INDIAN CLIMATOLOGY

1. N.E MONSOON (Winter) – December – February

2. PRE-MONSOON (Summer) – March – May

3. S.W MONSOON (Rainy ) – June – September

4. POST MONSOON (Transition) – October – November

NOTE:- Season are caused due to inclination of Earth

NE Monsoon – Winter - ( DEC- FEB)

Pressure Pattern
➢ High pressure over North India (1012-10198 hPa) and Low pressure over indian ocean.
➢ Low temperature Low humidity
➢ A shallow trough extends from kerla to gujrat along west coast.
➢ A shallow ridge over gangatic plane.

Surface wind
➢ NEly South of 25N
➢ NWly over Noth india
➢ Ely Over assam.
Upper wind
➢ NWly over North part
➢ NEly over South part

Sub – Tropical Westerly Jet Stream

➢ Over north india 27N, westerly

Weather
➢ Widespread Radiaion fog and cold wave mainly in N india.
➢ Advection fog occurs over coastal area.
➢ CAT in vicinity of STJ and Mountain waves over higher terrain area.
➢ Eastern peninsula experiences maximum rainfall during this season
➢ Freezing level gets lower in winter so Icing can be experienced at low level.

Western Disturbences
➢ Radiation fog after passage of WDs over NW india,UP,Bihar,Central India, Bengal and Assam.
➢ Cold waves are common in Jan -Feb in W india and Noth of 20N ( J&K, Rajsthan,MP,Gujrat and Punjab)
➢ In S india , we get Thunderstrom activity and sometimes heavy rain over Tamilnadu and some part of
Peninsula.

Pre Monsoon- Summer - (March-May)

This is transition phase when winter pattern starts to change in monsoon pattern.

Pressure Pattern
➢ Temperature starts rising, pressure falling
➢ Weak pressure gradient over country (1006 and 1008 hPa)
 ➢ Weak low over Pakistan rajasthan and exceeding trough line over East UP-Bihar.
➢ High pressure in arabian sea and bay of bengal.

Weather
➢ Weather Activity is associated with insolation or thermal heating due to movement of sun
towards northern latitude the land gets heated up
➢ If R.H is high thunderstorm activity mevails
➢ If R.H is low dustorm activity prevails loo& andhi are typical phenomena in north –northwest
regions during this season
➢ Sometimes wind becomes gusty and Dust Raising wind can be experienced.
Visibility
► It is goods and drops only because of dust storm or thunder storm

Nor-wester ( Kalbaishakhi )
➢ These are line squalls consisting of regenerative C.B.’s caused by intense insolation over east
& north-eastern India. They form over Chota Nagpur hills& over eastern Himalayas.
➢ Affects West bengal, Chhatisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Bangladesh, Orisha.

Tropical Revolving Storm

➢ These are cyclonic storms forming in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
➢ The frequency is more in North or North easterly direction causing heavy destruction over
mayanmar coast.

Upper Level Winds

➢ Upper level winds are westerly and strengthen with hight.
 South – West Monsoon : (June-Sept)

-SW monsoon or Monsoon can be considered as sea breeze but larger scale.
Max rainfall lduring S.W. Monsoon is in the western ghats.

Pressure Pattern:
➢ An intense low pressure system is found over N-W part of India and adjoining Pakistan
➢ Through this, a monsoon trough line extends eastwards across Indo-Gangetic plane,
extending from sriganganagar – allahabad – kolkata- west Bengal & then into Bay of Bengal.
➢ High pressure will near medagascar and australia.
➢ Pressure Gradient is maximum during this season & country receives 80% of annual rainfall
during this season
➢ The Rainfall in india depends on positioning on monsoon trough.

Weather

➢ Western India or western ghats receives maximum rainfall i.e. 75-100 inches
➢ Eastern parts of peninsula receives minimum rainfall i.e. 18-30 inches. It is also called
rainshadow area
➢ The distribution of rainfall in India depends on position of monsoon trough, when monsoon
trough gets stuck to north of its original positions on foothills of Himalayas, there is no rainfall
over northern & eastern India this condition is called Break Monsoon Condition.
➢ A break monsoon condition can be received by formation of low pressure area in Bay of
Bengal

Advance of monsoon
➢ The monsoon current advances in two distinct branch,
1. Arabian Sea branch: hits kerala coast
2. Bay of Bengal branch: hits Bnagladesh , West Bengal and Mayanmar coast.
 ➢ Bay of bengal branch hits vertically developed mountain in Cherapunji ( Meghalya) and
responsible for maximum rainfall.

