TRIVIAS - ACTIVITIES - QUIZZES - MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

December 2023 issue, volume 1

U N V ET H E IS TLO R I EIS NW I T HGI N

Decoding the
Language of
Health

Navigating
the World
of Medical
Terms
5 2 D
B S R T
CONTENTS
-Integumentary System
-Lymphatic System
-Skeletal System
-Reproductive System
:Male Reproductive
System
:female Reproductive
System
-urinary System
-Nervous System
-Cardiovascular
System
-Digestive System
-Muscular System
-Respiratory System
-Endocrine System
-Photo Documentation
-Matching Type
-Word Search
-Crossword puzzle
-Answer Key
 integumentary system
integumentary system
integumentary system
is the visible part of the hair hair shaft
that sticks out of the skin.

is the outermost epithelial tissue epidermis

that protects the body from the
external environment.

is a fibrous structure composed

of collagen, elastic tissue, and dermis
adipose tissue
other extracellular components
that includes vasculature, nerve Hair
also known as fat
endings, hair follicles, and
tissue or fatty tissue,
glands. The role of the dermis is
is a connective tissue
to support and protect the skin
and deeper layers, assist in hypodermis that is mainly
composed of fat cells
thermoregulation, and aid in is the bottom layer of skin in called adipocytes.
sensation. your body. It has many

DID YOU KNOW?

functions, including insulating
your body, protecting your body

DID YOU KNOW? from harm, storing energy and

connecting your skin to your

DID YOU KNOW? muscles and bones.

Going to bed with make­up on can age

your skin up to sev­en times faster than
nor­mal. Tox­ins and pol­lu­tants remain on
the skin if you do not cleanse each night.
So don’t for­get to wash your face
nightly!
 integumentary
System
The integumentary system is the largest
organ system in the human body and
comprises the skin, hair, nails, and
associated glands. It serves several vital
functions essential for protecting the body
and maintaining homeostasis
f u n c t i o n s
protection
The primary function of the integumentary system is to
protect the body's internal structures from physical
damage, pathogens, and harmful substances. The skin
acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of microbes and
reducing water loss.
regulation
It helps regulate body temperature through
mechanisms like sweating (which cools the body
when it's hot) and constriction or dilation of blood
vessels in the skin (which helps conserve or release
heat).
sensation
The integumentary system houses numerous sensory
receptors that detect stimuli such as touch, pressure,
temperature, and pain. These receptors help us interact
with our environment and provide information about
our surroundings.
excretion
Small amounts of waste products and
toxins are eliminated from the body
through sweat produced by sweat glands
in the skin.
Synthesis of Vitamin D
The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of
vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D
is essential for maintaining healthy bones and
overall health.
immunity
Certain cells in the skin, such as Langerhans
cells, contribute to the body's immune
response by detecting pathogens and
activating the immune system to fight against
them.
storage
The skin stores fat, water, and
nutrients, acting as a reservoir for
these substances.
The integumentary system's
components have specialized
functions:
s k i n
The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis
(outermost layer), dermis (middle layer), and
hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). It provides
protection, houses sensory receptors, and contains
glands (such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands).
h a i r
Hair serves protective functions, such as providing
insulation and reducing heat loss. It also helps with
sensation and can act as a barrier against foreign
particles.
n a i l s
Nails protect the tips of the fingers and toes and
assist in tasks requiring precision and grasping.
g l a n d s
Sweat glands produce sweat, which helps regulate
body temperature and eliminate waste. Sebaceous
glands secrete sebum, an oily substance that helps
lubricate the skin and hair.
 Roots pertaining to
Integumentary System
root:derm/o, dermat/o root:trich/o
Meaning: skin Meaning: hair
Example: dermabrassion Example: trichomycosis
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
-Surgical procedure used - Fungal infection of the
to resurface hair
the skin and remove impe
rfections.

root:kerat/o keratin, root:onych/o

Meaning: horny layer of th Meaning: nail
e skin
Example: keratinous Example: onychia
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Inflammation of the nail
and nail
Containing keratin
(note: not an –itis ending bed

root:melan/o
Meaning: Dark,black, melan
DID YOU
in
Example: Melanosome

KNOW?
Definition of Example:
A small cellular body that
produces
melanin
A deficiency of
oxygen in the
root:hidr/o
Meaning: Sweat, perspira
tion blood leads to a
Example: anhidrosis
Definition of Example: decrease in skin
Absence of sweating
color that then
appears blue.
root:seb/o This process is
Meaning: - Sebum, sebaceo
Example: seborrhea
us gland known as
Definition of Example: cyanosis.
-Excess flow of sebum (ad
jective:
seborrheic)
 Medical Terminologies
Cutaneous derma dermis
the layer of the skin
pertaining to the skin (from
between the epidermis
skin (from Latin Greek) and the subcutaneous
cutis, meaning tissue; the true
“skin”) skin or corium

epidermis hair hair follicle

the outermost a thread-like the sheath in which
later of the skin keratinized a hair develops
(from epi-, outgrowth
meaning “upon or from the skin(
over” and derm, root: trich/o)
meaning “skin”)

keratin melanin nail

a protein that a dark pigment that a plate-like
gives color to the
thickens and toughens keratinized outgrowth
hair and skin and
the skin and makes up of the skin that covers
protects the skin
hair and nails against the sun’s the dorsal surface of
(root:kerat/o) radiation (root: the
melan/o)

sebaceous gland sebum Dermatopathology

a skin gland that a fatty secretion is the study of
produces sebum; of the sebaceous disease of the skin
usually associated glands that pathology
with a hair follicle lubricates the hair
(root: seb/o) and skin (root:
seb/o)

did you know?

Dermatophogoides , also known as
dust mites, are organisms that
feed on skin cells.
 S E
C A Y
U D
T
A2

S
b u r2n- y e a r -
arm s on h old co
sw is ll
b a r bh e n t h ef a c e , ne g e s t u
eque pro eck, dent
gas pane chest with
gril tank , an
l ex d
p l o do n t h e
ed

Margaret Donovan, a 72-year-old white female, was brought to the emergency room by
her son-in-law after falling in her bathtub. She was previously in good health, despite
leading a relatively sedentary lifestyle and having a 30-year history of cigarette
smoking. The only medication she currently takes is Inderal (propranolol) for mild
hypertension (high blood pressure). She fell upon entering the bathtub when her right
leg slipped out from under her; she landed on her right hip. There was no trauma to her
head, nor does she complain of right or left wrist pain.

“Open reduction surgery” is a procedure in which the broken bones are re-aligned and
long, thick pins are inserted lengthwise into the bone tissue. The pins are held in place by
screws drilled in from the outside of the bone.
During her long recovery, Margaret is advised by her physician to begin weight-bearing
as soon as she can. To aid her in this regard, Margaret begins light physical therapy three
times per week. 6.

In addition to the physical therapy benefits, why else might Margaret’s physician want
her to avoid prolonged bed-ridden activity. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed
on three medications: oral calcium supplements, oral estrogen and oral alendronate
sodium (Fosamax). (Fosamax is a drug which inhibits the activity of osteoclasts.)
 lymphatic
System
The lymphatic system is an intricate network of
The lymphatic system
consists of various
tissues, vessels, and organs that play a vital
role in maintaining the body's immune function
and overall health. It functions by carrying
lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells
components, including:
and other immune cells, throughout the body.
This system is responsible for filtering out and
removing toxins, waste products, and foreign
substances from the body, as well as LYMPH NODES
transporting necessary nutrients and oxygen to small bean-shaped structures that act as filters,
cells. Additionally, the lymphatic system helps
trapping and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other
circulate and distribute fluids in the body,
harmful substances.
preventing the build-up of excess fluid and
maintaining a proper balance. Without a
functioning lymphatic system, the body's
immune response would be severely LYMPH VESSELS
compromised, making it more susceptible to are similar to blood vessels and transport
infections and diseases.
lymph fluid throughout the body.

Did y SPLEEN
ou located in the upper left side of the
abdomen, acts as a blood filter and helps
know fight infections.
? THYMUS GLAND
located behind the breastbone, is responsible for
producing and maturing T-cells, a type of white blood
It is the least cell important for immune function.
understood and
most undervalued
TONSILS
of all the body found at the back of the throat, help in
systems, yet if it filtering out pathogens that enter the body
stopped working through the mouth and nose.
we would die within
24-48 hours?
medical terminologies
medical terminologies
lymph
Thin-walled tubes that transport
lymph from body tissues into
larger lymphatic vessels and
eventually into veins.
lymph nodes
Enlargement of lymph
nodes due to infection,
inflammation, or cancer.
adenitis
Surgical removal of one or
more lymph nodes, often
performed to evaluate
cancer spread.
lymphangitis
A group of blood cancers
that affect lymphocytes, a
type of white blood cell.
lymphedema
The largest lymphatic vessel
that drains lymph from the
lower and left side of the
body into the bloodstream.
A clear fluid that circulates
throughout the lymphatic
system, carrying white blood
cells and waste products.
lymphatic
vessels
Small, bean-shaped structures
found along the lymphatic
vessels that filter lymph and
harbor immune cells.
lmyphade-
nopathy
Inflammation of a
lymph node.
lymphade-
nectomy
Infection and inflammation
of lymphatic vessels due to
bacteria or other
pathogens.
lymphoma
Swelling that occurs when lymph
fluid is unable to drain from
tissues, often due to obstruction
or damage to lymphatic vessels.
thoracic duct
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Tonsils
are in the back of the
Tonsillectomy throat on both sides.
is a muscular Tonsils aid in fighting
tube-like off pathogens but
structure in the sometimes become
female infected.
reproductive
system.

Lymphocytes
are a type of
white blood cell
that produces
anti-bodies for
immunity.

Thymus
is a lymphatic
organ located
between the lungs
and acts as storage
for lymphocytes.

