Implementation of Ordinance No. 1063 or The New Traffic Management Code in Caloocan City

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
IMPLEMENTATION OF ORDINANCE NO. 1063 OR THE NEW TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT CODE IN CALOOCAN CITY (NORTH): BASIS
FOR POLICY ENHANCEMENT
In partial fulfillment of requirements of the course subject Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis of Political Data (PSM 223)
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Submitted by:
Brioso, Aubrey N.
Ilustre, Nhoemie V.
Rosales, Ma. Rabi
Santos, Rolando Jr.,
Soledad, Felicity Ann F.
Tandayag, Leticia Marie B.
2023
Submitted to:
Prof. Peter M. Asturias, DPM, DPA, JD, PhD

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING PAGE
Introduction 1
Background of the Study 4
Statement of the Problem 6
Hypothesis 7
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 8
Significance of the Study 9
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Research Literature and Studies 12
Synthesis 38
Theoretical Framework 40
Conceptual Framework 44
Definition of Terms 48
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design 50
Population and Sample of the Study 51

Research Instrument 52
Validation of Research Instrument 53
Data Gathering Procedure 54
Statistical Treatment 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY 59
APPENDIX
Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire for the Drivers, 73
Commuters and Implementers
Appendix B: Consent Letter and Reply Slip for the 98
respondents
CURRICULUM VITAE 102

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of the
problem, hypotheses, scope and delimitation, and the significance of the
study.
Introduction
Anyone who commutes through Metro Manila daily is familiar with the
hours of traffic and unpredictable conditions.
It was President Rodrigo Duterte himself who said that there is a
critical problem that Filipinos confront every day—the transportation crisis,
especially in Metro Manila. Back in 2016, he promised to address this and
even considered asking Congress for emergency powers, saying that the
government cannot end the crisis without resources.
Thus, even after former President Duterte's calls for consideration to
Congress, Metro Manila's public transportation and urban mobility still fall
behind most of the world after both ranked among the worst cities across the
globe in these categories in a new study.

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY 2
In a study conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, and
the think tank Oliver Wyman Forum, 60 cities were ranked based on their
"mobility readiness," which was gauged by the caliber of their public
transportation systems as well as other factors like commute time, cost, and
waiting times. "Road transport faces challenges, including the poor quality of
roads in the metropolitan area and the limited regional connectivity provided
by the national road network. Manila is congested and polluted, but a low
level of car ownership should help prevent these problems from worsening,"
it said of Manila. "Several modes of transportation are available in Manila,
including jeepneys and some metro lines. Linkages to active mobility are
provided by permissive transit rules towards bikes, as well as significant
cycling infrastructure. Despite these multimodal strengths, Manila's public
transit system has room for improvement in speed, wait times, station density,
and affordability."
In addition, the results of the 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness Index
released earlier this week placed the Philippine capital as 58th in "urban
mobility readiness" among the 60 cities studied around the world with the
worst public transit systems. Manila also ranked 48th for Sustainable Mobility
and 56th for Public Transit. The Philippines was also the only country in the
Asia-Pacific region to find itself in the bottom 10 groups, which the study
labels “lagging cities.” But its regional neighbors in Hong Kong, Singapore,
and Tokyo were recognized among the “leading cities,” ranking first, fourth,
and seventh, respectively.
The enhancement of the mass transportation system is the
suggested remedy that consistently stands out when considering the
complaints of commuters, drivers, and transport operators as well as the
debates and hearings held by policymakers as more schools and businesses
move to on-site operations, images, and videos of long lines outside of
transportation hubs and footage of cars negligently disobeying traffic lights
and loading and unloading zones are once again commonplace on social
media.
The Marcos administration's transportation department has invested
mainly in maintaining continuity from the Duterte administration's rail
infrastructure projects. It has also pushed for extensions of the free ride
programs. However, a significant boost in transport capacity remains to be
seen.
Background of the Study
Out of the total road length of 1,058.31 km within Caloocan City,
314.03 km, or 29.7 percent of its road system, are distributed in South
Caloocan and 744.28 km or 70.3 percent are in North Caloocan. Caloocan
City, like the rest of Metropolitan Manila, highly depends on urban
transportation for mobility of goods and people. The condition, efficiency and
level of transportation services are proportionate to the road structure in place
and the pace of road infrastructure development. Currently, the road network
system serving Caloocan City consists of two circumferential roads, 26
national roads, and various city roads. These roads are under the supervision
of the City Government and the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH).
In North Caloocan, the primary roads that serve as major transit
channels are Camarin Road (Susano Road), Old Zabarte Road, Quirino
Highway, and General Luis Road. The unbridled mushrooming of vehicles,
both private and public transports in the metropolitan area, including
Caloocan City, has brought forth extreme traffic gridlock and has generally
rendered major thoroughfares and minor roads almost impassable which has
caused considerable discomfort to motorist and commutes and

