea -
1114
Barnsbury North-London 1627 Criterion Theatre Piccadilly 3
4
Blackfriars Bridge • .Chatham and Dover 3 1102 Drury Lane Theatre Catherine Street • • • 1174
Broad Street North-London 1053 Egyptian Hall Piccadilly 1302
4
Brixton Chatham and Dover 4 1164 Exeter Hall Strand 1146
Camden Road
Cannon Street
Charing Cross
North-London
South-Eastern
South-Eastern
4
4
2
45
111
848
Exhibition (Horticult.Gdns.)Kensington
Gaiety Theatre
Ha', market Theatre
—
Strand 1295
310
Clapham Road Chatham and Dover 4 999 Holborn Theatre 269
Dalston Junction North-London 6 90S Lord's Cricket Ground St.John’sWoodRd 1000
Kdgware Road Metropolitan 1 1394 Lyceum Theatre .Wellington St., Strand • 1321
JSuston Square North-Western 3 776 Madame Tussaud’ S • Baker St., Marylebone 12
ITarringdon Street Metropolitan 3 1198 Marylebone Theatre Church St., Paddgtn. 117
Fenchurch Street Blackwall 4 1032 National Gallery Trafalgar Square 603
Gloucester Road Metropolitan — 1300 Olympic Theatre Wych Street, Strand 1602
Highbury North-London 5 566 Oval .Kennington
• (Surrey Cricket Ground) 727
Kensington Addison Road 1 1428 Pavilion Theatre Whitechapel Road 553
King’s Cr OSS Great Northern 3 1459 Polytechnic Institution • • Regent Street 698
Liverpool Street Great Eastern 4 1186 Prince’s Cricket Ground Brompton 1415
London Bridge London and Brighton 4 648 Princess’s Theatre Oxford Street 804
Ludgate Hill Chatham and Dover 3 812 Prince of Wales’ s Theatre Tottenham St. 1400
Mansion House Metropolitan District 3 1561 Queen’s Theatre Long Acre 1008
Moorgate Street Metropolitan 4 793 Sadler’s Wells Theatre St. John’s St. Rd. 71
Notting Hill Hammersmith and City 2 610 St. James’s Hall Regent Street
Old Kent Road South- London 6 121 St. James’s Theatre King St., St. James’s 1553
Paddington .Great Western (Departure)
• •
1 793 Standard Theatre Shoreditch High Street • 45
Queen’s Road South-London fi 67 Strand Theatre Strand 1551
St. Pancras ...Midland 3 1179 South Kensington Museum Cromwell Rd. 700
Shoreditch. .Great Eastern 5 45 Surrey Gardens Penton Place, Newington 87
8pft Road •
South-Eastern 5 278 Surrey Theatre Blackfriars Road 801
Vauxhall South-Western 2 1620 Vaudeville Theatre Strand 1007
Viaduct, Holbom .Chatham and Dover .
3 1146 Victoria Palace Theatre Waterloo Road 425
Victoria, Centre of Frontage 1 1207 Zoological Gardens Regent’s Park 697
Waterloo South-Western (Main Line) 3 336
Westboume Park Great Western 2 680
west Brompton . . . .Metropolitan District
Torrington Square Bloomsbury 186
1 905 Tottenham Court Road .... Francis Street 1672
Bed Lion Square Tower of London 1110
Holbom 3 40 Uxbridge Road .New Road, Shepherd’s Bush
Regent’s Park 660
Hanover Gate 2 927 Uxbridge Road I’orchester Terrace 825
Regent Square St. Pancras 3 1158 Vauxhall Bridge Vauxhall-Bridge Road
• • •
1103
Regent Street Langham Place (The Church)
•
2 726 Victoria Park Approach Road
Regent Circus 1079
Piccadilly 1727
Russell Square Bloomsbury
1 Walham Green The Church 317
3 196 Wandsworth Road
Rutland Gate- -Hyde Park, Kensington Road — Cedars Road 256
684 Wandsworth Road
St. George’s Square ..Lupus Street, Pimlico
Priory Road 429
2 450 Warwick Square Pimlico 1698
St, James’s Square St. James's 2 13 Waterloo Bridge Waterloo Road 686
St. James’s Street King Street 1480
3t. James’s Park
1 Westbourne Terrace Bishop’s Road 995
Buckingham Gate 1 1445 West London Cemetery
St. John’s Wood The Eyre Arms, KinchleyRd. Fulham Road 930
3 6 Westminster Bridge Bridge street
St. John’s Wood Park .... .Avenue Road 982
. . 3 1082 Westminster (Ho. of Par.)
St. Katherine’s Docks Centre of Pal. Yd. 887
Bridge 5 166 Whitehall
St. PancrasWorkhouse King’s Rd.Camd.Tn. Horse Guards 947
3 1619 Wimpole Great Marylebone Street
St. Paul’s Church vard Street • • •
412
Ludgate Hill 3 1035 Torn- and Albany Regent’s Park 867
N.B.- "
T 8 Entrance to the Centres of Roada t0 the Entrance
GatM
^
’
of Hosnfr^lsô^h'e^V W°?nrn»r^ ^''^ 6 UnkBB ° therwlse Btated and acr08S ll
’
wKafroute shortens the disUnce ’

Parb ’
[One Mile is 1700 yards.]

OMNIBUS FACILITIES for VISITORS to the EXHIBITION.
THE OMNIBUS SERVICES.

PUTNEY TO LONDON BRIDGE, via Fulham Road,
I Piccadilly and Strand, from 7.40 a.m. to 10.50 p.m., every
10 minutes.
LU
H
LONDON BRIDGE TO PUTNEY, from 9 a.m. to 12.20
midnight, every 10 minutes.
I
£ WALHAM GREEN TO LIVERPOOL STREET, via
same route, from 7.45 a.m. to 10.55 p-m., every 10 minutes.
LIVERPOOL STREET TO WALHAM GREEN, from
8.50 a.m. to 12.10 midnight, every 10 minutes.
QUEEN’S ELM TO ISLINGTON, via Piccadilly, Regent

Street, Marylebone Road, Euston, Pancras and King’s Cross
St.
Stations, from 8.20 a.m. to 12 midnight, every 8 or 9 minutes.
LU ISLINGTON TO QUEEN’S ELM, from 8. xo a.m. to 11.55
D p.m., every 8 or 9 minutes.
_l
CO
QUEEN’S ELM TO HOLLOWAY, via same route, from
8.24 a.m. to xo.30 p.m., every 8 or 9 minutes.
HOLLOWAY TO QUEEN’S ELM, from 8.20 a.m. to
10.50 p.m., every 8 or 9 minutes.
HAMMERSMITH TO LIVERPOOL STREET, via

Kensington High Street, Knightsbridge, Piccadilly and Strand,
o from 8 a.m. to 10.35 P-m., every 4 or 5 minutes.
LU
cc
LIVERPOOL STREET TO HAMMERSMITH, from
9.15 a.m. to 12 midnight, every 4 or 5 minutes.
HAMMERSMITH Omnibuses pass the Albert Hall Entrance

to the Exhibition, all others come to the Cromwell Road.
Additional Omnibuses will be put on the Putney, Walham Green
and Hammersmith Lines early in May.
THE ROAD CAR SERVICE.

Commencing with the 4th of May
(the Opening Day), the Cars of
the London Road Car Company run between Liverpool Street
will
(Great Eastern) and Broad Street (North London) Stations in the City,
via Broad Street, Queen Victoria Street, Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street,
Strand, Trafalgar Square, Regent Street or Haymarket, Piccadilly, and
Fulham Road to the End of Exhibition Road, and vice verscL. The Cars
will leave Liverpool Street and Broad Street Stations every five minutes
between 8 a.m. and 10.45 P-m., and return from Exhibition Road in
the same manner.
THE TRAM CAR SERVICE.