Lymph Nodes
Superficial lymph - nodes - are small, oval-shaped
-are highly concentrated in the
nodes that occur in clusters
cervical (neck), axillary (arm pit),
throughout the body. They
and inguinal (groin) regions. These
contain lymphocytes and
are palpable and are often used as
help defend the body
indicators of infection
against infection.

Spleen
- a lymphatic organ located in the upper abdomen, behind
the stomach. Its function is to filter blood’s debris and old
red blood cells. Lymphocytes are also stored here
 root:aden/o root:edema root:lymphangi/o

- lymph nodes, small - swelling - pertains to the lymph

glands vessels
Example:lymphedema -
Example: adenopathy - Example:lymphangiogram
swelling of tissues - transports fluid and
enlargement of lymph
immune cells throughout
nodes
the body

root:nodes root:phylaxis root:sinus

- small, bean-shaped - protection - network of vessels and
organs lymph nodes
Example: anaphylaxis
Example:axially nodes
-severe allergic Example:lymphangitis -
-filters lymph fluid and
reaction inflammation of the
trap harmful
lymph vessels
substances

root:splen/o root:thym/o root:tic

- blood filter - pertains to the - contract
Example:splenomegaly thymus gland Example:lymphatics
-enlarged spleen Example:thymoma - prevent the
tumor in the thymus stagnation of fluid
gland

Did You Know?

The lymphatic system is like a superhero team of the body? It consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and
lymphatic organs, all working together to fight off invaders and keep us healthy. But here's the fun trivia
twist: did you know that the human body has about 600 to 700 lymph nodes? That's right, hundreds of
little superheroes strategically placed throughout our body, ready to launch an immune response
whenever needed. So, the next time you're playing trivia with friends, don't forget to impress them with
this fascinating fact about our very own lymphatic system team!
 S E
C A Y
U D
T
Ms.

S
( s w eA n d e r s
l o
b y dl i n g ) i nn p r e s e
isco her n
m f o r l e g st e d w i t
t a h ed
mob and reccompa ema
ility stri
c t e dn i e d

Ms. Anderson had been leading an active and healthy lifestyle until she began experiencing
persistent fatigue, recurrent infections, and swelling in various parts of her body. Alarmed by
these symptoms, she sought medical assistance to uncover the underlying cause of her sickness.

Upon examination, Ms. Anderson presented with edema (swelling) in her legs which was
accompanied by discomfort and restricted mobility. Further investigations revealed that her
lymph nodes were enlarged and tender to touch. Her blood tests indicated elevated levels of
inflammatory markers. After extensive evaluation, Ms. Anderson was diagnosed with lymphedema
– a condition caused by compromised lymphatic drainage leading to fluid retention in tissues.
Additionally, she was found to have chronic inflammation due to an impaired immune response
within her lymphatic system. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid
balance, filtering toxins, and supporting immune function. When this intricate network of vessels
becomes compromised, as in Ms. Anderson's case, it can result in the accumulation of excess fluid
and impaired immune responses.

To manage her condition effectively, Ms. Anderson's treatment plan included a

multidisciplinary approach involving physical therapy sessions aimed at reducing
swelling through specialized massage techniques called manual lymphatic drainage
(MLD). Compression garments were prescribed to help facilitate proper fluid flow and
prevent further tissue damage. Furthermore, Ms. Anderson was educated about self-
care techniques, such as skin care, exercise, and weight management, to minimize the
risk of infections and promote overall well-being. She was also advised to seek prompt
medical attention for any signs of infection.
 skeletal
System
The skeletal system is the framework of bones,
cartilage, and connective tissues that provide
structure, support, protection, and movement
to the human body. It consists of about 206
bones in adults, although the exact number can
vary slightly among individuals due to certain
bones fusing together during growth.
The skeletal system is
divided into two main parts:
axial skeleton
This includes the skull, vertebral column (spine),
ribs, and sternum (breastbone). The axial skeleton
provides support and protection for the vital
organs of the head, neck, and torso.

functions of the
skeletal system:
s u p p o r t
It forms the structural framework that supports the
body's soft tissues and organs, maintaining the body's
shape and providing a basis for movement.
protection
Bones serve as protective shields for delicate internal
organs. For example, the rib cage protects the heart
and lungs, while the skull protects the brain.
appendicular skeleton
This includes the bones of the upper and lower
limbs, including the shoulder girdle (clavicle and
scapula), arms (humerus, radius, and ulna), hands
(carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), pelvic
girdle (hip bones), legs (femur, tibia, and fibula),
feet (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges), and
associated structures. The appendicular skeleton
facilitates movement and supports the
attachment of muscles.
axial
skelet
on

m o v e m e n t appendicu
Muscles are attached to bones, and when contract
lar
skeleton
muscles, they pull on the bones, allowing movement at
joints. Joints are where two or more bones meet and
enable various types of movement, such as bending,
rotating, and flexing. did you
blood cell production
know?
The bone marrow, found within certain bones, is
responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets through a process called hematopoiesis. The human
hand, including
mineral storage
Bones act as a reservoir for essential minerals, particularly the wrist,
calcium and phosphorus. When the body needs these minerals
for various functions, such as muscle contraction and nerve
contains 54
signaling, it can draw upon the stored minerals in the bones. bones.
 skull
System
SKELETAL
The hand has 27 bones.
5 distal phalanges
mandible 4 middle phalanges

clavicle 5 proximal phalanges

humerus

sternum
8 carpals (wrist bones)
rib cage 5
metacarpa
radius ls (palm
bones)
ulna radius ulna
carpals
Cervical spine
metacar
pals (7 vertebrae)

phalanges Thoracic spine

femur (7 vertebrae)

Lumbar spine
patella (7 vertebrae)
fibula Sacrum
Coccyx
tibia
tarsals
metatarsals
hallus (big toe) 4 distal phalanges
phalanges
4 middle
phalanges
5 proximal
did you know? phalanges
5 metatarsals
More than half your bones
are in your hands and feet
You have 206 bones in
total, and 106 of them are
in your hands and feet.
The foot has 26 bones
ANATOMICAL
TYPES OF
POSITION BONE
FRACTURE
Open (Compound)
the broken bone juts out through the
skin, or a wound leads to the fracture
site. Infection and external bleeding are
more likely.
stress
are tiny cracks in a bone. They're

DIRECTIONAL caused by repetitive force, often from

overuse — such as repeatedly jumping

TERMS up and down or running long

distances.
transverse
The break is in a straight line across
the bone.

closed
the broken bone has not pierced the
skin.

avulsion
muscles are anchored to bone with
tendons, a type of connective tissue.
Powerful muscle contractions can
wrench the tendon free and pull out

DID YOU KNOW? pieces of bone. This type of fracture

is more common in the knee and
The longest shoulder joints.

bone in the comminuted

body is in your
leg
The femur, which runs from
your hip to your knee, is the
longest and largest bone in
your body. It’s also the
strongest. Just think of all
the weight that bone handles
in a day. No wonder it’s so
strong!
the bone is shattered into small
pieces. This type of complicated
fracture tends to heal more slowly.
compression
occurs when 2 bones are forced
against each other.
greenstick
a small, slender crack in the bone. This can
occur in children, because their bones are
more flexible that an adult’s bones.
impacted
also called a buckle fracture, is a break
where the ends are driven into each
other. This is often seen with children's
arm fractures.
 MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGIES
ossification Atlas
process of bone the first cervical
formation by the vertebra
osteoblasts

osteoblasts bursa
bone-forming cells a fluid-filled sac that
reduces friction near a
joint (root: burs/o)

osteocytes Diarthrosis
matured bone cells A freely movable joint; also
which helps maintain called a synovial joint
bone tissue (adjective: diarthrotic)

Osteoclasts Diaphysis
involved in breakdown of bone the shaft of a long
tissue to release needed bone
minerals; allows reshaping and
repair of damaged bone tissue.

Acetabulum Epiphysis
the bony socket in the hip bone that the irregularly
hold the head of the femur (from the
shaped end of a long
Latin word for vinegar because it
resembles the base of a vinegar cruet) bone
 d i d y o u k n o w ?
The human foot contains 26 bones, and among these bones, the smallest is the stapes bone,
also known as the stirrup bone. It's a tiny bone located in the middle ear and is responsible for
transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear. Despite its diminutive size (measuring about 3
millimeters in length), the stapes bone plays a crucial role in the process of hearing.

Fracture Resorption
break in a bone removal of bone by
breakdown and absorption
into the circulation

illium Reduction
refers to realignment of
the large, flared, superior
bone with use of rods,
portion of the pelvic bone
plates, or screws to ensure
(root: ili/o) (adjective: iliac)
proper healing.

Immobilization Suture
process of eliminating or
an immovable joint, such as
reducing motion to treat
the joints between the skull
bone fractures by use of bones
casts and splints.

Ligament Symphysis
a strong band of connective a slightly movable
tissue that joins one bone joint
to another

Periosteum Tendon
the fibrous membrane a fibrous band of
that covers a bone’s connective tissue that
surface attaches a muscle to a bone.
 Roots Pertaining to Skeletal System
root:crani/o root:spondyl/o root:cost/o
Meaning:cranium Meaning:vertebra Meaning: rib
Example: craniometry Example: spondylolysis Example: costochondral
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Measurement of the Destruction and Pertaining to a rib and its
separation of a vertebra cartilage
cranium

root:sacr/o root:pelvi/o root:oste/o

Meaning: sacrum Meaning: pelvis Meaning: bone
Example: presacral Example: pelviscope Example: osteopenia
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
In front of the sacrum -Endoscope for examining -Deficiency of bone tissue
the pelvis

root:myel/o root:chondr/o root:arthr/o

Meaning: Bone marrow; Meaning: A cartilage Meaning: Joint
also spinal cord Example: chondroblast Example: arthrosis
Example: myeloid Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Definition of Example: forming cell -condition affecting a
-Pertaining to or
joint
resembling bone marrow

did you know?