concomitantly, has impeded the growth of the local economy.
To address the urgency to put things in their proper perspective by
providing for an efficient traffic management, purposely to maintain an orderly
and smooth flow of traffic and accord a sufficient elbow room for movement
of local residents, commuters and motorist, provide an easy access in the
delivery of goods and services, and strengthen the promotion of trade and
industry in the City on 17th of May 2005, City Ordinance No. 1063, known as
the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan City, was enacted by the
Sangguniang Panlungsod of Caloocan City at its Regular Session, and was
then approved by then City Mayor Enrico R. Echiverri.
As provided in Section 17 (4) (I) of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise
known as the Local Government Code of 1991, expressly enunciates that
among the basic services that the City shall provide its residents, adequate
transportation facilities which include the orderly flow of transportation along
its roads and bridges.
In contrast, Old Zabarte Road or Almar Road is labeled by the
commuters as the "most congested" road in North Caloocan, with jeepneys,
UVs, motorcycles, trucks, and all other electrically powered vehicles from
Novaliches Bayan, Caltex, Vicas, Bagong Silang, Zapote, Camarin and Kiko.
Commuters can be stuck in the traffic for at least 20-30 minutes to cross the
intersection. Even though, the ordinance declared that the flow of people and
goods through the road network shall be as efficient, safe, unhampered and
orderly as possible for the economic and social vitality and viability of the city.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the adequacy of implementing Ordinance
No. 1063 or the New Traffic Management Code in Caloocan City North.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1.1 Age
1.1.2 Gender
1.1.3 Educational Attainment
1.1.4 Civil Status
1.1.5 Employment
2. Is there a significant relationship in the assessment of the
respondents when grouped according to profile?

3. How do the respondents assess the level of implementation of
Ordinance No. 1063, or the New Traffic Management Code of
Caloocan City based on the following variables:
3.1.1 Erection of Traffic Control
3.1.2 Operation of Traffic Control
3.1.3 Implementation of Traffic Control Signs
3.1.4 Obedience to Traffic Control
4. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the
respondents in the level of implementing Ordinance No. 1063 or
the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan City when the
above-mentioned variables are considered?
5. What policy enhancement may be proposed based on the results
of the study?
Hypotheses
Based on the given variables on Ordinance No. 1063 or the New
Traffic Management Code of Caloocan City the following hypotheses were
formulated to study the relationships among the variables of the study:

HO1: There is no significant relationship in the assessment of the
respondents when grouped according to profile.
HO2: There is no significant difference in the assessment of the groups of
respondents on the level of implementation of Ordinance No. 1063 or the
New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan City when the variables stated
in the 3rd SOP are considered.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research study focused on the implementation of Ordinance No.
1063 or the New Traffic Management Code in Caloocan City specifically
along Old Zabarte Road.
In this study, 150 participants were selected and grouped into two:
drivers, and a combined group of commuters and implementers. (a) Drivers
of any motor vehicle who frequently travel through Old Zabarte Road or Almar
Road, which intersects with Camarin Road, are the first group of respondents.
(b) Commuters and Implementers are the second group which consists of
those who are travelling via public utility vehicles (PUVs) from different routes
such as Camarin, Bagong Silang, Novaliches, and SM Fairview.

