3. V. V. Varadan, R. Ro, and V. K.

Varadan, “Measurement of the presents a generalization method for a dual reflector an-
Electromagnetic Properties of Chiral Composite Materials in the
tenna. Rahnavard and Rush [2] design the reflector with
8-40 GHz Range,” Radio Sci., Vol. 29, No. 1, 1994, pp. 9-22.
4. I. V. Lindell, A. H. Sihvola, S. A. Tretyakov, and A. J. Viitanen,
uniform phase distribution on the aperture. In this article we
Electromagnetic Waues in Chiral and Bi-Isotropic Media, Artech present the design of a dual-reflector antenna with nonuni-
House, Inc., Norwood, MA, 1994. form phase and amplitude distributions which focuses on a
5. S. Ougier, I. Chenerie, and S. Bolioli, “Measurement Method for given point. Therefore, such an antenna system can obtain
Chiral Media,” in Proc. 22nd European Microwave Conference, maximum power transfer efficiency.
Espoo, Finland, Aug. 1992, pp. 682-687.
6. A. Hujanen, “Measuring Electrical, Magnetic, and Chiral Mate- Formula [l]. From Figure 1, Snell’s law leads to
rial Parameters,” in Proc. Bi-isotropics ’93, Espoo, Finland, Feb.
1993, pp. 43-56.
7. A. Hujanen, “Materiaalin Sahkoisten Aineparametrien
Maaritykseen Soveltuvan Fokusoivien Heijastinantennien Avulla
Toteutetun Mittalaitteen Kehitystyo (Development of Measure-
ment System Using Focusing Reflector Antennas for Determin- where
ing Electrical Material Parameters),” MATINE Tech. Rep., VTT,
Espoo, Finland, 1993 (in Finnish).
x2 - x1
8. D. K. Ghodgaonkar, V. V. Varadan, and V. K. Varadan, “Free- 0, = arctan
Space Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Complex Per- ( a + P +Y2-Y1
meability of Magnetic Materials at Microwave Frequencies,”
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. IM-39, April 1990, pp. 387-393.
9. A. R. von Hippel, Dielectrics and Waves (2nd ed.), Artech
and
House, Inc., Nonvood, MA, 1995.
10. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (2nd ed.), John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1975. (2)
11. N. Engheta and P. G. Zablocky, “A Step Towards Determining
Transient Response of Chiral Materials: Kramers-Kronig Rela-
tions for Chiral Parameters,” Electron. Lett., Vol. 26, No. 25, where
1990, pp. 2132-2134.
12. A. G. Smith, A n Experimental Study of Artificial Isotropic Chiral
Media at Microwave Frequences, Ph.D. thesis, University of Stel-
lenbosch, Republic of South Africa, August 1994.
O3 = (
y2x: 1 ) ;
arctan -

Receiiled 12-13-95 1 is the distance between the focus point and the second
aperture.
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 12/1, 40-45 The conservation-of-energy principle is expressed as
0 1996 John Wiley 8: Sons, Inc.
CCC 0895-2477/96

where

DESIGN OF A DUAL-REFLECTOR
ANTENNA WITH NONUNIFORM
AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
DISTRIBUTIONS
Jian Fang, Yushen Zhao, and Weigan Lin The quantity fl(O,) is the power density of the primary
University of Electronic Science & Technology of China
Institute of Applied Physics
illumination. The quantity f 2 ( x ; ) is the power density flow
Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China normal to the aperture of Reflector 2.
The path length from the primary illumination is given by
KEY TERMS
Reflector antennas, geometrical optics, dual-reflector antennas cp = rl + r2 + r3 + c p o , (4)

ABSTRACT where
A synthesis method based on geometrical optics to design a dual-reflector
antenna system with maximum power transfer efficiency is presented. The rl = ( P - y l ) . sec el,
system has n o n u n i f o n phase and amplitude distributions on the aper- ~~ ~

ture. In our design, the effect of aperture blocking is also considered. r2 = 4 ( x 2-X 1 Y + ( a+ p +y, -yJ2,
0 1996 John wiley & Sons, Inc.
and
INTRODUCTION
Conventional dual-reflector antenna systems have been based
largely on the Cassegrain parabola-hyperbola design or the
Gregorian parabola-ellipse design. The designs are all based
on the principles of geometrical optics. Victor Gallndo [ l ]

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1996 45
 Figure 1 Dual-reflector system cross section
Figure 2 Dual-Reflector Gauss distribution amplitude solution

From Malus’s law, NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In our case, the Gauss distribution amplitude can be pro-
_
d c ~-
- sin 8,. duced in the aperture of Reflector 2 for the primary illumina-
hi tion fl(O,) = cos16 O1 on the Reflector 1. That is,
Now we will choose a single independent variable, the
quantity xi. From the Eqs. (l)-(S), we can derive the follow-
ing equation:

where D,/2 is the blocking diameter. The results are pre-

sented in Figure 2, along with the results of the uniform
distribution.
According to Borgiotti [3] and Heurtley [4],we use the
prolate spheroidal wave function distribution to get the maxi-
mum power transfer.

x, =x; +

The results are presented in Figure 3.