The body has billions of nerve cells
The only bone in the human body not connected to
another is the hyoid, a V-shaped bone located at the
base of the tongue.
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T 72-y
ear-
o n ho l d w o m
er r an w
ight h
hip. o fell

Margaret Donovan, a 72-year-old white female, was brought to the emergency room by
her son-in-law after falling in her bathtub. She was previously in good health, despite
leading a relatively sedentary lifestyle and having a 30-year history of cigarette
smoking. The only medication she currently takes is Inderal (propranolol) for mild
hypertension (high blood pressure). She fell upon entering the bathtub when her right
leg slipped out from under her; she landed on her right hip. There was no trauma to her
head, nor does she complain of right or left wrist pain.

“Open reduction surgery” is a procedure in which the broken bones are re-aligned and
long, thick pins are inserted lengthwise into the bone tissue. The pins are held in place by
screws drilled in from the outside of the bone.
During her long recovery, Margaret is advised by her physician to begin weight-bearing
as soon as she can. To aid her in this regard, Margaret begins light physical therapy three
times per week. 6.

In addition to the physical therapy benefits, why else might Margaret’s physician want
her to avoid prolonged bed-ridden activity. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed
on three medications: oral calcium supplements, oral estrogen and oral alendronate
sodium (Fosamax). (Fosamax is a drug which inhibits the activity of osteoclasts.)
REPRODUCTIVE
System
The major function of the reproductive
system is to ensure species’ survival. Other
systems in the body, such as the endocrine
and urinary systems, work continuously to
maintain homeostasis for the survival of the
individual. An individual may live
a long, healthy, and happy life
without producing offspring,
but if the species is to continue,
at least some individuals must
produce offspring.
4 FUNCTIONS
To produce egg and sperm cells
To transport and sustain these cells
To nurture the developing offspring
To produce hormones
gonads
sex glands (testes - males; ovaries - females)
produce reproductive cells or gametes
female reproductive system for fertilization.
meiosis
a process of cell division that halves the
chromosome number from 46 to 23
SEX HORMONES
Male sex hormones- Testosterone
Female sex hormones- Estrogen & Pregesterone
testosterone
are manufactured in interstitial cells located
between the tubules; regulate sex drive
(libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle
mass and strength, and the production of
red blood cells and sperm.
estrogen
increase secondary sex characteristics like
breasts and changes in overall body
composition (like curves).
Progesterone
prepare the endometrium (lining of your
uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and
grow.
the male
reproductive
system
produce androgens such as
testosterone that maintain male
reproductive function and promote
spermatogenesis and transport into the
androgen
any hormone that produces male
characteristics.
 is a tubular structure
Provides half of the
that serves as a duct for
genetic material needed
the passage of urine
to form a fertilized
from the bladder to the
zygote or embryo
exterior of the body.
during sexual
reproduction with an Urethra
egg in the female body. To produce the fluid
are a pair of glands found that nourishes and
Sperm cell
in the male pelvis, which transports sperm
function to produce many (seminal fluid).
of the constituent
Prostate gland
ingredients of semen.
The muscular sac that Seminal vesicle
stores urine (pee)
until it is released
through the urethra.

Bladder

MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Responsible for making
sperm and are also involved
in producing a hormone
called testosterone.

Testis
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
bulbourethral gland erection
A small gland beside the urethra below The stiffening or hardening of the penis
the prostate that secretes part of the or the clitoris, usually because of sexual
seminal fluid; also called Cowper gland. excitement.

circumcision follice-stimulating
Surgical removal of the end of the prepuce hormone
(foreskin)
A hormone secreted by the anterior
pituitary that acts on the gonads; in males,
FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and promotes
coitus sperm cell development.
Sexual intercourse
gamete
ductus deferens A mature reproductive cell, the
spermatozoon in the male and the
The duct that conveys spermatozoa
ovum in the female.
from the epididymis to the ejaculatory
duct; also called vas deferens.
penis prepuce
The male organ of The fold of skin over
ejaculation copulation and urination the glans penis; the
Ejection of semen from the male (adjective: penile) foreskin.
urethra.

meiosis glans
ejaculatory duct The type of cell division that penis
forms the gametes; it
The duct formed by union of the ductus The bulbous end of the
results in cells with 23
deferens and the duct of the seminal penis
chromosomes, half the
vesicle; it carries spermatozoa and number found in other body
seminal fluid into the urethra. cells.
inguinal
canal
interstitial
The channel through
cells
epididymis which the testis descends
Cells located between the into the scrotum in the
A coiled tube on the surface of the seminiferous tubules of male.
testis that stores sperm until the testes that produce
ejaculation. hormones, mainly
testosterone.

gonads
A sex gland; testis or ovary.
roots pertaining to male reproduction

ROOT:test/o ROOT:sperm/i,
spermat/o
Meaning: Testis, testicle
Meaning:Semen, spermatozoa
Example: Testosterone
Example: Polyspermia
Definition of Example:
Definition of Example:
Hormones are produced
Secretion of excess
in the testis. semen.

ROOT:orchi/o, ROOT:epididym/o
orchid/o Meaning: Epididymis
Meaning: Testis Example: Epididymitis
Example: Anorchism Definition of Example:
Definition of Example: Inflammation of the
Absence of a testis epididymis.

ROOT:osche/o ROOT:vesicul/o
Meaning: Scrotum Meaning: Seminal Vesicle
Example: Oscheal Example:Vesiculogram
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Radiograph of a seminal
Pertaining to scrotum.
vesicle

ROOT:SEMIN ROOT:prostat/o
Meaning: Semen Meaning: Prostate
Example: Inseminate Example: Prostatometer
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
To introduce semen into An instrument for
a vagina. measuring the prostate.
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T Ere
Dys ctile
func
tion

R.G., a 67-year-old attorney, was at his annual appointment with his internist
when he decided to discuss what he considered an embarrassing subject, erectile
dysfunction (ED). R.G. was happily married with four grown children and had
continued to enjoy an active sexual relationship with his wife, until recently. He
was having difficulty sustaining an erection. He had seen so much media
publicity on this subject that he decided to bring it up with his physician. At the
conclusion of the appointment, the internist ruled out any psychogenic causes
or adverse effects of medications, such as an antidepressant or an
antihypertensive, that could predispose to ED. He recommended that R.G.
schedule a follow-up visit to his urologist to make certain there were no
underlying physical factors that would contribute to his impotence. R.G. made
an appointment with the urologist whom he had seen about 10 years ago when
he was diagnosed with BPH. At that time, the physician had reviewed various
therapies with R.G., so R.G. felt comfortable discussing his present concerns. The
urologist’s examination ruled out trauma, vascular disorders, or tumors. It was
decided to have R.G. try an ED medication. The physician explained that the
impotence agents work by targeting the physiologic mechanisms of erection.
They promote vasodilation to increase blood flow to the penis. Side effects of
the medications were also discussed. R.G. was relieved that he had no tumor or
other disease condition. He understood the therapy plan and left with follow-
up instructions.
 Reproductive female
system
The reproductive system in females is responsible for
producing gametes (called eggs or ova), certain sex
hormones, and maintaining fertilized eggs as they
develop into mature fetuses and become ready for
delivery. A female’s reproductive years are between
menarche (the first menstrual cycle) and menopause
(cessation of menses for 12 consecutive months). During
this period, cyclical expulsion of ova from the ovary
occurs, with the potential to become fertilized by male
gametes (sperm). This cyclic expulsion of eggs is a
gfgthyyyyyy hl.
normal part of the menstrual cycle.
Healthy Female
Reproductive System

Medical Terminologies
cervix
DID YOU
corpus luteum
Neck; usually means A small yellow structure that

the lower narrow

portion of the uterus.
develops from the ovarian follicle
after ovulation and secretes
progesterone and estrogen.
KNOW?
That a
clitoris endometrium
A small erectile body is anterior
female can
The inner lining of
to the urethral opening that is give birth
similar in developmental origin the uterus.
to the penis. to about
15-30
contraception myometrium babies in a
The prevention The muscular wall lifetime.
of pregnancy. of the uterus
 Small canal that
connects your uterus

Cervix and vagina. It allows

fluids to leave and
enter your uterus.

Ovary
Produce and store
your eggs (also called
ovum) and make
hormones that
control your
menstrual cycle and
pregnancy.

Fimbriae
A finger-like
projections on the Fallopian or
ends of your fallopian uterine tube
tubes closest to your
ovaries. Each month, An important
your fimbriae catch passageway for an egg Vagina
the egg that one of and a sperm to meet
your ovaries releases and for a fertilized egg The vagina serves three
purposes: It's where the
during ovulation. (embryo) to make its penis is inserted during
way to your uterus sexual intercourse. It's the
pathway (the birth canal)
through which a baby leaves

FEMALE a woman's body during

childbirth. It's the route

REPRODUCTIVE through which menstrual

blood leaves the body

SYSTEM during periods.

 estrogen fimbriae fornix
A group of hormones The long finger-like An arch-like space,
that produce female extensions of the such as the space
characteristics and uterine tube wave between the
prepare the uterus to capture the uppermost wall of
for the the vagina and
released ovum.
fertilized egg. the cervix.

greater vestibular labia majora labia manora

gland
A small gland that The two large The two small
secretes mucus through folds of skin that folds of skin
a duct that opens near form the sides within the labia
the vaginal orifice. of the vulva. majora.

mammary gland
A specialized gland capable areola
ring, such
of secreting milk in the A pigmented
ea around
female. as the dark ar
the
the nipple of
menarche breast.
The first menstrual period
normally occurs during
puberty. hym
e n
A fold
menopause of mu
memb cous
Cessation of the rane t
partia hat
lly cov
menstrual cycle in the the en ers
trance
female the va of
gina
menstruation
The cyclic discharge of blood and
mucosal tissues from the lining mons pubis
of the nonpregnant uterus. The rounded, fleshy
elevation is anterior
ovarian follicle
to the pubic joint
The cluster of cells in which that is covered with
the ovum ripens in the hair after puberty.
ovary.
 Root Pertaining to
the female reproductive system

root:gyn/o, gynec/o root:ovari/o

Meaning: Woman Meaning: Ovary
Example: Gynecology Example: Ovariopexy
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Study of women’s diseases. Surgical fixation of an ovary.

root:men/o, mens root:oophor/o

Meaning: Month, menstruation Meaning: Ovary
Example: Premenstrual Example: Oophorectomy
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Before a menstrual period. Excision of an ovary.

root:oo root:salping/o
Meaning: Ovum, egg cell Meaning: Uterine tube, tube
Example: Oocyte Example: Salpingoplasty
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Cell that gives rise to an ovum. Plastic repair of a uterine tube

root:ov/o, ovul/o root:uter/o

Meaning: Ovum, egg cell Meaning: Uterus
Example:Anovulatory Example: Intrauterine
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Absence of egg ripening or of Within the uterus
ovulation.

did you know?