Implementers include personnel from the Department of Public Safety and
Traffic Management (DPSTM).
The researchers purposely focused on Old Zabarte Road (as referred
to on the 2022 Comprehensive Plan of Caloocan). This choice was made on
account that this road is travelled by vehicles—both PUVs and privately
owned—to and from different barangays, making it a hotspot for traffic
congestion.
Significance of the Study
The researcher believes that this study will yield data that will be
helpful to those riders, in particular to the following groups of people:
Vehicle Drivers passing along Almar Road. The result of this study
will improve the traffic flow along Almar Road to lessen the temper of all
drivers regarding the traffic issues. Thus, this study will ensure the safety and
security as well as protection of all drivers to have a harmonious trip without
hindering the traffic situation while driving.

The commuters. This study will boost and enhance the knowledge
of different commuters towards to traffic flow that cause inefficiency travel
experiences most especially to students. Perhaps, it will provide further
development and improvement on how to at least avoid different dilemmas
that would possibly occur on roadways while commuting.
Local government of Almar Road (Brgy. 178). With the help of this
study, the local government of Barangay 178 will be able to emphasize the
safety and security of roadways’ users through improving the roadways within
their Barangay. Perhaps, local officials of Barangay 178 will be able to cope
with a better and efficient way on how to prevent accidents in roadways.
Local government of Caloocan City. The officials of Caloocan City
may provide inclusive and sustainable infrastructure for all road users.
Furthermore, to focus more on the innovations to secure the safety and travel
of those roadways’ users.
Researcher. The findings of this study are beneficial to the either
present researcher or future researcher. This study may be one of the bases
that help to expand their knowledge on how the ordinances works and cope
up with an initiatives and effective solutions on different problems in
roadways.
Future researchers. The findings of this study will guide them on how
ordinances work and how to cope up with initiative and effective solutions on
different problems in roadways. Moreover, it can broaden the knowledge as
well as perspective of the researchers on specific ordinances like in
Ordinance No. 1063.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The researcher obtains new insights, new information, and new ideas
from the review of related literature and studies. These insights, knowledge,
and ideas have a substantial impact on this current study considering the
researchers will use them to support the discussion, conclusion, and
suggestion.
Madanglog et al. (2019) defined traffic as the movement of people or
vehicles along transportation routes. Consequently, there are various angles
from which to watch traffic. Stress, longer commutes, staff absences,
squandered time, and increased fuel costs are just a few of the
repercussions. Traffic is defined as the passage of people or vehicles along
routes of transportation. Extreme traffic congestion develops as demand
approaches a road's capacity (or the capacity of the intersections along the
road). A traffic jam or traffic snarl-up is a term used informally to describe a
group of fully stopped automobiles. Hence, heavy traffic might cause drivers
to become irate and exhibit road rage.

New Traffic Management Code
As stated by Ouallane et. Al (222) in recent decades the number of
vehicles on the world’s roads has continued to increase. However, road
capacity does not develop at the same rate, which generates a considerably
increased congestion rate. To minimize this difficult problem, the researchers
opted for intelligent and efficient use of existing infrastructure through
adaptive traffic management. The various recent proposed approaches have
been based on new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet
of Things (IoT), and Big Data. In this paper a global vision on various road
traffic management solutions proposed in the literature is introduced, a
classification and an evaluation of these road traffic management solutions
are proposed. Ouallane started by presenting routing mechanisms, then
solutions that are based on the use of traffic lights, then approaches that aim
to manage network traffic. Based on Modi et. Al (2022) traffic clog is the main
issue of the fast and evolving world. Due to the rise in the use of more private
vehicles and low road. The use of mundane methods may not be an efficient
and significant solution for varying traffic congestion. Nowadays, artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing an important role in
solving many real-world problems. So, to tackle this problem, use of artificial
intelligence and machine learning can give optimal solutions. An AI-enabled