Omnibuses connection with the South London Tramways Com-
in
pany’s system, which embraces Battersea Park, Wandsworth Road,
Clapham Junction, Nine Elms, Chelsea Bridge, Wandsworth, Lavender
Hill, &c., will run at frequent intervals between Battersea Park and the
International Inventions Exhibition, arriving at and departing from the
South End of Exhibition Road.
For further particulars of Train Service, &c., see the ‘ Official
Railway Guide and Route Table,’ Price One Penny.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE PAGE
Alexander, James, & Co., Lambeth, S.E. 66 . Heenan & Froude, Manchester . .91 .
Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corpo- Heron, Thomas, 23 Holborn Viaduct, E.C. 86
ration (The), Limifed, 112 Belvedere Road,
Lambeth, S.E. . . . .
Beare & Son, 34 Rath bone Place, W. .

. .
.
83
90
Hodgkinson & Co., Limited, Woden Street,
Salford, Manchester
Hooper & Co., 113 Victoria Street, S.W.
.84
2
... .
Berry, Nathaniel, 13s City Road, E.C. . 85 Hornsby, R., & Sons, Limited, 84 Lombard
Bradford Manufacturing Co., Bradford, Street, E.C. . . . . .
.79
Yorkshire . . . front of Plan Howe Machine Co. (The), Limited, 46 &
Bradford. Thos., & Co., 140-143 High Hol- 48 Queen Victoria Street, E.C. .65 . .
born, W.C . 71 Jennens, S., Oseney Crescent, Camden Road,

Broughton Copper Company (The), Limited, N.W 92
122 Cannon Street, E.C. . . . .80 Jones, George, 350 Commercial Road, E. 90 .
Brown, Justin, 237-245 Euston Rd. hack of Plan Kenworthy & Co., Alpha Works, Oldham . 85
Brown, W. F., & Company, Eastgate Row, London Music Publishing Company (Limi-
Chester . . . . . . .85 ted), 54 Great Marlborough Street, W. 90 .
Cameron, John (Agents, Price & Belsham, 52 Mason, George, & Co., Limited, 417 King’s
Queen Victoria Street, E.C.) .71 . . Road, Chelsea, S.W. , .86 . .
Clarke, F., &

Co., Dane John Works, Can- New Time Clothing Stores (The), 190 &
terbury . . . . . .82 . 192 Edgware Road, W 69
Clowes, Wm., &
Sons, 27 Fleet Street, E.C. 78 Paget & Son, 48, 49, 50, Aldersgate Street,
13 Charing Cross, S.W. E.C 66
88, 93, 94 rears soap .
p. 4 Wrapper
. .
.
. .
Coventry Machinists’ Company, Limited, 15 Primary Battery Co. (The), Limited, 12 Princes
& 16 Holborn Viaduct, E.C. . .96 . Street, Hanover Square, W. . . .65
Credenda Cold-Drawn Seamless Steel Tube Redfern, G. F., 4 South Street, Finsbury,
Co. (The), 4 Water Lane, Great Tower E.C .89
Street, E.C. . . . . . .81 Religious Tract Society, 56 Paternoster Row 82
Crossley Bros., Limited, Manchester . 16 . Smith, Herbert, &
Co., 6 New Broad Street,
Defrics, J., & Sons, 147 Houndsditch E.C 90
p. 3 Wrapper St. Pancras Ironworks Co. (The), St. Pancras
Electrical Engineering Co., 12 Princes Street, Road, N.W 82
Hanover Square, W. . back of Plan
. Suffield & Brown, Devonport Street, Com-
Essinger & Neuburger, 11 Hatton Garden, mercial Road, E 89
E.C. 91 Surrey Machinists’ Company (The), Limited,
Facsimile Apparatus Company (The), 79A 128 Great Suffolk Street, S.E. . . .91
Gracechurch Street, E.C. 84 . . Symons, John, & Co., Ratcliff . . .89
Forsyth Brothers, 272A Regent Circus, Oxford Treioar& Sons, 68-70 Ludgate Hill p. 2 Wrapper
Street, W. . . . . .92 Vacuum Brake Company (The), Limited, 32
Freeman, Richard, 70 Kennington Park Road, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. . . .85
S.E. 89 Venables, C-, &
Co., Essex Road, Islington,
Frowde, Henry, Oxford University Press N
Warehouse, Amen Corner, E.C. . 92 . Wame, Wm., & Co., 29 Gresham Street, E.C. 83
Goodfellow & Matthews, Hyde, near Man- Watson Bros., 4 Pall Mall, S.W. . . .80
chester Whight, George &
Co., 143 Holborn Bars,
Greenwood & Batley, Albion Works, Leeds 81 E*C. • •
Hadfield’s Steel Foundry Co. . . .4 Williams, W., & Son, 53 & 54 Bread Street,
Harrison, Wm., 128 Portland St., Manchester 86 • • • • • • • Q5
Hathorn, Davey, & Coq Leeds . . .86
VALUABLE WORKS
ON
THE LAW OF PATENTS. PUBLISHED BY
WM. CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED.

Demy 8yo., cloth, 70i pages, 25s.
PATENT ByLAWS
"* Indexed.
OF THE WORLD,
Alfred Carpmael, Member Solicitor, of the Council
Collected, Edited, and
and Patent Com-
mittee of the Society of Arts Member of the Patent Committee of the British Association
; ;
Associate of the Institute of Patent Agents; and Edward Carpmael, B. A., Patent Agent,
late Scholar of St. John’s College, Cambridge Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers
;
Member of the Society of Arts Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents.

;
“The undertaking was one which might well appal any but the most painstaking and patient editors. . . .
The profession alone can adequately appreciate the immense value of this work to themselves and to their clients.
\Ve cannot attempt to convey what this value is better than by saying that the laws of no less than fifty-one
countries are given in detail.” Mechanical World.
“ The book may, without reserve, be recommended as the only complete and satisfactory collection of laws
which has yet appeared.” Law Journal.
“ The Patent Laws of the World submitted to us for review, seems to carry out very effectively the object of the
authors. The work involved In so complete and carefully arranged a compendium of the patent laws of all
. . .
nations must have been enormous. The book Bhould be of much practical value to the many who are consulted
. . .
on questions of detail as to foreign and colonial patent laws.” Mining Journal.
Demy 8vo., cloth, 18s.
PATENTS, DESIGNS, and TRADE-MARKS (The Law,

and Procedure relating to) containing the Patents, Designs, and Trade-
Practice, ;
Marks Act, 1883 with the Rules and Forms, and the Official Instructions, Regulations, and
;
Notices issued in pursuance of the Act; and also the Law Officers’ Rules and Privy Council
Rules; with full Notes and Comments. By Seward Brice, M.A., LL.D. (Loudon), of the
Inner Temple, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Author of a “Treatise on the Law of Ultra Vires.”
“This an attractive volume, well and clearly print'd and neatly bound .... contains some useful Information
is
with respect kindred topics of pateuts, designs, and trade marks.
to the three . The index must have cost a good
. .
deal of labour, and is unusually comprehensive.” Law Times.

“ This is a valuable handbook upon the subject treated .... Ail Patent Agents and Legal Practitioners whose
work lies with Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks in any shape, should add this useful work to their libraries.”
Invention.
“ Mr. Brice deals with the substantive law as well as with the practice relating to its subjects, aud the notes are
written in dear and concise language. The work forms a handsome volume of about 430 pages, of which nearly
. . .
90 are occupied by an index to which we must give a word of praise.” Solicitors' Journal.
“ Nothing could be dearer or better than the way in which the material is arranged in point of typography. . .
This design has been well carried out, and the result is a book containing an amount of information, practically
sufficient for its purpose, within a very moderate compass.” Law Journal.
Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s. Gd.
PATENT, DESIGN, and TRADE MARKS ACT, 1883.