Your period can actually affect the way your voice sounds. Say
what?! Vaginal cells are quite similar to the cells in your larynx,
and both sets of cells are affected by hormonal changes.
root:metr/o, metr/i
Meaning: Uterus
Example: Metorrhea
Definition of Example:
Abnormal uterine discharge
root:hyster/o
Meaning: Uterus
Example:Hysterotomy
Definition of Example:
Incision of the uterus
root:cervic/o
Meaning: Cervix, neck
Example: Endocervical
Definition of Example:
Pertaining to the lining of the
cervix
root:vagin/o
Meaning: vagina
Example: Vaginometer
Definition of Example:
Instrument for measuring the
vagina
root:colp/o
Meaning: vagina
Example:Colpostenosis
Definition of Example:
Narrowing of the vagina
did you know?
The reproductive system contains the
largest and smallest human cells
root:vulv/o
Meaning: Vulva
Example: Vulvar
Definition of Example:
Pertaining to the vulva
root:episi/o
Meaning: Vulva
Example: Episiotomy
Definition of Example:
Incision of the Vulva
root:perine/o
Meaning:Perineum
Example: Perineal
Definition of Example:
Pertaining to the perineum
root:clitor/o, clitorid/o
Meaning: Clitoris
Example: Clitorectomy
Definition of Example:
Excision of the clitoris
root:mamm/o
Meaning: Breast, mammary gland
Example: Mammoplasty
Definition of Example:
Plastic surgery of the breast
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T Hyst Tota
e l
S a l pr e c t o mA b d o m i
ingo y wit nal
-oop h Bil
hore ater
ctom al
y

M.T., a 60-year-old gravida 2, para 2, had spent three months

under the care of her gynecologist for treatment of
postmenopausal bleeding and cervical dysplasia. She had had
several vaginal examinations with Pap smears, a uterine
ultrasound, colposcopy with endocervical biopsies, and a D&C
with cone biopsy. She wanted to take hormone replacement
therapy, but her doctor thought she was at too much risk with
the abnormal cells on her cervix and the excessive bleeding.
She had a TAH and BSO under general anesthesia with no
complications and an uneventful recovery. Her uterus had been
prolapsed on abdominal examination, but there was no sign of
malignancy or PID. The pathology report revealed several
uterine leiomyomas and stenosis of the right uterine tube. She
was discharged on the second postoperative day with few
activity restrictions.
 urinary
System
The urinary system, also known as the renal
system, is a crucial part of the human body
responsible for filtering and eliminating waste
products from the blood in the form of urine.
urethrA
This is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body. In males, the urethra is also a part of the
reproductive system, as it is involved in the transport of
semen.

The urinary system plays a crucial role in medical

maintaining the body's internal environment by
regulating the balance of water, electrolytes, and terminologies
other substances.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
It helps eliminate waste products, excess fluids, A hormone released from the pituitary
and electrolytes from the body, contributing to gland that causes water reabsorption
overall homeostasis. Additionally, the kidneys play in the kidneys, thus concentrating the
a role in regulating blood pressure and producing urine
hormones involved in red blood cell production
and calcium metabolism. angiotensin
A substance that increases blood
pressure; activated in the blood by
renin, an enzyme produced
the primary organs of the by the kidneys
urinary system include the
kidneys, ureters, bladder,
and urethra calyx
A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the
kidney; also calix (plural: calices)
kidneys(2) (roots: cali/o, calic/o)
These are two bean-shaped organs located on either
side of the spine, just below the ribcage. The kidneys
filter the blood to remove waste products and excess
substances, such as salts and water, to form urine. diuresis
Excretion of urine; usually
ureters (2)
meaning increased urinary
These are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. They
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is
excretion
stored until it is ready to be expelled from the body.

bladder diuretic
The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is
A substance that increases
voluntarily released from the body. It expands as it fills with the excretion of urine;
urine and contracts to expel the urine during the process of pertaining to diuresis
urination.
 URINARY
URIN ARYSYS
SYSTEM
TEM
KIDNEY
Bean-shaped organs
located on either side of
the spine, just below
ureter
These are tubes that
the ribcage. Filter the
connect the kidneys to the
blood to remove waste
bladder. They transport
products and excess
urine from the kidneys to
substances, such as the bladder, where it is
salts and water, to form stored until it is ready to
urine. be expelled from the body.

bladder
The bladder is a muscular sac
that stores urine until it is
voluntarily released from
the body. It expands as it fills
with urine and contracts to
expel the urine during the
process of urination.
urethra
This is a tube that carries
urine from the bladder to
the outside of the body. In
males, the urethra is also a
part of the reproductive
system, as it is involved in
the transport of semen.
 erythropoietin (EPO) kidney
A hormone produced by the kidneys
that stimulates red blood cell An organ of excretion (roots: ren/o,
production in the bone marrow nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the
blood and form urine,
which contains metabolic waste
products and other substances as
needed to regulate the water,
glomerular capsule electrolyte, and pH balance of body
The cup-shaped structure at the beginning fluids
of the nephron that surrounds the
glomerulus and receives material filtered
out of the blood; Bowman capsule
renal medulla
The kidney’s inner portion;
glomerular filtrate contains portions of the
The fluid and dissolved materials that nephrons and ducts that
filter out of the blood and enter the
transport urine
nephron through the
glomerular capsule toward the renal pelvis

glomerulus
The cluster of capillaries within the renal pelvis
glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli)
(root: glomerul/o)
The expanded upper end of the
ureter that receives urine from
the kidney (Greek root pyel/o
means “basin”)
nephron
A microscopic functional unit of the kidney;
working with blood vessels, the nephron
filters the blood and balances the
composition of urine
micturition
The voiding of urine; urination

renal cortex
The kidney’s outer portion; urea
contains portions of the
The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-
nephrons
containing) waste product in the urine

did you know?

The length of the female urethra is shorter than that of males. This anatomical
difference contributes to a higher susceptibility to urinary tract infections in women.
 renal pyramid urinary bladder
A triangular structure in the renal
medulla; composed of the nephrons’
loops and collecting ducts
The organ that stores and
eliminates urine excreted by
the kidneys (roots: cyst/o,
vesic/o)
renin
An enzyme produced by the kidneys that
activates angiotensin in the blood

urine
The fluid excreted by the kidneys;
it consists of water, electrolytes,
trigone
urea, other metabolic wastes, and
A triangle at the base of the bladder
formed by the openings of the two pigments; a variety of other
ureters and the urethra substances may appear in urine in
cases of disease (root: ur/o)

tubular reabsorption
The return of substances from the
glomerular filtrate to the blood through roots pertaining to the
the peritubular capillaries urinary system

root:ren/o
ureter Meaning: Kidney
The tube that carries urine from the Example: Suprarenal
kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o) Definition of Example:
above the kidney

root:nephr/o
urethra Meaning: Kidney
The duct that carries urine out Example: Nephrosis
of the body and also Definition of Example: any
transports semen in the male noninflammatory disease
(root: urethr/o) condition of the kidney

did you know?

Nocturia is the term used when a person needs to wake up during the night to urinate. It
becomes more common with age and can be influenced by various factors, including lifestyle
and medical conditions.
 root:glomerul/o
Meaning: glomerulus
Example: juxtaglomerular
Definition of Example:
near the glomerulus
root:cyst/o
Meaning:urinary bladder
Example: cystocele
Definition of Example:
hernia of the urinary bla
dder

root:pyel/o root:vesic/o
Meaning: renal pelvis Meaning: urinary bladder
Example: pyelectasis Example: intravesical
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
dilatation of the renal pe within the urinary bladder
lvis

root:cali/o, calic/o root:urethr/o

Meaning: calyx
Example: caliceal
Definition of Example:
pertaining to a renal calyx
Meaning: urethra
Example: urethrotome
Definition of Example:
instrument for incising th
e
urethra

root:ur/o
Meaning: urine, urinary tra
ct
Example: urinalysis
Definition of Example:
laboratory study of urine
did you
know?
root:urin/o
Meaning: urine
Example: nocturia
Definition of Example:
urination during the night
(noct/i)
h e a d ult
T
u r i n ary
human
root:ureter/o
Meaning: ureter
d e r c an
Example: ureterostenosis
blad
Definition of Example:
p t o two
hold u
narrowing of the ureter

u r i n e.
f
cups o
 DISORDERS
acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids hydronephrosis hypokalemia
Collection of urine in Deficiency of
the renal pelvis potassium in the
blood
bacteriuria caused by
obstruction; results
Presence of bacteria in the urine in distention and
renal atrophy

cast
A solid mold of a renal
hyponatremia hypoproteinemia
tubule found in the urine Deficiency of Decreased amount
sodium in the of protein in the
blood blood; may be
cystitis caused by kidney
Inflammation of the urinary damage resulting
in protein loss
bladder, usually as a result of
infection

hyperkalemia hypernatremia
dysuria Excess amount of Excess amount of
Painful or difficult urination potassium in the sodium in the
blood blood

glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney,
primarily involving the glomeruli;
the acute form usually occurs after
an infection elsewhere in the body;
oliguria proteinuria
Elimination of Presence of
the chronic form varies in cause and small amounts of protein, mainly
usually leads to renal failure urine albumin, in the
urine

hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T glom
erul
onep
hrit
is

End-Stage Renal Disease Adrien, a 20 y/o part-time college student,

has had chronic glomerulonephritis since age 7. He has been treated
at home with CAPD for the past 16 months as he awaits kidney
transplantation. His doctor advised him to go immediately to the ED
when he reported chest pain, shortness of breath, and oliguria. On
admission, Adrien was placed on oxygen and given a panel of blood
tests and an ECG to rule out an acute cardiac episode.