traffic management system can provide greater leeway to vehicles as they
can then be directed and controlled more by the external environment. Ravish
and Swamy (2019) conforming that congestion of traffic is a key problem
faced in a majority of metro cities, especially in the developing world. Traffic
congestion comprises of queues, reduced speeds, and increased travel
durations, which fatigues commuters and results in stress, thereby bringing
down productivity and creating intangible societal expenses. In addition,
different factors, such as use of natural resources, surroundings, commuter
safety, etc., are affected in either a direct or an indirect manner. Thus,
congestion of traffic poses a challenge to every growing city. With the
increasing congestion, the construction of new roads is seldom fruitful
because of various circumstances.
On the other hand, Gomides et al (2020) raised a concern that
economic and environmental impacts caused by traffic congestion are
increasing. Improvements in the city’s road infrastructure for minimizing these
impacts are pricey and do not happen immediately. Thus, in order to improve
vehicular traffic flow in dense urban centers, we present REACT, a traffic
management system to minimize vehicle congestion in Smart Cities. REACT
is a traffic management system based on Vehicular communication, and it is
divided into Request and Response phases. The Request phase allows
vehicles to request traffic information from neighbor road segments.
Response supports vehicles to respond to the request with current road traffic
information. The performance evaluation shows the ability of our solution to
reduce traffic jams with low communication overhead. network capacity,
managing traffic with the traditional approach is cumbersome. Pollution and
productivity of individuals are highly affected due to traffic.
In result of, Gokasar et. Al (2022) stated that one solution to the road
congestion problem is real-time traffic management, which focuses on
enhancing traffic flow conditions. The advantages of real-time traffic
management systems have developed significantly as a result of connected
autonomous vehicle (CAV) innovations. CAVs can act as enforcers for
managing the traffic. This study aims to propose a novel rough numbers-
based extended Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation
Technique (MACBETH) method for prioritizing real-time traffic management
systems. While for Chang (2017) responsible highway authorities are
essential to have some key information, such as the predicted incident
duration, the resultant traffic queues, and the expected delays to create an
effective traffic management plan for non-recurrent congestion. Despite the
widespread adoption of incident response systems by the majority of
transportation authorities over the past 20 years, a trustworthy instrument for

them to estimate such crucial information for traffic management is still
lacking. The project was focused on creating a decision-support tool for
managing freeway incident traffic using the valuable incident data that
CHART has gathered over the previous few years. This study has confirmed
the requirement for an efficient incident management program to deal with
everyday non-recurrent congestion to make the greatest use of the resources
at hand and to coordinate efforts among all parties. de Souza et. Al (2017)
added that because there are more automobiles than there is traffic
infrastructure to sustain them, congestion is a challenging problem to solve
and gets worse when there are car accidents. Several areas of life are
impacted by this issue, including economic growth, traffic accidents, a rise in
greenhouse gas emissions, time spent, and health problems. Modern
countries can rely on traffic management systems in this situation to reduce
traffic congestion and its detrimental impacts. To increase the overall traffic
efficiency and safety of the transportation networks, traffic management
systems are made up of several applications and management tools.
Furthermore, to overcome such issues, traffic management systems gather
information from heterogeneous sources, exploit such information to identify
hazards that may potentially degrade the traffic efficiency, and then provide
services to control them.

Yayat et al. (2016) that construction of a new traffic management
should consider its effect on the road network around the construction.
Assessment is done by looking at whether the development affects the
access roads around the building (site impact), affecting access roads and
intersections in one direction around (traffic impact), or to affect the road
network in the city that need consideration to change the city development
master plan (master plan). These considerations may be adopted to ensure
the appropriateness of the traffic control signs erected at the Old Zabarte
Road, especially within the Almar-Camarin intersection. A long–running
problem for many drivers and commuters is the unresolved traffic problems,
especially on major roads and highways. Indhiradevi et al. (2021) stated that
traffic congestion could be a condition in transport where there are huge
crowds, slows the speed of vehicles, and even increases the vehicular
lengths. Traffic congestion on city road networks has increased rapidly since
the 1950s. When the traffic demand is great, then the interaction between the
vehicles reduces the speed of the traffic and finally results in traffic
congestion. The local government of Caloocan City North has produced a
new traffic management code as a measure that would fortunately help in the
solution of the said problem.

