Basic Calculus - Chapter 2: Derivatives

Chapter 2:
Derivatives
Members: Ayeesha Tinsay, Antonette Ferrer, Jhon
Santos, John Magparangalan, Paul Villegas - STEM / 11
Derivative
- The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change
of a quantity (a function or dependent variable) which is determined by another
quantity (the independent variable).

Example:
- The derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the
object's velocity: this measures how quickly the position
of the object changes when time is advanced.
Differentiation
- The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation.
- The reverse process is called antidifferentiation
- The fundamental theorem of calculus states that antidifferentiation is the
same as integration.
- Differentiation is also known as the process to find rate of change
- Derivative tells us slope of function at any point.
Rate of change:
- The rate of change of a function is expressed as ratio between a change in
one variable relative to a corresponding change in another.

- Rate of change is also given by limit value.

Rules for Derivatives
Rules for Derivatives
Rules for Derivatives
Rules for Derivatives
Rules for Derivatives
Chain Rule
- A special rule, the chain rule, exists for differentiating a function of another
function.
- In order to differentiate a function of a function, y = f(g(x)),
- That is to find dy, we need to do two things:
dx
1. Substitute u = g(x). This gives us y = f(u). Next is we need to use a formula that
is known as the chain rule.

2. Formula - Chain rule:

dy dy du
= x
dx du dx
Higher Derivatives: 1st,
2nd, 3rd
- Any derivative beyond the first derivative can be referred to as a
higher order derivative.

- The derivative of the function f(x) may be denoted by f'(x)

-Its double (or "second") derivative is denoted by f ”(x).

- This is read as "f double prime of x," or "The second derivative of f(x)."
Partial Derivatives:
- Partial derivatives are defined as derivatives of a function of multiple
variables when all but the variable of interest are held fixed during the
differentiati on

- The partial derivative of f is with respect to its variable.

Applications of Partial
Derivatives:
- Derivatives are constantly used in everyday life to help measure how
much something is changing. They're used by the government in
population censuses, various types of sciences, and even in economics.

• Derivatives in physics.
- You can use derivatives a lot in Newton law of motion where the
velocity is defined as the derivative of the position over time and the
acceleration, the derivative of the velocity over time.
• Derivatives in chemistry.
- One use of derivatives in chemistry is when you want to find the
concentration of an element in a product.
Concave UP:
- The derivative of a function gives the slope
- When the slope continually increases, the function is concave upward.
- Taking the second derivative actually tells us if the slope continually increases or
decreases.
- When the second derivative is positive, the function is concave upward.
- f "(x) > 0 for x > 0;
Concave DOWN:
- When the slope continually decreases, the function is concave downward.
- When the second derivative is negative, the function is concave downward.
- f "(x) < 0 for x < 0.