With the New Notes, and forming a Concise
Rules, Oases, Treatise on the Law and
Practice of Letters Patent for Inventions. By Clement Higgins, Barrister-at-Law.
“ Our verdict on the book .... is favourable; it contains a great deal of valuable and well-digested information
in a small space, and the arrangement of the table of cases (which gives all the referei ces) is excellent, aud well-
deserving of being Imitated .” Law Times. —
“ The work in every way is a highly creditable performance .... In fact in all Its features Mr- Higgins’s work
appears to us to deserve success .” — Law Journal.
LONDON:
Law Publishers and Booksellers,
FLEET STREET, E. C,
ADVERTISEMENTS. 79
R.HORNSBY& SONS, Limited,

GENERAL AND AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERS AND IMPLEMENT MAKERS.
ESTABLISHED 1815.
MAS LTFACTUI1U Rl OF
ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURAL SPECIALITIES,
— including
Suitable for all parts of the World
THE HORNSBY TWINE BINDER.
WINNER OF THE TWO LARGEST PRIZES EVER AWARDED, VIZ
Of
FIKST £100 PRIZE
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND,
the 1884,
after seven days’ trial amongst 16 competing Machines.
FIRST* £100
, . OF THE
PRIZE
HIGHLAND and AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
SCOTLAND, 1882 of .
15 First Prizes in Australia alone last Season,

AND H IGHEST HONOURS THROUGHOUT THE W ORLD.
HORNSBY’S Mowers, Combined Mowers and Reapers,
Grass
Self-raking Reapers, and One-Horse Reapers.
Winners of all the Prizes awarded in their Classes at the last
trials of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
HORNSBY’S Indigo Cuttter.
HORNSBY’S “Hercules” Fern, &c. Cutter.
HORNSBY’S New “Enclosed Gear” Mower. New Australian
Stripper.
Of all
STEAM ENGINES
kinds, for ELECTRIC LIGHTING, Agricultural and Industrial
purposes.
Portable -Semi-Portable — Traction — Horizontal— Stationary
(both simple and compound) — Compound Undertype, &c.
WINDING AND VERTICAL ENGINES.
Speciality. —
Hornsby’s Patent Automatic Expansion Gear.
BOILERS.— Lancashire, Cornish, Vertical, Locomotive, Multitubular.
R.A.S.E. FIRST PRIZE THRASHING MACHINERY.
PLOUGHS OF ALL KINDS— Single, Double, Three or Four Furrow.
592 PRIZES,
Including: 344 First Prizes, 70 Gold Medals, &c., during the past Ten Years.
STANDS— No. 5, Group 1, South Court & No. 420, Group 4, South Gallery
,
’
Middle Court.
SPITTLEGATE IRON WORKS, GRANTHAM.

London Office: 84 , LOMBARD STREET, E.C.
8o ADVERTISEMENTS.
rr n
BR0DGHT0I1 GOFFER COMPAIfY, Limited,
BROUGHTON COPPER WORKS MANCHESTER. ,
PRIZE MEDALS— London, 1802 ; Dublin, 1805 Paris, 1807 Moscow (Gold),
; ;
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MAWIJFACTURERi OF
COPPER & BRASS ROLLERS, CYLINDERS,
TUBES, RODS, SHEETS, INGOTS, &c.
Ibrbrostatic press IRams anb Climbers covereb witb

Copper or Brass.
ELECTRO - COPPERED CYLINDERS, TUBES, and other articles.
BRANCH OFFICES
London — 122 Cannon Street, E.C. Glasgow— 28 St. Enoch Square.
THE
CARLTON
HMMERLES8 GUH.
The safest and simplest Gun that is made.
WITH
PATENT CONCENTRIC STEEL BARRELS.

The strongest and hardest Shooting Barrels extant.
Mr, WENTWORTH writes ; —

The shooting of your
“ Steel Barrels, with Kynoch’s
Perfect Oases, astonishes everyone I show it to.”
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CrTTHSr
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BROS.,
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4, PALL MALL, LONDON, S.W.
The shooting 1
of every Gun is guaranteed,

ADVERTISEMENTS. 8r
GREENWOOD & BATLEY,

ALBION WORKS, LEEDS, ENGLAND,
INVITE ATTENTION TO THEIR EXH IBITS.
In Group 4, South Gallery, Middle Court, Stand No. 417.
ARMINGTON & SIM’S PATENT ENGINE,
Of which they are the Sole Makers.
In Group 26, East Gallery, Stand No. 1987.

PATENT CONTINUOUS WEB PLA TEN PRINTING MACHINE.
In Group 10, West Gallery, Stand No. 1132.
i Improved and Patented Machinery for making and maintaining
Milling Cutters, Twist Drills, &c.
Also Screw Making, and Bevel Wheel Cutting Machinery.
Stand No. 1132.
PATENT EMERY GRINDING WHEELS.
GREENWOOD & BATLEY, Albion Works, Leeds,
MANUFACTURERS OF
: SELF-ACTING TOOLS, &c,, for Engineers, Machine Makers, and Special Purposes.
PATENT BOLT AND NUT MACHINERY.
MACHINERY FOR SILK, CHINA GRASS, AND OTHER FIBRES.
Special Machinery for the manufacture of Ordnance, Small Arms, Ammunition,
and all other War Material.
TRADE 5S
CBEB]EHI!)A S>,
MARK.
The Credenda Cold-Drawn Seamless Steel Tube Co.

M ANUFACTU RK
patent ColMDrawn Seamless Steel {Tubes

For Hydraulic and Boiler Tubes, Ferrules, Stays, and Coils,
Air-Reservoirs, Boring Rods, Spindles, Bushes, Couplings, Shafting, Collars,

8ockets, Cops, Rollers, Rockets, Torpedoes, Bicycle Back-Bones, Forks and
Rims, Tricycle Frames, and for other uses.
LONDON OFFICE—
4, WATER LANE, Great Tower Street, E.C.
WORKS: BIRMINGHAM—
LEDSAM STREET, Monument Lane Station (L. & N. W. R.)
82 ADVERTISEMENTS.
The St. Pancras Ironwork Co.,

ENGINEERS AND IRONFOUNDERS.
Patentees and Manufacturers of SANITARY IRON-FITTINGS for

STABLES, COWHOUSES, AND PIGGERIES.
Illustrated Catalogues sent Post-free .
Wrought and Cast Iron Work in general, including:—

IRON STAIRCASES (STRAIGHT AND SPIRAL) IRON GATES, RAILINGS,
VERANDAHS, IRON ROOFS, CONSERVATORIES, &c.
Large Showrooms at
•Fsazie CS JEZ VST. £5,

ST. PANCRAS ROAD, LONDON, N.W.
Close to the St. Pancras, King’s Cross, and Euston Kailway Stations.
TARGETS! TARGETS!! TARGETS!!!

CLARKE’S PATENT MOVING AND VANISHING TARGETS.
Which are now solely adopted on Her Majesty’s Government Rifle Ranges, are acknow-
ledged by the greatest leading military authorities of the day to be the best ever introduced
for obtaining accurate training to the eye of the marksman.
Also, Clarke’s Patent Miniature Moving and Vanishing Targets, adapted to

use with Small Bore Rook Rifles, Saloon Pistols, and also with Government Rifles fitted
with Morris’s Tube.
These Targets can be used in Drill Halls, Galleries, Gardens, or rooms of sufficient length.
Full particulars may be obtained on application to the Patentee.
CLARKE & Co., ENGINEERS.,

F.
DANE JOH N W O RKS, CANTERBURY.
SIXPENNY IVlAGAill In fc.S5 FOR EVERY HOME.
THE ’
THE
Leisure Hour. Sunday it Home.

THE THE
on own Paper. Girl’s own Paper,

London: 56, Paternoster Row; and of all Newsagents.
ADVERTISEMENTS. S3
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN
BRUSH ELECTRIC LIGHT CORPORATION, LMD.
112, BELVEDERE ROAD, LAMBETH, S.E.
Stand No. 1308,] [East Arcade.
Complete System of Electric Lighting by Arc and Incandescence.
”
The North Court is lightedby the Corporation’s “ VICTORIA
INCANDESCENCE LAMPS fed by “VICTORIA” DYNAMOS and
wired on the three-wire system. The Western Annex is lighted by
BRUSH-SELLON ARC LAMPS fed by BRUSH DYNAMOS with new
laminated armature. The Corporation wish specially to call the
attention of the public to their slow and moderate speed Dynamo
Electric Machines. By keeping the speed moderate, and by attention
to the mechanical design and the thorough working out of details,
they are enabled to supply machines which will run from year’s end
to year’s end and without appreciable wear. Many Brush Machines
have been regularly at work for Five Years, and are as good now
as when first started. VICTORIA INCANDESCENCE LAMPS for
Private Lighting. Theatres, and all indoor purposes. Brush-Sellon
Arc Lamps for Churches, Concert-rooms, and other large interior
spaces. BRUSH ARC LAMPS for Street Lighting and general
outdoor use. The Brush is the only complete system of Street
Electric Lighting that has stood the test of long experience. Brush
Self-regulating Motor. Search Lamps and Projectors lor Naval
and Military purposes. Estimates for installing either system, in-
clusive of every requisite, given on application to the Corporation
at 112, Belvedere-road, Lambeth.
MANUFACTURERS TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT.
WM. WARNE & Co.