His hemoglobin was 8.2, and his hematocrit was 26%. He had bilateral
lung rales. ABGs were: pH, 7.0; Paco2, 28; Pao2, 50; Hco3, 21. His BUN,
serum creatinine, and BUN/ creatinine ratio were abnormally high.
His ECG and liver enzyme studies were normal. His admission
diagnosis was ESRD, fluid overload, and metabolic acidosis.

He was typed and crossed for blood; tested for HIV, hepatitis B
antigen, and sexually transmitted disease; and sent for hemodialysis.
A bed was reserved for him on the transplant unit.
 nervous
System
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This
system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. The brain is what
controls all the body's functions. The spinal cord runs from the brain down through the
back.
spin
organization of the nervous system cor al
For study purposes, the nervous system may d
be divided structurally into two parts:

The central nervous system (CNS), consisting

of the brain and spinal cord
ain
The peripheral nervous system (PNS), Br neuron
consisting of all nervous tissue outside the
brain and spinal cord

Functionally, the nervous system can be

divided into the:

Somatic nervous system, which controls

skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), or

visceral nervous system, which controls
somatic autonom
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands;
nervous nervousic
regulates responses to stress; and helps
to maintain homeostasis
system system

two types of cells are found in the nervous system

Neurons, or nerve cell, Neuralgia are the

make up the conducting cells that supports
tissue of the nervous and protects nervous
system. tissue.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions:
ANATOMY
OF THE BRAIN Assists witht the
interpretation of touch.
Suppress socially Plays a role in the The passing of information
inappropriate behavior. throughout the body
knowledge of numbers
Predicts consequences of
and their relationships
actions
Helps with the
Plays role in the choice
understanding of objects, A receiver for external
between good and bad
actions
shapes and space. information through the senses.
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe Determines how we ultimately

Processes and perceive the human experience.

NEURON
makes sense of
visual
information
Temporal

NEURON
Cerebellum
lobe
Plays a major role in
Assists with the
perception and balance and
interpretation of voluntary motor
sound skills.
Brainstem
Plays a role in the Allows the transfer of information
recognition of objects between the brain and body.
and visual memory. Plays a role in automatic functions
such as the heartbeat and
breathing.
 Medical
TERMINOLOGIES
arachnoid mater
dendrite
The middle layer of the
meninges (from the Greek word A fiber of a neuron that
for spider, because this tissue conducts impulses toward
resembles a spider web) the cell body

axon
The fiber of a neuron that
dura mater
conducts impulses away from The strong, fibrous
the cell body outermost layer of the
meninges

brain gray matter

The nervous tissue contained
Unmyelinated
within the cranium; consists of
tissue of the
the cerebrum, diencephalon,
nervous system
brainstem, and cerebellum

Cerebral cortex gyrus

The cerebrum’s thin surface A raised convolution of
layer of gray matter (the the surface of the
cortex is the outer region cerebrum
of an organ)

Cranial nerves hypothalamus

The part of the brain
The 12 pairs of nerves that
that controls the
are connected to the brain
pituitary gland and
maintain homeostasis
 interneuron pia mater
Any neuron located between a
sensory and a motor neuron in The innermost
a neutral pathway, such as the layer of the
neurons that transmit meninges
impulses within the CNS

myelin reflex
A whitish, fatty substance A simple, rapid, and
that surrounds certain automatic response
axons of the nervous to a stimulus
system

Neuron sulcus
The basic unit of the A shallow furrow or
nervous system; a groove, as on the
nerve cell surface of the
cerebrum

Nerve synapse
The junction between 2
A bundle of neuron neurons; also, the
fibers outside the junction between a
CNS motor neuron and a
muscle or gland
did you
know? tract
A bundle of neuron fibers
within the CNS
That our forehead
and fingertips are
the most sensitive
to pain because of
white matter
their greater
density of nerve Myelinated tissue
fibers which react of the nervous
to a pain trigger. system
 Roots for the Nervous System
root:neur/o, neur/ root:gli/o root:gangli/o,
Meaning:nervous system, Meaning: neuroglia ganglion/o
nervous tissue, nerve Example: glial Meaning: Month,
Example: neurotrophin Definition of Example: menstruation
Definition of Example: Pertaining to Example: Premenstrual
Factor that promotes neuroglia Definition of Example:
nerve growth Before a menstrual period.

root:mening/o, root:myel/o root:radicul/o

meninge/o Meaning: spinal cord (also
Meaning: meninges bone marrow
Example: meningocele Example: hematomyelia
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Hernia of the meninges Hemorrhage into the
spinal cord
Meaning: spinal nerve root
Example: radiculopathy
Definition of Example:
Any disease of a spinal
nerve root

root:encelphal/o root:cerebell/o root:thalam/o

Meaning: brain Meaning: cerebellum Meaning: thalamus
Example: anencephaly Example: supracerebellar Example: Thalamotomy
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Absence of the brain Above the cerebellum Incision of the thalamus

did you know?

The body has billions of nerve cells
Every person’s body contains billions of nerve cells (neurons).
There are about 100 billion in the brain and 13.5 million in the
spinal cord. The body’s neurons take up and send out electric and
chemical signals (electrochemical energy) to other neurons.
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T John
and ’s trau
cogn mat
itive ic bra
reha in in
bilit jury
atio
n

John, a 30-year-old construction worker, was involved in a severe workplace accident. A

falling object struck him on the head, resulting in a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Upon
admission to the hospital, John was unconscious and later diagnosed with moderate TBI
based on imaging studies.

As he regained consciousness, it became apparent that John faced challenges with

memory, concentration, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessments
revealed deficits in various cognitive domains. The interdisciplinary medical team,
including neurologists, neuropsychologists, and rehabilitation specialists, collaborated
to develop a tailored cognitive rehabilitation plan.

John underwent a structured rehabilitation program involving cognitive exercises,

occupational therapy, and speech therapy to address language and communication
difficulties. The process also involved counseling to support John and his family in
coping impact of the injury.
Over time, John showed gradual improvement in cognitive functions,
demonstrating the remarkable resilience of the brain. This case emphasizes the
significance of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies in mitigating the long-
term effects of traumatic brain injuries and highlights the need for ongoing
support for individuals recovering from such incidents.
 cardiovascular
System
Blood circulates throughout the body in the cardiovascular system, which consist
of the heart and the blood vessels. This system forms a continuous circuit that
delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and carries away waste products.

functions components
· Heart
· Blood
·-Circulates oxygen and removes CO2 in the body
-Provides cells with nutrients
-Removes the waste products of metabolism to
the excretory organs for disposal · Blood
-Protects the body against disease and infection
-Blood clotting
vessels

structure of the heart 3 layers:

Location: the heart is located between
the lungs, with its point, or apex,
directed toward the inferior and left.
medical root “cardi”
– heart
Endocardium – a thin membrane
that line the chamber and valves
(the prefix endo – means “within”)
Myocardium – a thick muscle
layer that makes up most of the
heart wall (the root my/o means
“muscle”)

Did you know Epicardium – a thin membrane

that covers the heart (the prefix
that a “broken
epi – means “on”)
heart” can feel
like a heart
attack?
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA AORTA
The main artery that carries
A major vein that carries blood away from the heart to the
blood from the upper body rest of the body.
(head, chest, arms) to the
heart. PULMONARY ARTERIES
Carry oxygen-poor blood
PULMONARY VEINS from the right side of your
heart to your lungs
Carry oxygen-rich blood
from your lungs to your
heart.

LEFT ATRIUM
Receives blood full of oxygen
from the lungs and then
empties the blood into the left
ventricle.

RIGHT ATRIUM
Receives blood low in oxygen
from the body and then
empties the blood into the
right ventricle. LEFT VENTRICLE
Responsible for pumping
RIGHT VENTRICLE oxygen-rich blood into your
aorta
Responsible for accepting venous
blood and propelling it to the
lungs where it is oxygenated and
its CO2 eliminated
 MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGIES
aorta capillary
The largest artery; it A microscopic blood vessel
receives blood from the left through which materials are
ventricle and branches to all exchanged between the
parts of the body blood and the tissues

aortic valve depolarization

The valve at the A change in electrical
entrance to the aorta charge from the resting
state in nerves or
muscles

arteriole diastole
A small vessel that The relaxation
carries blood from the phase of the
arteries into the heartbeat cycle
capillaries

atrium
An entrance chamber,
one of the two upper
receiving chambers of
the heart
endocardium
The thin membrane that
lines the chambers of the
heart and covers the valves

blood pressure epicardium

The force exerted
The thin outermost
by blood against
layer of the heart
the wall of a
wall
vessel

did you know?

Newborn babies have the fastest
heart beats.
 FUN Laughing is good for
FACT! your heart
functional murmur septum
Any sound produced as A wall dividing two
the heart functions cavities; such as two
chambers of the heart
normally

heart systole
The muscular organ with four
chambers that contracts The contraction phase
rhythmically to propel blood of the heartbeat cycle
through vessels to all parts of
the body

pulmonary artery sinus rhythm

The vessel that carries Normal heart
blood from the right rhythm
side of the heart to the
lungs

repolarization
A return of electrical
charge to the resting
state in nerves or
muscles
venule
A small vessel that
carries blood from the
capillaries to the veins

right av valve vessel

The valve between
the right atrium A tube or duct to
and right ventricle; transport fluid
the tricuspid valve

did you know?