The boundary conditions are as follows:

xlmax= 0.015m, xZmax= 0.15m,

1 = 2.2 rn, elma = ~ 1 6 , a = 0, cp0 = 0 .
(x, -xi>’ + ( a + /? - y , ) , - B2
, (10) For numerical computations, K A is obtained with the Simp-
son integral, and the Runge-Kutta method is used to solve
the first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations.

where

B = cP - ( p - y , ) . s e c O l - c p , ,

g, = tan
O1 - arctan
i x2 - x1
a + P +Y, -Y1
2

When Eqs. (6)-(10) are solved, all the remaining depen-

dent variables can be found. Figure 3 Dual-Reflector maximum power transfer solution

46 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1996
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
As an example, the dual-reflector antennas of spheroidal
wave function distribution and uniform distribution have
been used. For spheroidal wave function distribution, we
have obtained transmission efficiency of nearly 95%, whereas
for the uniform distribution, only 80% has been obtained.
CONCLUSION
Principles of geometrical optics are used to design dual-
reflector antennas with nonuniform amplitude and phase
distributions, which can achieve maximum power transfer.
Such antenna systems have value in the field of materials
metrology, especially for dielectric measurements, and where
maximum power transfer is required.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by the Chinese National Nature
Science Foundation.
REFERENCES
Victor Gallndo, “Design of Dual-Reflector Antennas with Arbi-
trary Phase and Amplitude Distributions,” ZEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., Vol. AP-12, 1964, pp. 403-408.
M. H. Rahnavard and W. V. T. Rusch, “Application of Cubic-Phase
Theory to Galindo-Williams Subreflector,” Microwave Opt. Tech-
nol. Lett., Vol. 4, No. 4, March 1991, pp. 168-172.
Giorgio V. Borgiotti, “Maximum Power Transfer between Two
Planar Apertures in the Fresnel Zone,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., Vol. AP-14, 1966, pp. 158-163.
John C. Heurtley, “Maximum Power Transfer Between Finite
Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-15, 1967, pp.
298-300.
Receioed 10-3-95;revised 1-10-96
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 12/1, 45-47
0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CCC 0895-2477/96
INPUT IMPEDANCE OF INCLINED
PRINTED SLOT ANTENNAS AND
INCLINED-SLOT-COUPLED DIELECTRIC
RESONATOR ANTENNAS
Nan-Cheng Chen and Kin-Lu Wong
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, Republic of China
Kwok-Wa Leung
Department of Electronic Engineering
City University of Hong Kong
Kowloon, Hong Kong
KEY TERMS
Printed slot, dielectric resonator antenna, inclined slot
ABSTRACT
The theoretical approach based on a combination of the reciprocity
theorem and a moment-method calculation has been applied in the
analysis of an inclined printed slot antenna and an inclined-slot-coupled
dielectric resonator antenna. The input impedance of the antenna is
formulated and calculated. The obtained theoretical results are found to
be in good agreement with the experimental data. This theoretical method
is good for solving the inclined printed slot and inclined-slot related
problems. 0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1996
1. INTRODUCTION
The problem of a microstrip-line-fed radiating slot has been
solved with good accuracy with the use of the theoretical
approach based on a combination of the reciprocity theorem
and a moment-method calculation [l, 21. This theoretical
technique ignores the existence of higher-order modes on the
microstrip feed line and avoids the complicated formulation
in modeling the nonuniform current on the microstrip line
[3]. Although this theoretical approach seems less rigorous
than an actual full-wave approach [3],the obtained theoreti-
cal results show good agreement with the measurement [l].
This theoretical approach can also be applied to other slot-
related geometries, such as the slot-coupled patch antenna [ l ]
and the slot-coupled dielectric resonator (DR) antenna [4].
To analyze more applications of this theoretical approach, a
general case of an inclined printed slot (see Figure 1) is
treated in this article. A hemispherical DR antenna coupled
through an inclined slot in the ground plane of a microstrip
line (see Figure 2) is also studied. Calculated input impedance
results of the inclined printed slot antenna and the inclined-
slot-coupled DR antenna are presented and discussed. Exper-
iments are also conducted to verify the theory.
2. FORMULATION OF THE MICROSTRIP-LINE-FED
INCLINED SLOT
Given the geometry in Figure 1, two coordinates ( x , y , z) and
(x’,y ’ , z’) are adopted; the coordinates ( x ’ , y ’ , z ’ ) are shifted
from the (x,y , z ) coordinates with an angle of O,, which is
defined here as the inclination angle of the printed slot.
When 0, = 0”, the printed slot is perpendicular to the mi-
crostrip feed line, and from the reciprocity analysis the printed
slot can be treated as a series load as seen by the microstrip
line [l]. It has been further shown that, based on the re-
ciprocity theorem and the spectral-domain approach [S], the
inclined printed slot (0, # Oo) can still be approximately
treated as a series load with very small errors. By adopting
this approximation, assuming the narrow slot condition (i.e.,
L >> W ) , and applying the moment-method formulation de-
scribed in [l,21, we can derive the input impedance Z , of the
slot antenna, referenced at the slot position, expressed as
2R
z,= 2,- 1 - R ’
where Z , is the characteristic impedance of the microstrip
feed line, and R is the reflection coefficient, written as
or in matrix form
R = ~[AV]‘[V]CO
0,.S (3)
In the above expressions, [ V] is the unknown expansion
coefficient matrix for the electric field in the slot and is
written as
47