i'n6ia ^HuLBev ^Tanufacfitrcvs,
Ipatentees of tbc
RED MINERALISED
INDIA RUBBER, MAGNETIC CUT THREAD,
TOBACCO POUCHES, MOULDED SEAMLESS HOSE,
JUNCTION RUBBER, PRINTING ROLLERS, BRAKE BLOCKS,
MOULDED ENEMAS, etc.
TRADE MARK.
/Iftniuifacturem of
SHEET, VALVES, BUFFERS, HOSE PIPES, TUBING,
WATERPROOF COATS, PIECE GOODS, MECHANICAL, SURGICAL,
CHEMICAL, SCIENTIFIC, GYMNASTIC, DOMESTIC,
AIR-PROOF ARTICLES, etc.
29, gRESKAM ST,, LONDON, E.C.

Mills : Tottenham, Middlesex.
84 ADVERTISEMENTS.
Stand No. 443.
HODGKINSON’S PATENT MECHANICAL
STOKER. WITH OR WITHOUT
SELF-CLEANING FIRE BARS.
HODGKINSON
ORDSAL MACHINE WORKS.
ASe OO., limited,
WODEN STREET, SALFORD, MANCHESTER.
VENABLES’
30-Guinea
PROPERTY
JL IKT
BECOMES THE
of the HIRER
O
PAYMENTS OF 17/6.
PRICE LISTS OF OTHER CLASSES FREE BY POST.
C. VENABLES AND CO.^ ESSEX ROAD, ISLINGTON.
j __ :
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN ADVERTISEMENT AGENCY.
3 VO,
JOH N GLEN
I.ONDON, w. c.
£ol»Agent to the Contractors (WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS, Limited) for the Official Publications of the
Great International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, the International Health and Inventions Exhibitions, 1884-5,
HAS FACILITIES FOR ARRANGING, CONDUCTING, AND INSERTING EXHIBITORS’
ADVERTISEMENTS IN THE DAILY AND WEEKLY PRESS, TRADE JOURNALS, ETC, AT
THE LOWEST RATES.
Sketching, Scsigiring, Hub <$toob (Sngrabiitg for gbberttsrrs

PROMPTLY EXECUTED.
3 7 9, STRAND, LONDON, W. C.
( Entrance in Southampton Street ).
THE CYCLOSTYLE (Gestetner’s Patent).

the latest and very best device for enabling any unskilled
HIS is
T
person to obtain immense numbers of copies from one original
writing, drawing, plan, or music, in permanent black ink. (Other
colours besides black can also be had.) It practically enables any one to
be his own lithographer. It offers great advantages over all other pro-
cesses, inasmuch as there is no washing, no wetting, no copying press,
no electricity, no chemicals, no gelatine or aniline, and no finger staining.
So great has been its success siuce its introduction in the summer of 1883,
that over 16,000 have been sold, and the Committee of the Royal
Engineers has recommended it for Army use for its great practicability.
Sold by most respectable Stationers throughout the United Kingdom. Prices from 21s.
CHIEF LONDON RETAIL DEPOT:—
The FACSIMILE APPARATUS COMPANY, 79a, Gracechurch Street.
Please apply for specimens of work done with it.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST.
NATHANIEL BERRY’S
PIANOS
AT MANUFACTURER'S PRICES.
Pianos, on the Three Years’ System, from
10s. 6d. per Month, 10 Years’ Warranty.
Old Pianos exchanged. Established 1866.
Carriage free to all parts of the kingdom.
135 CITY ROAD.E.C., & 15 EAST ROAD, N., London.
VACUUM AUTOMATIC BRAKES.

MILEAGE RUN WITH CONTINUOUS BRAKES
(PRESSURE AND VACUUM)
DURING THE HALF-YEAR ENDING 30th JUNE, 1884.
Extracted from the BOARD OP TRADE Returns.
WE STINGHOUSE (Automatic and Non-Automatio) 16,130,482
VACUUM ( „ „ „ „ ) 22,120,998
Total number of FAULTS, DELAYS, *o., with Westlnghouaa Brakes 397
.. „ Vaouum 140
THIS SHOWS FOR
WESTIN GHOTISE, 1 Fault per 40,630 miles run. VACUUM, 1 Fault per 151,513 miles run.
THE VACUUM BRAKE COMPANY, LIMITED,
32, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET. E.C.
Engineer, ALFRED L. BAORB-
PATENT
WOOD MOSAIC FLOORS.
Group 22, Stand No. 1726.
W. & F. BROWN & Company.

Eastgate Row, Oliestei*.
THE
The SILVER
“PARAGON”
MEDAL
of the International Health
WASHER.
Exhibition has been awarded to the “Paragon.”
The easiest and most ALSO TUB
effective Washer ex-
“ CANADIAN”
tant. Gained Sixteen WASHER,
First Prize Medal Same principle as
Awards at recent Ex- Paragon Plunger, to
hibitions, including Paragon Plunger,
^^^“"vash-tub!
Bradford, Sunderland, Bowl »r Flask.
Tnb“ ,
Huddersfield, Tyne-
atmospherically fop- Prior 3s. 6 d car-
~ , . . ""
cing the hot water
Paragon Washer, Peterborough, » n d soap PfM- Sent to Paragon Washer,
every fabrio of the an y address for Free Wringer and Mangier,
Wringer & Mangier, Darlington, &c.
d0 *„hln *- ,
.
Trial.
with Lever Motion, _
with Rotary Motion,
, , .
Price jE5 : 5 0.
:
5 per cenL Dxscount for Cash, carriage paul. Agents wanted. Price £0:0:0.
Kenworthy’s New Illustrated Catalogue ( set it), containing users’ opinions from every part, prre bt post
«¥te ALPHA WORKS. OLDHAM
8b ADVERTISEMENTS.
HATHORN, DAVEY, and Co.

L B E 13 S.
PUMPING & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY.
The Domestic Motor or Safety Engine,
ELECTRIC LIGHTING ENGINES.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION.
See STAND No. 119 5.
I 3V C3r KNITTER.
WITH LATEST PATENTED IMPROVEMENTS.
WON 24 ENGLISH AWARDS.
Knits Cardigan Jerseys, Vests, Petticoats, Drawers, &c., plain or
fancy. Knits Stockings all sizes— ribbed or plain, double heels and toes.
Narrows down the back of leg, shapes the heel completely without
any sewing up, and re-foots old legs. Knits Coarse and Fine
same as by hand,
IN SILK, WOOL, or COTTOI.
KNITS TWO STOCKINGS AT ONCE
UPON ONE MACHINE
WITHOUT ANY ADDITION.
Knitted Goods to order sold at the Depots
Send 2 Stamps for Lists.
HARRISON PATENT KNITTING MACHINE COMPANY, 128, PORTLAND ST., MANCHESTER.
Branch: 67, OXFORD ST., W., LONDON.
GEORGE MASON & Co.’s (Limited)

SPECIALITIES FOR INVALIDS: ESSENCE OF BEEF,
CONCENTRATED BEEF TEA, SAVORY MEAT LOZENGES, &c., &o.
British Medical Journal:— “On the whole we can speak well of the care and skill with which this factory ia
conducted, and of the high character of its products.”
In addition to many others, we are honoured with orders from the following Hospitals, which should give th»
Medical Profession and the Public the strongest possible proof of the excellence of our Manufactures :
Brompton Consumption Hospital. Chelsea Hospital for Women.