Your heart pumps 2,000
gallons of blood a day.
 roots pertaining to cardiovascular system

ROOT:cardi/o ROOT:angi/o
Meaning: heart Meaning: Vessel
Example:cardiomyopathy Example: Angiography
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Any disease of the heart x-ray imaging of a
muscle vessel

ROOT:atri/o ROOT:arter/o,
arteri/o
Meaning: Atrium
Example: Atriotomy Meaning: Artery
Definition of Example: Example: endarterial
Surgical incision of an Definition of Example:
atrium Within an artery

ROOT:ventricul/o ROOT:arteriol/o
Meaning: Cavity, Ventricle Meaning: arteriole
Example: supraventricular Example:Arteriolar
Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
Pertaining to an arteriole
Above a ventricle

ROOT:valv/o, ROOT:aort/o
valvul/0
Meaning: valve Meaning: Aorta
Example: aortoptosis
Example:Valvulotome
Definition of Example:
Definition of Example:
Downward displacement
Instrument for incising
of the aorta
a valve
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T My
s h oorc a r d i a
t l
o f hn e s s o fi n f a r c t
yper bre ion:
t a c
s e d ee n s i o nt, h a n d hh e s t p a
ntar diab as a in an
y lif etes hist d
esty , and ory
le a

Mr. Johnson, a 55-year-old male, presents to the emergency department complaining of chest
pain and shortness of breath. He has a history of hypertension, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle.
Mr. Johnson is a smoker and reports occasional high stress levels at work. Upon arrival, Mr.
Johnson describes a sudden onset of crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, associated with
nausea and diaphoresis. Vital signs reveal elevated blood pressure and a rapid heart rate. An
electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment elevation in specific leads, indicating a myocardial
infarction (heart attack).

Blood tests confirm elevated cardiac biomarkers, supporting the diagnosis of a myocardial
infarction. Imaging studies, such as a coronary angiogram, reveal a significant blockage in one of
the coronary arteries. Johnson is promptly administered aspirin, nitrogylcerin, and a statin. He
undergoes emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to restore blood flow in the
blocked coronary artery. Post-procedure, he receives medications for secondary prevention,
including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and antiplatelet agents. Lifestyle modifications, such as
smoking cessation, dietary changes, and cardiac rehabilitation are emphasized.

Outcome:
Mr. Johnson responds well to treatment, and subsequent evaluations show improved cardiac
functions. He engages in a structured exercise program and adopts a heart-healthy lifestyle. This
case underscores the importance of timely intervention lifestyle modifications, and
comprehensive cardiovascular care in managing acute myocardial infarction and preventing
future cardiovascular events.
 digestive
System
The digestive system is a
complex network of organs
that work together to
break down food, absorb
nutrients, and eliminate
waste from the body.
small intestine
The small intestine is where most digestion
and absorption occur. It receives digestive
enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the
liver, which help to break down fats, proteins,
and carbohydrates.

large intestine
the key parts of the The large intestine absorbs water and
digestive system electrolytes from the remaining undigested
food, and bacteria in the colon help to ferment
mouth, esophagus, stomach, and break down indigestible fibers.

small intestine, large

intestine, pancreas, liver, and pancreas
The pancreas produces enzymes that aid in the
gallbladder. digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

mouth liver
The mouth is responsible for the initial
The liver produces bile that aids in fat digestion
breakdown of food through chewing and
and absorption.
the secretion of saliva, which contains
enzymes that begin the digestion process.
gall bladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile,
esophagus releasing it into the small intestine when
The esophagus is a muscular tube that needed.
transports the chewed food from the
mouth to the stomach through peristalsis,
a series of wave like contractions.
did you
know?
stomach The small intestine
In the stomach, gastric juices and despite its name, is
enzymes further break down the food the longest part of
into a semi liquid form. the digestive tract,
measuring around
22 feet long
 digestive system
digestive system
GALLBLADDER
Stores bile and releases it into
the digestive tract when
needed

LIVER
The largest internal organ,
responsible for producing bile,
filtering toxins, storing nutrients, STOMACH
and metabolizing chemicals. A muscular sac-like organ below the
diaphragm that stores food and
secretes juices that digest protein

PANCREAS
Secretes a variety of digestive
enzymes Also secretes bicarbonate to RECTUM
neutraize stomach acid and water to
The distal portion of the large
dilute food.
intestine; it stores and
eliminates undigested waste

SMALL INTESTINE
The portion of the intestine between ANUS
the stomach and the large intestine;
and almost all digestion and
The distal opening of the
absorption occur here digestive tract
 MEDICAL
Terminologies
oral cavity
The mouth, where digestion
begins. Food is broken down
mechanically by chewing and
mixed with saliva.
esophagus
A muscular tube connecting the
throat to the stomach. It
transports food from the mouth
to the stomach through
peristalsis.
peristalsis
The involuntary contractions
of the muscles lining the
digestive tract that propel
food along its pathway.
stomach
A muscular organ that stores
and breaks down food
further through the action
of gastric acid and enzymes.
gastric acid
A digestive fluid produced in
the stomach that aids in the
breakdown of food and kills
bacteria.
small intestine
The longest part of the
digestive tract, where the
majority of nutrient
absorption takes place.
villi
Tiny, finger-like projections
lining the small intestine that
increase its surface area for
better absorption of nutrients.
colon
Also known as the large
intestine, it absorbs water and
electrolytes from undigested
food, forming feces
pancreas
An organ that produces enzymes
to break down proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats, and
releases them into the small
intestine
gallbladder
A small, pear-shaped organ
that stores bile produced by
the liver and releases it into
the small intestine to aid in fat
digestion.
 FUN FACT!
Your body can move your food through the
digestive system even while you are standing on
your head. It is not connected to gravity because it
works with muscles.

liver
The largest internal organ,
responsible for producing bile,
filtering toxins, storing nutrients,
and metabolizing chemicals.
diverticulitis
Inflammation or infection of
small pouches (diverticula)
that develop in the colon
wall, often due to low-fiber
diets.

bile irritable bowel

A substance produced by the
liver and stored in the
gallbladder. It helps in the
digestion and absorption of fats.
syndrome (IBS)
A common disorder characterized
by abdominal pain, bloating, and
changes in bowel habits without
any structural abnormalities.

hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
usually caused by viral
infection, alcohol abuse, or
exposure to certain chemicals.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach
and intestines, often caused
by viral or bacterial infection,
leading to diarrhea and
vomiting.

gastroesophageal lactose
reflux disease (GERD) intolerance
A condition where the stomach acid Inability to digest lactose, the
flows back into the esophagus, sugar found in milk and dairy
causing heartburn and other products, due to a deficiency in the
symptoms. enzyme lactase

ulcer
A sore or lesion that forms on
the lining of the digestive tract,
often caused by bacteria (H.
pylori) or prolonged use of
NSAIDs.
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, a
small appendage attached to the
colon, often requiring surgical
removal to prevent rupture.
 Roots pertaining to Digestive System
root:amyl root:cholecyst/o root:col/o

Meaning:starch or Meaning:gallbladder Meaning:colon or large

carbohydrates Example: intestine
Example: amylase cholecystectomy Example:colitis
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
breakdown of complex surgical removal of the Inflammation of the colon
carbohydrates gallbladder

root:enter/o root:hepat/o root:oral/ori

Meaning:small intestine Meaning:liver Meaning:mouth

Example: enteritis Example: hepatomegaly Example: oral hygiene
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Definition of Example:
inflammation of the an enlarged liver maintaining the health
small intestine of the mouth and teeth

root:pancreat/o root:peps root:proct/o

Meaning:pancreas Meaning:digestion or the Meaning:rectum or anus
Example: pancreatic stomach Example: proctitis
cancer Example: dyspepsia Definition of Example:
Definition of Example: Definition of Example: Inflammation of the
cancer in the cells of indigestion or upset rectum
pancreas stomach

Did You Know?

Stomach growling is called borborygmic and happens
all the time, but it is just louder when your stomach
is empty because there is no food to muffle it.
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T recu
p a i nr r e n t e
, blo piso
d
b o wa t i n g , ae s o f a b
el m
o v enmd i r r e gd o m i n a
ents ular l

Ethan, an active and cheerful 10-year-old, had been experiencing recurrent episodes of
abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel movements for several months. Concerned about
his deteriorating health, his parents sought medical help to unravel the mystery behind his
symptoms. The first step in diagnosing Ethan's condition was to analyze his symptoms. His parents
described his abdominal pain as sharp and cramp-like, often worsening after meals. Bloating was a
constant companion, making it difficult for Ethan to enjoy normal activities. Furthermore,
irregular bowel movements oscillated between constipation and diarrhea, causing distress in his
daily life.

To determine the cause of Ethan's digestive troubles, various diagnostictests were conducted.
Blood tests revealed no abnormalities in his liver or pancreas enzymes. Stool samples were
analyzed for any signs of infection or malabsorption issues but yielded inconclusive results.
Finally, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were performed to examine his
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon for any abnormalities. After careful examination
of the test results, Ethan was diagnosed with Irritable BowelSyndrome (IBS). This common
gastrointestinal disorder affects the large intestine and causes a variety of uncomfortable
symptoms.