Break Monsoon
➢ During Break monsoon pressure rises over most part of the country.
➢ Monsoon trough shift toward foothills of himalya , resulting drastic reduction in rainfall over country
except foothills and peninsula.
➢ During this period heavy rainfall occurs in foothills of himalyas, mainly in West bengal , Nepal , Bhutan
resulting in fllod over NE and Bihar. Surface wind become strong in this region.

Wind
➢ Surface wind : SWly and Wly in some part of india.
➢ Upper level winds are westerly to south-western & light.
➢ Monsoon currents last only upto 15000& the clouds formed in this season are cumulus with
embedded CB’s

Flying condition
➢ Reletevely smooth in stratiform cloud but turbulent in CU/CB cloud.
➢ Visiblity is good except during precipitation
Tropical Easterly Jetstreams
➢ It lies between 10o to 15o N i.e. close to Bangalore & Hyderabad, at a height of 15-16km with
wind speed of 70-80 kts
➢ Maximum pressure gradient during S.W monsoon

EL Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

➢ EL Nino is the warm phase of ENSO.
➢ ENSO is the cycle of Warm and cold sea surface temperature.
➢ It is accompained by high pressure in the West Pacific ocean and Low pressure in East
Pecific.
➢ It can affcets global climate and weather pattern.
 Post Monsoon - Autumn - (Oct-Nov)
(Weakest Pressure Gradient)

➢ Post monsoon is also known as Retreating Monsoon season.

➢ It is a transition phase from SW to NE.
➢ The SW monsoon starts with drawing from N.W India by September.

Pressure pattern
➢ The pressure pattern in defused an ill - defined.
➢ Only 1 to 2 isobars can be drawn over entire India.
➢ The monsoon trough shifts to Bay of bengal along 13N. A weaklow forms over Bay of bengal
adjoining Chennai coast and another low is over Baluchistan.
➢ The temperature starts decreasing & Preassure starts Increasing
➢ Rainfall activity over Andhra Pradesh coast and Tamilnadu due to Thunderstrom activity
over bay of bengal

Wind
➢ Lower level wind changes frm SW to NE. its crosses diagonally from North west to bay of bengal and
becomes NEly. It gets moisture from bay of bengal and due to which some part of kerala and TN gets
significant rainfall.
➢ Some part of Orissa, Andhra pradesh, Karnataka and mumbai also receives minor rainfall.

STJ
➢ Sub tropical jet stream appears over J&K, CAT may be experirnced in north india.

Tropical Revolving storm

➢ October is the month of more frequency of cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal & mainly
hits Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa coast on westerly track. Some of the stroms
move in north or north easterly direction
➢ Maximum thunderstrom activity occurs in india in Post monsoon.
 Lower Level Upper Level

From OCT to May (8 months) Above 3 Km Below 3Km

All over India Wly. NWly to Wly Over N India.
NEly over S India

From June to September Above 6 Km Below 6 Km

SW monsoon Ely stronger with hight. W-SWly over S India.
SE ly over N India.

SUMMARY

1. PRE MONSOON
➢ Low messure over central India
➢ Norwester of NE
➢ TR5
➢ 100/Andhi

2. S.W. MONSOON
➢ Max messure gradient
➢ Movement of ITCZ(s-w)
➢ Western ghats , maximum rain
➢ Low measure area ever NW India & trough extends through eastward into the Bay
➢ Least rainfall rainshadow area
➢ Tropical easterly Jet Streams

3. POST MONSOON
➢ Least pressure gradient
➢ TRS in Bay of Bengal (Westerly Track)
➢ Temp Starts , pressure

4. NE MONSOON
➢ Extreme cold wave
➢ High messure area- NE India
➢ Western Disturbance (WD) cause rain & TS
➢ Sub tropical westerly Jet Stream(up to 25oN)