University College Hospital. Cancer Hospital, Brompton, &c., & c.
Samples of our Specialities for Invalids can be tested at Exhibit 1582, Group 17, Eastern Annexe.
Of all Chemists and Grocers, and from
Sc Oo.,
417, KING’S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.
DUPLEX GAS BURNERS & STREET LANTERNS.

Three Gold and Eighteen Silver Few of the places ichere Heron’s
Patent Systems of Gas Light-
Medals awarded, including only ing are in use : —
Silver Medal for Gas Burners from The Science and Art Depart-
Her Majesty’s Government at the mei t, South Kensington; The
Great International Fisheries Ex- Royal Army Clothing Depot,
hibition, 1883, Highest Award at Pimlico The University College,
;
the Great International Health Gower Street.

Exhibition, 1884.
All Pure White Light, no Waste of
PRICE, 128. per Dozen. Gas, no Hissing Noise.
'
PATENTEE, INVENTOR, AND SOLE MANUFACTURER,
THOMAS HERON, 23, Holborn Viaduct, London, E.C.
87
OFFICIAL HANDBOOKS
Published in connection with the Intern ational Health Exhibition.
HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE. By Sir Henry W. Dyke-Acland, K.C.B.,

D.C.L., M.D., F.R.S., &c., &c. Illustrated.
HEALTHY NURSERIES AND BED-ROOMS, INCLUDING THE
LYING-IN-ROOM. By Mrs. Gladstone.
HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY HOUSES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY.
By William Eassie, C.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., with an Appendix by Rogers Field, B.A.,
M. Inst. C.E. Illustrated.
HEALTHY FURNITURE AND DECORATION. By Robert W. Edis,
F.S.A. Illustrated.
HEALTHY SCHOOLS. By Charles E. Paget, M.R.C.S.
HEALTH IN THE WORKSHOP. By James B. Lakeman, one of Her
Majesty’s Inspectors of Factories.
ON VENTILATION, WARMING, AND LIGHTING FOR DOMESTIC
USE. By Captain Douglas Galton, C.B., F.R.S., &c., &c. Illustrated.
!
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION AND THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
By Professor Arthur Gamgee, M.D., F.R.S. Illustrated.
DIET IN RELATION TO HEALTH AND WORK. By Alexander
Wvster Blvth, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., &c.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COOKING. By Septimus Berdmore.
FOOD AND COOKERY FOR INFANTS AND INVALIDS. By Miss
ood, with a Preface by W. B. Cheadle, M.D., F.R.C.P.
\V
WATER AND WATER SUPPLIES, AND UNFERMENTED BEVE-

RAGES. By Professor Attfield, Ph.D., F.R.S.
SALT AND OTHER CONDIMENTS. By John J. Manley, M.A.
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. By John L. W. Thudichum, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lond.),
&c.
“OUR DUTY” REGARD TO HEALTH. By George Vivian Poore,

IN
M.D., F.R.C.P.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND ITS PREVENTION. By Shirley F.
Murphy, M.R.C.P.
ACCIDENTAL INJURIES: THEIR RELIEF AND IMMEDIATE
TREAIMENT. How to Prevent Accidents becoming more Serious. By James Cantlie,
M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S. Illustrated.
AMBULANCE ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, AND TRANSPORT.
By Surgeon-Major G. H. Evatt, M.D., A.M.D. Illustrated.
J.
CLEANSING STREETS AND WAYS IN THE METROPOLIS AND
LARGE CITIES. By William Booth Scott, M. Inst. C.F..
FIRES AND FIRE BRIGADES. By Captain Eyre M. Shaw, C.B. Illustrated .
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT TO DWELLINGS OF THE

POOR. By Harry Duff, M.A., Barrister-at-Law with a Preface by Arthur Cohen, Q C M P
:
SCHOOLS OF ART: THEIR ORIGIN, HISTORY, WORK, AND

INFLUENCE. By John C. L. Sparees, Principal of the National Art Training School, South
Kensington. _
ATHLETICS; or, PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND RECREATION. Parti.
By Rev. Edmond Warre, M.A., Eton College. Illustrated.
ATHLETICS. Part II. By Hon. Edward Lyttelton, M. A., and Gerard F Cobb ’
M.a.
DRESS, AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND CLIMATE. By1
E. W. Godwin, F.S.A. Illustrated.
FERMENTATION. By Dr. DUCLAUX, Professor of Biological Chemistry at the
Sorbonne. Illustrated.
PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY WORK. With Catalogue as Appendix.
By W. Watson Cheyne, F.R.C.S. ;
W. H. Corfield, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. ; and C. E. Cassal,
F.I.C., F.C.S.
London : WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, Limited,

OFFICIAL PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS TO THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
13, CHARING CROSS, S.W.
THE
HEALTH EXHIBITION LITERATURE

PUBLISHED BY
Wm, CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13 Charing Cross, S.W.
Illuminated, Cloth gilt edges, price ios. 6 d.

,
NOTES ON
CIVIL COSTUME IN ENGLAND

FROM
THE CONQUEST TO THE REGENCY,

A3 EXEMPLIFIED IN THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH EXHIBITION,
SOUTH KENSINGTON,
WITH 24 COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
THE HONOURABLE LEWIS WINGFIELD.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
“ The letterpress is excellent.” Saturday Review.
“ There is a good deal amuse in
to interest as well as this book . . . The plates in Mr. Lewis Wingfield’s
book are excellent, and the Essay on Dress with which opens is very interesting, written as
it it is by one who
evidently thoroughly understands his subject.” Whitehall Review.

“One of the latest results of the Health Exhibition is the interesting volume of ‘Notes on Civil Costume in
England,’ by the Hon. Lewis Wingfield. The cases containing figures in the costumes of every period of our
history formed so popular a part of last year’s show at South Kensington that many will be glad to have
this permanent memorial of an interesting exhibition. The book contains twenty-four chromolithographs
(executed by ladies of the Female School of Chromo-Lithography) with elucidatory letterpress by Mr,
Wingfield. The pictures give a tolerably complete view of the progress of costume in England they form ;
at lowest, excellent models for dresses for fancy costume balls.”— Graphic.
“Mr. Wingfield, to whose knowledge of the history of costume we are indebted for that reproduction of
English costumes since the Conquest, which forms so effective and popular a feature in the Health Exhibition
at South Kensington, has now published an attractive essay on the changes and development of civil costume
in this country, together with a number of coloured illustrations of its various phases at different epochs, and
explanatory notes upon the same. The handsome volume will be of especial interest to the numerous visitors
to the Exhibition but will have a permanent value besides, as a careful and painstaking record of the varying
;
forms of English attire.” Contemporary Review.

"This elegant volume by the Hon. Lewis Wingfield may be looked upon as a pleasant, gossiping, and
popular contribution to the literature of costume, and will form a pleasant addition to any drawing-room or
library.... It was a wise thought to issue this volume as a souvenir of the Exhibition. Those who did
not secure a copy in the building ought now to do so ft cm the publishers.”— The Reliquary Quarterly Journal
and Review.
LONDON
OFFICIAL PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS TO THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
13 CHARING CROSS, S.W.
ADVERTISEMENTS, 89
TO INVENTORS.
GENERAL PATENT OFFICE. ESTABLISHED 1830.
G. F. REDFERN,
4, SOUTH S TREET, FINSBUR Y, LONDON.
Provisional Protection for 9 months under the new Act, £3 3s. to complete the Patent ;
for 4 years, £1 Is. French Patent, including first year’s tax, £7 Belgian Patent, £3 ; ;
Imperial German Patent, £10 10s. United States Patent, including all expenses for the
;
whole term, £17 10s. Circular of information as to the mode of proceeding in applying for
Letters Patent, cost of European Patents generally, and also of Colonial Patents, forwarded
upon application. Trade-marks and Designs registered in England and abroad.
TELEPHONE No. 169.
JOHN “SYMONS & COLONDON.