Treatment for IBS involves a multidimensional approach tailored to each patient's unique
needs. In Ethan's case, dietary modifications were recommended. His doctor advised him to avoid
trigger foods such as dairy products and artificial sweeteners while incorporating more fiber-rich
fruits and vegetables into his diet. Regular exercise and stress management techniques were also
suggested to alleviate symptoms. Over time, Ethan's condition improved significantly as he
diligently followed the prescribed treatment plan. His abdominal pain and bloating reduced, and
his bowel movements became more regular. With the support of his family and healthcare
professionals, Ethan regained his energy and zest for life.
 muscular
System
The main characteristic of
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR
muscle tissue is its ability to
SYSTEM
contract. When stimulated, Allow the body to MOVE
muscles shorten to produce Gives the body STABILITY
Helps maintain POSTURE
movement of the skeleton, vessel walls,
Controls ORGAN movement
or internal organs. Muscles may also Maintains BODY temperature
remain partially contracted to maintain
posture. In addition, the heat generated
by muscle contraction is the main source
of body heat.
important tips
to build muscle
Types of Muscle GET ENOUGH SLEEP

SKELETAL MUSCLE
Attached to bones and is CALORIE SURPLUS PROGRESSIVE
responsible for voluntary OVERLOAD

movement. It also maintains

posture and generates a large
proportion of body heat.

CARDIAC MUSCLE STAY HYDRATED

KEEP A FIT JOURNAL
STAY CONSISTENT
Makes up the myocardium of
the heart wall. It functions
involuntarily and is
DID YOU
responsible for the heart’s
pumping action. KNOW?
Muscles can’t push.

SMOOTH MUSCLE They can only pull.

SMOOTH MUSCLE
Operates involuntarily and is
responsible for peristalsis, the
wave-like movements that
propel materials through the
systems.
When you’re pushing a door open, for
instance, your muscles are actually pulling
your elbow and shoulder against the door.
No matter what you’re doing, you have
muscles at work. But to keep them healthy,
they need exercise. Even your heart needs a
workout to stay strong, which is why
aerobic exercise that gets your heart rate
up is so important.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Masseter
Responsible for the action of
Trapezius
Stabilize and move the
mastication (chewing)
Deltoid scapula
Protect and stabilize
Pectoralis s
your shoulder join
the largest and most
superficial muscle in Triceps
the chest area. of Extension of
body text Biceps the elbow
brachii joint.
To flex the
elbow and
rotate the
forearm.

Biceps
femoris
Abdominals Flexion of
Support the trunk, Quadriceps the knee
allow movement and Extend the leg at
hold organs in place by the knee joint and
regulating internal
flex the thigh at
abdominal pressure.
the hip joint
Calf
muscles
Responsible for
plantarflexion the
foot and ankle
 D I S O R D E R S
A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in
muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease

al A disease of unknown cause that

t er
a )
ic l (ALS
involves persistent fatigue along with
h
trop sis muscle and joint pain and other
yo ro ome symptoms; may be virally induced
am scle dr
e syn
gu
fati FS) A disorder associated with
n ic (C
o
chr drome widespread muscular aches and
yn stiffness and having no known
lgia s
mya FMS)
cause
if bro (
A group of hereditary

lar dystrophy muscular disorders marked

muscu by progressive weakness and
muscular atrophy

myasthenia gra A disease characterized by

vis (MG) progressive muscular weakness;
an autoimmune disease
affecting the neuromuscular
junction
poly
myos
itis A disease of unknown
rep
etit cause involving muscular
ive inflammation and
str
(RS ain i weakness
I) nju
ry
Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually
sp

overuse of the arm or hand in occupational

ra

activities such as writing, typing, painting, or

in

using hand tools; also called repetitive motion

injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse
syndrome

Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive

force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture

DID YOU KNOW?

The hardest working muscle
in the body is the heart
Roots Pertaining to Muscles

root:MY/O root: root:in/o root:fasci/o -

muscul/o -

Meaning: Meaning:muscle Meaning: fiber Meaning: fascia

Muscle Example: Example: Example:
Example: musculature inotropic fasciodesis
Definition of Definition of Definition of
Myositis
Example: Example:
Definition of Example:
- muscle binding
Example: -acting on
arrangement in a (suture) of a
Inflammation (muscle) fibers
part or the fascia to a
of muscle whole body tendon or
other fascia

root:ten/o, root:ton/o - root:kin/o-, kine,

tendin/o - \ kinesi/o, kinet/o -

Meaning: Meaning:tone Meaning:

tendon Example: movement
Example: cardiotonic Example: kinesis
tenostosis Definition of Definition of
Definition of Example: Example:
having a movement
Example:
strengthening (adjective:
ossification of
action on the
a tendon kinetic)
heart muscle

Did you know?

Some of your busiest muscles are
those controlling eye movements
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T bra
s e v ec h i a l p
l
p o s sr a l t o re x u s i n
ible n ner jury
and to h
e gr
v
t
w
n e r v a v e ae e n d s i t h a g a
w p
a f t i n s i o nh e r e i t b e t w e e
e
ng w -fre was n
as r e re not
equi pair
red

Thomas’s Follow-Up exploratory surgery confirmed the brachial plexus

injury with a gap between several torn nerve ends where it was not possible to
have a tension-free repair and nerve grafting was required. Thomas underwent
a bilateral sural (calf ) nerve graft.

The sural nerve is an easily harvested nerve graft that allows the surgeon to
implant healthy nerves to replace the damaged nerves in the brachial plexus.
Following the four-hour procedure, Thomas was admitted to the pediatric ICU.
After 6 days, he was discharged home with his right arm in a shoulder
immobilizer. The incisions from the nerve graft donor sites on his right and left
calf were healing nicely. He was given antibiotic ointment to apply for the next
week to prevent infection. He was also told to elevate his legs, for several days,
when he was sitting or in bed. Thomas received instructions on activities that he
could or could not perform and was told to see the orthopedic surgeon in 1 week
and again 3 weeks later. Physical therapy was ordered to prevent further
atrophy and to begin rebuilding the arm muscles.

At his 1-week follow-up, Thomas stated his frustration with the slow progress.
The orthopedic surgeon had said that in time, he should regain full use of his
right arm and normal activities of daily living should be restored.
 Respiratory Trachea or Windpipe
system Serves as passage for air,
moistens and warms it while it
passes into the lungs, and
protects the respiratory
surface from an accumulation
of foreign particles

Nasal cavity
The uppermost part of the
respiratory system and
provides the nasal passage
for inhaled air from the
nostrils to the
nasopharynx and rest of
the respiratory tract.

Main Bronchi
Distribute the air
throughout the lungs
until reaching the
respiratory bronchioles

Oral cavity or mouth Alveoli and alveolar sacs

The digestive function Tiny air sacs are the site

begins in the oral cavity
and has a significant role
in the mastication and
swallowing of food.dy
text
where gas exchange between
inspired air and the blood
takes place.
Right- Left Lungs
Bring oxygen into our bodies
(called inspiration, or inhalation)

Larynx and send carbon dioxide out

(called expiration, or exhalation)
Protect the lower
respiratory tract from
aspirating food into
the trachea while
breathing.
respiratory
System
The respiratory system is a vital part of
the human body's overall functioning,
responsible for the intake of oxygen and
the release of carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system also plays a

crucial role in regulating the body's pH
levels, as the removal of carbon
dioxide helps maintain an optimal
balance of acids and bases.

Composed of several organs, including

the nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs, and
diaphragm, it works in a well-
coordinated manner to ensure the
exchange of gases between the body
and the environment.

RESPIRATORY PROCESS:
The process begins with inhalation, where
air is drawn in through the nose and
passes through the pharynx, larynx, and
trachea. It then enters the lungs, where
oxygen is transferred to the bloodstream
while carbon dioxide
is removed. This oxygen-
rich blood is then distri
buted to the body's cells, allo
wing for the production of
energy through cellular
respiration.
Medical Terminologies
Little hollow; Pertains
to the alveolus
1 ALVEOLAR

conditions characterized by
collapse of the alveoli which
ATELECTASIS 2 prevent gas exchange in that
part of the lung

Lymphoid tissue located

in the nasopharynx; the 3 ADENOIDS
pharyngeal tonsils.

An inflammation of the
bronchial tubes, which
BRONCHITIS 4 carry air to and from the
lungs

One of the larger air

passageways in the 5 BRONCHUS
lungs

An umbrella of diseases
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
including asthma, chronic
PULMONARY DISEASE 6 bronchitis, emphysema, and
(COPD) chronic bronchiectasis

A muscular structure
located beneath the lungs
that helps in the process of 7 DIAPHRAGM
breathing.

A combination of oxygen and

hemoglobin, found in red blood
OXYHEMOGLOBIN 8 cells, that transports oxygen to
various body tissues

The inflammation of the

pharynx, causing a sore
throat, difficulty in 9 PHARYNGITIS
swallowing, and hoarseness.

An accumulation of air in
the pleural space of the
PNEUMOTHORAX 10 chest causing the lungs to
collapse.

The examination of
PULMONARY
the blood vessels of 11 ANGIOGRAPHY
the lungs.

The process of inhaling

RESPIRATION 12 oxygen and exhaling
carbon dioxide.
Roots Pertaining to
respiratory system
alveol(o) - through, channel, cavity
Example: alveolar - bony ridge that
contains socket of the upper teeth

bronch(o) - bronchus
Example: bronchitis - inflammation
of the bronchial tubes

laryng(o) - larynx
Example: laryngitis - Inflammation
of the larynx, or voice box

lob(o) - lobe, rounded prominence

Example:lobotomy - removal or
cutting of a lobe

nas(o) - nose
Example:nasopharynx -
upper part of the throat

pleur(o) - pleura
Example:pleurisy -
inflammation of the pleura

pulm(o) - lung
Example:pulmonology -
deals with diseases and
disorders of the lungs

pharyng(o) - pharynx
Example: pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx

thorac(o) - chest
Example: thoracotomy
incision into the chest wall

DID trache(o) - trachea, windpipe

tracheotomy surgical

KN YOU opening of the trachea

 S E
C A Y
U D
S T s h oSra r a h p
tnes rese
s of nted
brea with
th a seve
nd c
y a nroe
sis

Sarah, a 38-year-old woman with no prior respiratory health issues, had been leading an
active and healthy lifestyle. She enjoyed jogging in the park every morning, relishing in the
fresh morning air. However, one fateful day, as she was out for her routine jog, she suddenly
collapsed and struggled to breathe. Sarah was rushed to the emergency department, where she
presented with severe shortness of breath and cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin due
to lack of oxygen). Her respiratory rate was rapid and shallow, while her heart rate soared.
These alarming symptoms raised concerns about possible damage to her respiratory system.