M
TOTNES, DEVON; AND RATCLIFF,
SPARKLING DEVONSHIRE CIDER.
The Cider being made by us only from selected Fruit, is pure, healthful, and delicious; it possesses the true
flavour of the Apple, which, as well as clearness and brightness, is retained under every condition of Climate
and as a wholesome invigorating and inexpensive beverage, it cannot be surpassed.
Specially appointed Sole Purveyors of Cyder to the Calcutta Exhibition.
The Must
APPLE MUST.
whereby the NATURAL
T u w,
healthful properties
of the Apple refined and Preserved by a new process,
of the Fruit are retained. HONORABLE MENTION AT CORK.
CHAMPAGNE AND MOSELLE WINES.
For the time Introduced, to supply a want for healthful and inexpensive sparkling Wines, possessing all
first
the sustaining and invigorating qualities of the best Continental Wines; made of choice Home and Foreign Fruits,
treated and Fermented by an original and scientific process, the result of many years of study and Hygienic research.
Gold Medals awarded at the Calcutta Exhibition , London International, Cork, and Highest Award,
KL Silver Medal Healtheries, for Cider and Wines. .
RAYNER’S PATENT VOLUTED

FRESH-WATER CONDENSERS, (SANCTIONED AND APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF TRADE,)
For EMIGRATION, TROOP, PASSENGER and CATTLE SHIPS.
Smallest and Best in the Market.
Made entirely of Sheet Copper, brazed togetheb, with Gun Metal Fittings.
Galls. Tons Galls. Tons. Galls. Tons Galls.
per day. per day. per day. per day. per day. per day. per day.
150 .. •62 750 .. . . 3-34 2000 . . .
8-92 4000 .
500 .. . . 2-23 1000 . . . 4-46 3000 .. . . 13-38 6000 .
ThiB quantity is guaranteed perfectly cold and fit to drink at exit.
The Highest Testimonials and Price Lists on Application to
( Coppersmiths and Sole Manufacturers,)
DEV0NP0RT STREET, COMMERCIAL ROAD, LONDON, E.

Telephone No. 5307.
FREEMAN’S CHLORODYNE.
The ORIGINAL and ONLY TRUE.
Medical Discovery of the Present Century, and is
It is the Greatest
regarded as a boon to mankind.
It is the best known remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption, Whooping Cough, Bronchitis, and Asthma.
It effectually checks and arrests those too-often fatal diseases Diphtheria, Diabetes, Fever, Croup, Ague, dec.
It acts like a charm in Diarrhcea, and is the only known Specific in Cholera and Dysentery.
It effectually cuts short all attacks of Epilepsy, Hysteria, Palpitation, Convulsions, and Spasms.
It is the only palliative in Rheumatism, Gout, Cancer, Toothache, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Lumbago, die.
It rapidly reliev.es pain from whatever cause ; allays the irritation of fever ; soothes and strengthens the
system under exhausting diseases, restores the deranged functions, stimulates healthy action of the secretions of the
body, gives quiet and refreshing sleep, and marvellously prolongs life. It may be taken by Old and
Young at all hours and times according to the directions.
It is extensively used by Medical Men in their official and private practice, at Home and Abroad, who have
given numerous written testimonials of its wonderful efficacy.
Sold by Chemists and Patent Medicine Dealers all over the World in bottles, Is. lid. ; 2 oz., 2s. 9d. ;
4 oz., 4s. 6d. ; half-pints, 11s. : and pints, 20s. each; and by the Inventor: —
RICHARD PKEEMAN, 70, Kepningtpn Road, London, S.E. Free by Post.
Park
9° .
ADVERTISEMENTS.
BY HER MAJESTY’S ROYAL LETTERS PATENT, JUNE 1884.
GrE OEGE NEWLY-INVENTED

J ONE S ’
S
ANGLO-GERMAN CONCERTINA.
With 42 Keys. The only Instrument the Scales and Chords in every Key can be obtained
either by pressing or drawing the bellows, without altering the fingering of the 20-Key
Concertina. Iuventor of the Anglo, with Chromatic Scale. Original Maker of Broad-
Tempered Steel Reeds.
Price List of every description of Musical Instruments , with Testimonials, free.
Fac tor y, 350, Commercial Road, London, E. Established 1850.
l IANOFORTES, High Class, for the Million, £10 10s. Full
A- Compass, Seven Octaves. Warranted. The London Music Publishing and General Agency CoiirANX
(Limited). Originators of the £10 10s. Pianoforte, 54, Great Marlborough-stre. t, W.
rfiHE
A Sweet NEW
PIANOFORTE, full Compass, £10 10s. Has a
Tone, and admirably adapted
Quality ot Rooms,
is for Yachts, Schools, small etc.
n*l HE MIDGET PIANOFORTE, £8 8s. Five Octaves. Specially

A adapted for Yachts, small Rooms, and Schools. The London Music Publishing Company (Limited), 54, Great
Marlborough -street, W.
HE CREW OF THE BETSY JANE
TRETTY immensely successful Nautical Ditty (vide Press). 25. nett.
(S. Claude Eidley). An
TRIFLES. A Series of Easy Pieces for Juvenile Performers.
By S. Claude Ridley. Beautifully Illustrated. Nos. 1 , 2, and 3 now ready. 9d. each nett.
O CONDUCTORS and BANDMASTERS for

T tomimes, kc. The BRITISH ARMY MARCH. By Charles
Theatres, Pan-
Deacon. Dedicated, by special permission, to
H.R.H. The Duke of Cambridge. This brilliant and soul-stirring March now being performed with great success
at the Inventions Exhibition, Crystal Palace Concerts, by Julian Adams’ Celebrated Orchestra, the Scots Guards,
Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, etc. Full Orchestra, Military Brass Band Parts ready. Apply for tame to
the London Music Publishing Company (Limited), 54, Great Marlborougli-street, W.
THE LATEST MUSICAL NOVELTY.
CYCLE EXCHANGE STORES.

BICYCLES and TRICYCLES
of all makes supplied at
CO-OPERATIVE PRICES.
10% to 25% discount off the
Makers’ lists.
The best House in the Trade for
BUYING, SELLING, OR EXCHANGING

The tone of this charming little Instrument is produced by
ANY SORT OF MACHINE. simply breathing gently through a flexible tube acting upon
reeas, by which every delicacy of expression and the most
Easy Terms of Payment. charming musical effects may be produced. It has a Keyboard
of 3$ Octaves, and is quite portable, and will be found to be
quite unsurpassed as a Solo Instrument with Pianoforte or
Harmonium accompaniment.
HERBERT SMITH & Go., A Superior Quality at £4 4s. Od.
To be had of all MusicselUrs and wholesale of
6, NEW BROAD ST., LONDON, E.C.
,
Messrs, BEAEE & SON. S4Rathbone Place. London, W.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 91
2,000 Revolutions per

Minute. HEENAMODDE
Spherical Engine. MANCHESTER.
As used by H.M. Navy, and the
yachts “Cuhona,” “ Retriever,”
&c. ;
also by tbe
Great Eastern
a ei <1 Lane a-
tiliire & l'ork-
Mailway
shire
Companies for
Train JLigrbt-
iag-.
See
_
Stall 423.
\
Group 4.
23E -A- K “OF USEE jSl. OT W 5

2S
HYGIENIC WOOD WeOL per

Antiseptic.
DIAPERS
Dozen. 2s.
Being- thus by far cheaper than the usual expenditure
in -washing alone. Indispensable to Ladies Travelling.
To be had or ordered of every Ladies Outfitter aud Draper throughout
*
the World; or Sample Packages of one dozen at 2s. 3d., or 6 dozen at

,
12s. 6d. per Parcels Post from the Sole Consignees for the United
Kingdom and British Colonies.
ESS1XGEK and CO,, 11, Ballon Garden,
LONDON, E.C. (Wholesale Depot only).
WHOLESALE AGENTS—
€114.8. BAYER and
CO., London Wall, E.C.
SMART, BLACK, and CO., 32, London Wall, E.C.
CAUTION.— Beware of Spurious Imitations. None Genuine unless each article
is stamped with our Trade Mark. Resist mercenary attempts to recommend or
substitute inferior kinds.
The BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL says. APRIL 11 /ft, 1885.
“Mr. Hartmann has recently introduced some antiseptic diapers. The softness
and lightness of these WoodWool Diapers are important features, and, when added
to their antiseptic properties, constitute as perfect a hygienic diaper as it is possible
TRADE MARK. to conceive. We consider that theWood W ool Diapers will supply a want which must
have been experienced by many.”
Invincible Roadster Tricycle. Invincible

Safety Bicycle. Bent Frame. Roadster Bicycle.
ALL MACHINES CONSTRUCTED WITH PATENT D.S.H RIMS.
THE iurviM'C
SURREYibleMACHINISTS’ COMPY., Limtd.
cj-5ird.:Es wokies,
GREAT SUFFOLK STREET, LONDON,
128, S.E.
Now Illustrated Catalogues.Thirteen distinct patterns of Bicycles and Tricyoles. Cabinet Photos, 4d. eaoh
The Lightest Machines in the World. Unrivalled for Speed ; holding all the Best Records.
92 ADVERTISEMENTS.
DOMINION ORGAN COMPANY,

BOWMANVtLLE, ONTARIO, CANADA.
FORSYTH BROTHERS, Sole Agents for the United Kingdom.
THE POINTS OF SUPERIORITY CLAIMED FOR THESE ORGANS ARE: 1. Superiority of Tone.
2. Power and Volume of Tone 3. Capacity for Variety of Effect
;
4. Capacity for Expression ; 6. Quickness of
;
Touch; 6. Uniformity and Equality of Tone; 7. The Quality of keeping in Good Tune; 8. Smoothness and
Perfection of Action; 9. Stylo and General Appearance of Case; 10. Bellows and Action are all tested by a
Mechanical Arrangement before being put into the Case.
MUSIC DIVISION-STAND No. 3518.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES AND ALL PARTICULARS POST-FREE.
FORSYTH BROTHERS,
272a, Regent Oircus, Oxford Street, London ;
and 122 & 124, Deansgate, Manchester.
Healthy Gums, Beautiful Teeth, Fragrant Breath.
For Giving a
Beautifying, Sweetness to
Cleansing, and the Mouth,
Freeing the a pleasant
Teeth from Aroma to the
»
Tartar. PRESERVATIVE Breath.

— TOOTH POWDER —
AND GREATLY REDUCING THE CAUSES OF TOOTHACHE.
Used by the Elite of Society. Universally Approved of.
A PARTICULAR BOON TO SMOKERS. NONE SHOULD BE WITHOUT IT.
Aslc and have of all respectable Dealers; otherwise send for One Dozen Boxes .
In Boxes 6d., 9 d., and Is. Sample Boxes, 3d.
SOLE PROPRIETOR AND MANUFACTURER-

S. J E IT IT E LT S,
OSENEY CRESCENT, CAMDEN ROAD, LONDON, N.W.
The ArcKbithop* and BitKopt of Vu Ckurche* of Bngland and Ireland and a large number of eminent CUr
i
concur in ttronglg Recommending
THE OXFORD BIBLE FOB TEACHERS

TO ALL BIBLE STUDENTS AND TEACHERS.
Six sizes on best rag-made paper, ranging I Four sizes on thin India paper ranging
in prioe from
3s. to 45s. | < in price from 7s. to 31s. 6d.
Protpcctuict giving Specimen* ef Type and price* in variout Binding*, it all BeekteUer*.'
London: HENRY FRO WOK, Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner.
93
THE
HEALTH EXHIBITION LITERATURE

PUBLISHED BY
WM. CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross, S.W.
NOW READY.
THE HEALTH EXHIBITION LITERATURE. Complete
in 19 Vols., each fully indexed. Demy 8vo., cloth. Price £6 6 s.,
or any of the Volumes may be obtained separately, price 7s. 6 d. each.
HEALTH IN THE DWELLING. With a Preface by

Sir Henry W. Dyke Acland, K.C.B., &c. Comprising the
Handbooks, Conferences and Lectures exhaustive of this subject.
3 V ols. ••• ••• • • • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••
HEALTH IN DIET. With a Preface by Professor Arthur

Gamgee, M.D., F.R.S. Comprising the Handbooks, Conferences
and Lectures exhaustive of this subject. 3 Vols.
HEALTH IN RELATION TO CIVIC LIFE. With a

Preface by the Right. Hon. George Sclater-Booth, M.P. Com-
prising the Handbooks, Conferences and Lectures exhaustive of this
subject. 3 Vols
GENERAL HYGIENE. With a Preface by Captain Douglas

Galton, C.B., F.R.S. Comprising the Handbooks, Conferences
and Lectures exhaustive of this subject. 3 Vols.
EDUCATION CONFERENCE. Containing Full Reports of

the International Conferences on Education. 4 Vols IO
MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE of the EXHIBITION,

including the Special Catalogues, Jury Awards, &c., &c. 3 Vols. ...
A Complete List, showing the contents of each of the above Volumes will be ,
sent post free, and copies of any of the Handbooks , Co?iference Papers or Lectures
may still be obtained of the Publishers.
“The authors have been carefully selected, and the information conveyed is generally both useful and
trustworthy.” Times.
“Among the actual results of the opening of the Health Exhibition, not the least important is the
Issue of a series of Official Handbooks that practically illustrate the science of health in all its manifold
aspeets The general excellence of the first instalment of these handbooks promises well for the
value and completeness of the series ; while the price at which they are issued, should assure the success
they merit.” —Saturday Review.
LONDON:
OFFICIAL PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
13 CHARING CROSS, S.W. ,
94
THE
FISHERIES EXHIBITION LITERATURE

PUBLISHED BY
Wm, CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross, S.W.
NOW READY.
TIIE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION
LITERATURE. Complete in 14 Vols., each fully indexed. Demy
8vo. cloth. Price £6 6s.
The Fourteen Volumes, as above, comprise the whole of the IMPORTANT

Literary Outcome of the Fisheries Exhibition, which is issued in a collected
form with copious Indexes, &c., by desire of the Executive Committee.
Any of the various divisions of this work may be obtained separately, at
the following prices, but the volumes of each division cannot be separated :
£ j. d.
THE HANDBOOKS. Forming Vols. I. to III. 1 1 6
THE CONFERENCE PAPERS. Forming Vols. IV. to VII. 2 2 o
THE PRIZE ESSAYS. Forming Vols. VIII. to NI. 2 2 o
THE OFFICIAL CATALOGUE) -Forming VoL VTT .

o 10 6
AND JURY AWARDS. }
*
TPIE OFFICIAL REPORT. Forming Vol. XIII o 10 6
THE ANALYTICAL INDEX. Forming Vol. XIV. o 10 6
The exhaustive range comprised by the Handbooks and Prize Essays,

which are by writers of great eminence and authority, and the comprehensive
nature of the Papers which emanated from the various Conferences, combine
to render this Series an exceptionally instructive and condensed Library of
Reference on all questions appertaining to Fish, Fishing Appliances, and the
Fishing Industries of all Countries, brought down to the date of the Inter-
national Fisheries Exhibition of 1883.
A Complete List, showing the contents of each of the above volumes, will be
sent post-free, and copies of any of the Handbooks, Conference Papers, or Prize
Essays, may still be obtained of the Publishers.
LONDON
OFFICIAL PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
* 13 CHARING CROSS, S.W.
ADVERTISEMENTS. 95
NOVEL INVENTION TO SECURE |

"
PERFECT FITTING
GARMENTS
WITHOUT TROUBLE OR EXPENSE.
Will fit size Waist

any and is
easily applied,
ROUND WOVEN, IN ONE PIECE, LINED AND BUTTON-HOLED.
1 1 1 1 i rn 1 1 1 i i '
iiT i i i um iT
i iT n
1 1
>i
1 ithuti
1 iTiT ittt
1 1 i i i i i I i'i
SKIRT AISTI> - r
DRESS
[PATENTED
31, 41 &6 INCHES
DEEP
IN 50 COLOURS
AND
NOVEL STRIPES,
From t$D. EACH.
OF ALL DRAPERS & OUTFITTERS.