Various diagnostic tests were conducted to determine the underlying cause of Sarah's
respiratory distress. Blood gas analysis revealed significantly low oxygen levels and elevated
carbon dioxide levels, indicating impaired gas exchange in the lungs. Chest X-rays showed signs
of pulmonary edema—a condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs—leading to compromised
lung function. After a thorough evaluation, Sarah was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress
syndrome(ARDS). ARDS occurs when there is significant inflammation and injury to the lungs due
to various causes including infections or injuries. In Sarah's case, it was suspected that her
vigorous exercise triggered an intense immune response leading to ARDS.

Sarah's treatment plan commenced immediately to address her critical condition. She was
placed on supplemental oxygen through a nasal cannula to increase oxygen levels in her blood.
To alleviate fluid accumulation in her lungs, diuretics were administered. Additionally, she was
prescribed anti-inflammatory medications to reduce lung inflammation. Sarah's recovery
journey was arduous but promising. With diligent medical care, her oxygen levels gradually
improved, and the fluid in her lungs subsided. Physical therapy played a crucial role in
strengthening her respiratory muscles, facilitating a faster return to normalcy. Sarah's
determination and resilience were essential during this period.
 endocrine
System
The endocrine system of glands that produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream best
describes the endocrine system. The endocrine hormones control growth, development, mood,
and metabolism. The circulatory system helps distribute oxygen and other nutrients to cells all
over the body. Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secrete regulatory
substances called hormones. Because hormones are released into the blood, the endocrine
glands are known as the ductless glands, as compared to exocrine glands, such as sweat glands
and digestive glands, that secrete through ducts to the outside.

brain
Hypothalamus- Maintains the body’s homeostasis and
regulates body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Pineal Gland - Responsible for the production of melatonin,
which plays a major role in the body’s sleep-wake cycle.
Pituitary gland- Composed of 2 lobes: the anterior, which
secretes hormones involved in the body’s growth and
development, and the posterior, which secretes hormones
that increase the reabsorption of water into the kidneys.

thymus
Controls production of T-cells (white blood
cells) and plays a vital role in the body’s ability
to fight diseases.

thyroid
This butterfly shaped gland produces 3 major
hormones: calcitonin, triiodothyronine (T3), and
thyroxine (T4). They help regulate the body’s energy
and metabolism.

pancreas
Aids in the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
responsible for the production of insulin and glucagon,
which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

adrenal gland
Produces hormones that allow the body
to react to stress, such as adrenaline and
cortisol.

ovaries
Secretes estrogen and progesterone, which
play a key role in the health of the female
reproductive system.

testis
Secretes testosterone, which is
vital for physical development,
bone density, and libido in males. .
 Medical Terminologies
1
ADRENAL GLAND
A gland on the superior surface of the
kidney; the outer region (cortex) secretes
steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla)
secretes epinephrine in response to stress.
9 PROSTAGLANDIS
A group of hormones produced throughout the
body that have a variety of effects, including
stimulation of uterine contractions and
regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and
inflammation.

ENDOCRINE
Pertaining to a ductless gland
that secretes hormones into
the blood.
2 RECEPTOR
A site on the cell membrane or
within the cell to which a substance,
such as a hormone.
10
3 11
HYPOPHYSIS HORMONE
The pituitary gland; is named hypo meaning A secretion of an endocrine gland; a
“below” and physis, meaning “growing” substance that travels in the blood and has a
because the gland develops below the regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or
hypothalamus. glands.

4 12
HYPOTHALAMUS STEROID HORMONES
A portion of the brain that controls the A hormone made from lipids;
pituitary gland, produces hormones and is includes the sex hormones and the
active in maintaining homeostasis. hormones of the adrenal cortex.

5 13
PANCREATIC ISLET TARGET TISSUE
A cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas The specific tissue on which a
that secretes hormones to regulate glucose hormone acts; may also be called
metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or
islet cells.
the target organ.

6 14
PINEAL GLAND THYROID GLAND
A small gland in the brain; appears to An endocrine gland on either side of
regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual the larynx and upper trachea;
development in response to secretes hormones that affect
environmental light. metabolism and growth.

7 15
PITUITARY GLAND GLYCOSURIA
A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain; the
anterior lobe secretes growth hormones and
hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior
Excess glucose in the urine.
lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the
hypothalamus.

8 16
PARATHYROID GLAND SPHENOID BONE
A small endocrine gland on the posterior
A bone at the base of the skull
thyroid acts to increase blood calcium
levels; there are usually four to six that houses the pituitary gland.
parathyroid glands.
Root Pertaining to the
Endocrine System
endocrin/o
1
Endocrine glands or system
Example:
endocrinopathy -Any disease of
the endocrine glands.
pituitar/i

2 Pituitary gland, hypophysis

Example: pituitarism-Condition
caused by any disorder of
pituitary function.
hypophysis/o
3
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Example: Hypophysical-Pertaining
to the pituitary gland.

thyr/o, thyroid/o

4 Thyroid gland
Example:Thyrolytic-Destroying
the thyroid gland.

parathyr/o,
parathyroid/o
5
Parathyroid gland
Example: Hyperparathyroidism -
Overactivity of a parathyroid
gland.

adren/o, adrenal/o

6 Adrenal gland, epinephrine

Example: Adrenergic-Activated by
or related to epinephrine.

andrenocortic/o
7
Adrenal cortex
Example:Adrenocorticotropic-
acting on the adrenal cortex.

insul/o

8 Pancreatic
Example: islets insular-
Pertaining to islet cells.
 S E
C A Y
U D
S T Diab
etes
Trea
tmen
P u m pt w i t h a
n Ins
ulin

M.G., a 32-year-old marketing executive, was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the
age of 3. She vividly remembers her mother taking her to the doctor because she had an
illness that caused her to feel extremely tired very thirsty and hungry. She also had
begun to wet her bed and had a cut on her knee that would not heal. Her mother had had
gestational diabetes during her pregnancy with M.G., and at birth, M.G. was described as
having “macrosomia” because she weighed 10 lb. M.G. has managed her disease with
meticulous attention to her diet, exercise, preventive healthcare, regular blood glucose
monitoring, and twice-daily injections of regular and NPH insulin, which she rotates
among her upper arms, thighs, and abdomen.

She continues in a smoking cessation program supported by weekly acupuncture

treatments. She maintains good control of her disease in spite of the inconvenience and
time it consumes each day. She will be married next summer and would like to start a
family. M.G.’s doctor suggested she try an insulin pump to give her more freedom and
enhance her quality of life. After intensive training, she has received her pump. It is
about the size of a deck of cards with a thin catheter that she introduces through a
needle into her abdominal subcutaneous tissue.

She can administer her insulin in a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
and in calculated meal bolus doses. She still has to test her blood for hyperglycemia and
hypoglycemia and her urine for ketones when her blood glucose is too high. She hopes
one day to have an islet transplantation.
What's the word that links
these four together?
 Match the following terms to
its correspoding definition.

Vasectomy a pus in your pee

Meiosis
b where the nephrons begin

Salpingectomy
c excision of vas deferens

Renal cortex d cell division that forms the gamete

Pyuria e surgical removal of the uterine tube

Peristeum
e inflammation of the vagina

Vaginitis f excess glucose in the blood

Hyperglycemia g excess glucose in the urine

Tendinitis
h membrane that covers a bone

Hypopnea
i displacement of a vertebra

Arachnoid mater
j inflammation of tendon
Syncope
k permanent contraction of a muscle

Contracture
l decreased rate of breathing
Peristalsis
m device for measuring air flow
Vulvotome
n wave-like contractions

Pneumotachometer
o type of a liver disease

Midbrain
p medical term for fainting
Spondylolisthesis
q instrument for incising a valve

Glycosuria
r contains reflex center for improved vision
and hearing
Cirrhosis
s the thin, web-like middle layer
Evaluation of the air capacity of the
lungs
Originating in the mind
Also known as the large intestine, it
absorbs water and electrolytes from
undigested food, forming feces
Cells that give rise to an ovum
Pertaining to scrotum
A tube or duct to transport fluid
The first cervical vertebra
Other term for sexual intercourse
These are two bean-shaped organs
located on either side of the spine, just
below the ribcage
Downward displacement of the aorta
Refers to using pulleys and weights to
maintain alignment of fractured bone
Means resembling a hair
The basic unit of the nervous system
A contagious bacteria infection that
primarily affects the lungs, causing
coughing
A microscopic functional unit of the
kidney
 GUESS THE WORD
N A I L S

B L O O D

H E A R T

L U N G S

B R A I N

MATCHING TYPE
1. C 11. S
2. D 12. P
3. E 13. K
4. B 14. N
5. A 15. Q
6. H 16. M
7. E 17. R
8. F 18. I
9. J 19. G
10. L 20. O

CROSSWORD
Across: Down:
2. Psychogenic 1.Spirometry
3. Colon
4. Oocyte
6. Vessel
5. Oscheal
7. Atlas
9. Kidneys 8. Coitus
10. Aortoptosis 11. Traction
14. Tuberculosis 12. Trichoid
15. Nephron 13. Neuron
BUTON, Ann Maxinne GRANA, Nicole E. JUEZAN, Dainty Pearl B.

LAZARA, Wendy Jane M. NAVARRO, Jose III PITOGO, Alexis Nichole E.

UDIN, Shaila S. CONSUEGRA, Alyssa Kim R.

 “I will pass over the other arts in
silence and direct my words for a
while to that which is responsible
for the health of mankind; certainly
of all the arts that human genius
has discovered, this is by far the
most useful, indispensible, difficult,
and laborious.”
-Andreas Vesalius
(The Founder of Modern Human Anatomy),
De Humani Corporus Fabrica

M T R T 2 0 2 3