'.
*.** ** ~ + m * * *r m'm * JV 'hr' m- J* w*~
WHOLESALE (ONLY)
W. WILLIAMS & SON,
TRIMMING MANUFACTURERS,
53 (Sc 54, BREAD STREET,
2 LONDON.
96 ADVERTISEMENTS.
BY TO H. R. H.
Special Appointment The Prince of Wales.
COVENTRY
International Inventions Exhibition,
Stand 807, Queen’s Gate Annexe.
LIMITED.
Oldest and Largest Makers of
BICYCLES s TRICYCLES
IN THE WORLD.
THE THE
Coventry.
CLUB” SEE
“CLUB
TftNDLM.
WORKS—
"
(convertible.) OPINIONS
MACHINES
OF
AND
THE
ARE
OFFICE
PRESS.
THE
BEST.
V
SAFETY LAMPS FOR MINERAL OILS.

Never smell, cannot explode, and if upset automatically extinguish themselves.
Sir Frederick Abel, F.R.S., Chemist to the War Office, in a Lecture at

the Koyal Institution on “ Accidental Explosions caused by Non-Explosive
Liquids” (March 13th, 1885), called special attention to this Lamp, as being
the highest form attained in the evolution of Mineral Oil Lamps, and stated
that it embodied all the features which exhaustive scientific enquiry
had proved to be necessary for the perfectly safe use of Mineral Oils.
The Lamp has been submitted to Mr. Boverton Redwood, F.C.S., F.I.C.,
for thorough examination, and his first Report is appended.
(COPY.)
REPORT ON THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP FOR MINERAL OILS
(SEPULCHRE’S PATENT).
“The construction of this Lamp is such that neither ignition of the
vapour, nor outflow of the Oil in the event of the Lamp being
overturned, can occur. Moreover, the Oil-reservoir, being of Metal, is not
liable to fracture. It therefore follows that the risks attaching to
the employment of Mineral Oils as illuminating agents in
lamps of the ordinary description are non-existent in the
use of the Defries Safety Lamp.
“ I have subjected theLamp, fitted with a burner of 1 inch internal diameter,
to a series of photometric tests, and obtained the following results :
Maximum Illuminating Power 56 •02 standard caudles.

Minimum ditto, after 6 hours burning 49-22
Average Illuminating Power
Diminution in Illuminating Power during 6 hours
.... 5214
12-1
„
9>
9*
per ceut.
Oil Consumed per hour 2291 grains
Oil Consumed per Candle-light per hour .
“ It will be noted that, the Defries Safety Lamp is of very considerable light-
giving power, and that the consumption of Oil, in relation to the light afforded,
is small.
“ The light emitted is remarkably white, the flame is perfectly steady, and
the combustion is effected without the production of the slightest
odour or smoke. (Signed) BOVERTON REDWOOD.”
A room 20 X 16 is brilliantly lighted by one suspension lamp, at a cost
of one-third of a penny per hour, and the necessity for a number of stand-lamps
is avoided.
The lamp has only one wick, and is made in a large assortment of patterns
in brass, crystal, china, &c. &c., varying in price from 10/- to £100 each, and
can be obtained from any Lamp dealer in the United Kingdom, or wholesale of
the sole Makers,
J. DEFRIES & SONS,

147. HOUNDSDITCH LONDON, , E.C.
where a large assortment of samples may be seen.
The Lamp is on view in the Eastern Arcade, which was lighted
by 22 Lamps for a month, and Lockhart’s Cocoa Rooms, adjoining
Old London Street, are to be lighted by J. Defries and Sons with
these lamps only, on and after June 4th.
A
SOAP
Specialty for the Complexion.
Recommended by Sir Erasmus Wilson, F.R.S., late President
I
1
of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, as

“ THE MOST REFRESHING AND AGREEABLE OF BALMS FOR THE SKIN.”
|
Mdme. Adelina Patti writes: “I have

—
found Pears’ Soap matchless for the hands and complexion
— “Since using Pears’
;
Mrs. LANGTRY writes: I
Soap for the hands and complexion, I have discarded all I
others
Mdme. Marie Roze— (Prima Donna ,

Ilerl
Majesty's Theatre) writes: “ P'or preserving the coin-1
plexion, keeping the skin soft, free from redness and rough- J
ness, and the hands in nice condition, Pears’ Soap is the i
finest preparation in the zoo rid!'
Miss Mary Anderson writes:

— “I have
used Pears’ Soap for two years with the greatest satisfac-
tion, for / find it the very best!'
PEA RS’ SO A P DOULTON’S

solely is used in
Lavatories at the INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS
EXHIBITION, 1885. H
UJ. kHJll PRlM'iO) BY WILLIAM CLnWES AM> boNa, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CBoaS.

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-1

VR.r * -A' ^ 1IS11 ft

London ‘William Clowes Sons Limited

ALL THE WORLD S WELCOME

INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION, 1885.

rpRELOAITS MATS made of UNBLEACHED COCOA-NUT FIBRE, may be seen

AXMINSTER, WILTON, BRUSSELS, SAXONY,

TRELOAR AND SONS

TRELOAR’S LINOLEUM IS WELL SEASONED, AND THEREFORE WEARS WEL1

All Rights Reserved, - •

CLASS 35. G-Spring Brougham

at from one-third to two-thirds ,, „ 1874.

STAND No. 585.

G00DFELL0W & MATTHEWS,

COMPOUND “ TE1PLEJC ” ENGINE.

DRIVING- DYNAMOS for lighting Grounds

Origin and scope of Exhibition — Classification of subjects — Account of progress

Bird’s-eye view of buildings — —

II. —The Entrances and South Gallery with its Courts . . 19

III. —The Queen’s Gate Annexe —The Aquarium . . . .32

IV. —East —Arcades and Annexes

Machine tools — Hydraulic machinery — Textile fabrics — Refreshment and

dining rooms —Ironmongery — Glass and pottery — India-rubber — Clothing

Old London— Prince of Wales’s Pavilion — Furniture —Jewelry— Watches and

VI.—The Electric Light—The Gardens and Musical Arrangements 61

Electric lighting of buildings and grounds — Machinery lighting for electric

SHAVING THOM ONE OF HADFIELDS STEEL CASTINGS 3 0-.EEET LONG

ifcbyo^ //GENERAL CASTINCS \

WHEELS & CENTRE^i\^f4/r\fi 0^#/CYLINDERS.FPRAiLKINDs'

GO*™ ACT0jts OVER 2000 g,

OUR UNHANIMERED STEEL CASTINCS, AS RECENTLY

TESTED BY H-M GOVERNMENT STAND TENSILE STRAINS

vPrRIQriT V ALLf RIGHTS RESERVED

INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION.

ACCOUNT OF PROGRESS MADE IN EACH GROUP SINCE 1862 OLD —

Agri- Group I. relates to Agriculture and Horticulture, and comprises such

gical processes have been revolutionised, while the labour-saving appli-

hour was regarded as an extraordinary result, to be attained only in the

represented in the Exhibition, the percentage of loss of life is at the

ness. It seems probable, from an inspection of some of the samples

due to the successful introduction of steam of very high pressure, has

conditions of draught and stowage.

influenceand example of the Admiralty, which has led the way in

lastly, to the unequalled opportunities offered by the Institution of Naval

¥or Contents, see p- 3; View of Gardens, p. 41

innumerable inventions in electric science which, for the most part,

The continuous - current dynamo or self- exciting electro - magnetic

of energy was transmitted through a common iron telegraph wire for a

refined copper in the largest quantities direct by the electrical process,

while such operations as the coating of the plunger of a large

which, respectively two and four messages can be simultaneously trans-

tar colours, ammonia, tar, pitch, benzine, &c.

photometers, governors, meters, and improved burners, including in the

necessary to maintain combustion is heated by the waste heat passing

away from the furnace, an arrangement which enables an intense and

loading. Theintroduction of steel as the material for the construction

A notice of the improvements made in this group would be very

may however quote the important mechanical integrators brought out

improvements in frames, sound boards, and actions. The organ also

the principal of which are the pneumatic and electric methods of

CONSUMPTION ofGAS GUARANTEED TO BE TO 757

PER BRAKE HORSE-POWER THAN ANY OTHER GAS ENGINE.