Ordinance 1063
As the road network is added day by day, the effort on traffic
management is more crucial., In urban areas, the traffic congestion is the
major prevalent transportation issue, and the vehicular traffic management is
the critical concern for the town planners. As the road network is added day
by day, the effort on traffic management is more crucial. So far, more
contributions have been made in the traffic management problem, still there
lags a gap on attaining accurate result according to Raskar and Nema (2021)
In relation to the study,
Traffic congestion is a daily occurrence for citizens living in large
cities around the world. This problem tends to worsen with the economic and
population growth in the urban centers. The increasing vehicular traffic
demand may overwhelm the existing transport infrastructure, especially
during rush hours. To improve on this issue, two immediate solutions come
to mind: (i) the expansion of road infrastructure; or (ii) the amendment of the
traffic management system. In the former solution, the cost of road
infrastructure expansion is often impractical, due to financial and/or physical-
space constraints. The latter solution, on the other hand, allows the use of
already existing technologies, along with the new ones, to improve the
efficiency of the traffic management system. This can be done without the
need to invest in new road infrastructure according to Akabane et al., (2020).
Traffic management strategies not only affect public safety and convenience,
but also can affect air quality significantly and thus may affect public health,
as traffic is one of the most important air pollution sources in urban areas. In
this study, based on the traffic conditions of 2013 in Dublin, Ireland, the
impact of a change in transport infrastructure, a traffic regulation change,
speed limit changes and fleet composition changes on air quality and air
pollution related public health were assessed. Two pollutants are considered
in this study: NO2 and PM2.5. A traffic model, emissions model, dispersion
model and a health impact model were adopted by Tang et. Al (2020).
Hansen (2021) stated that road trauma is an issue that continues to
challenge us, despite our united efforts and shared vision to reduce the road
toll to zero. Usually when we think of staying safe on our roads, we think of
the drivers, passengers, pedestrians, bike riders, and motorcyclists we share
the roads with every day. In result of the underlying effects of traffic
congestion, Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code) empowered
local government units, among others, to regulate traffic on all streets and
bridges within their respective boundaries. In addition, the Memorandum
Order No. 176 dated October 19, 1993, reaffirmed the existence of the
Metropolitan Manila Land Transportation Coordinating Council as the single
traffic management authority and further expanded the scope of its
responsibility to include transportation services.
In relation to this, studies and laws are enacted to lessen traffic
congestion. U.S. Code 1063 entitled Obstruction of Settlement on or Transit
over Public Lands provided that no person, by force, threats, intimidation, or
by any fencing or inclosing, or any other unlawful means, shall prevent or
obstruct, or shall combine and confederate with others to prevent or obstruct,
any person from peaceably entering upon or establishing a settlement or
residence on any tract of public land subject to settlement or entry under the
public land laws of the United States, or shall prevent or obstruct free
passage or transit over or through the public land.
Canindo, Dantes, Lagman, Orua, and Bautista (2019) claimed that
traffic is a common occurrence in cities, especially in the metro areas of
Quezon City, Manila, and Makati. These cities frequently have traffic
congestion on their main thoroughfares and even on their side roads, and the
issue has gotten so bad that it impacts the local economy. Even though it is
nearly difficult to reduce traffic in the Philippines completely, persistent,
serious efforts to upgrade Metro Manila's transportation infrastructure,

especially the region's long-delayed mass transit systems, can have a
positive impact. The Department of Public Order and Safety regularly
monitors traffic using the Emergency Operations Centre, which includes
integrated surveillance and emergency response technologies.
Evidently, even with the existence of Ordinance 1063, Verzosa,
Dacles, Dela Cruz, Vidal and Garing (2019) stated that violations in traffic
laws are very common in highly populated country like Philippines. The
conditions are even worse in cities like Quezon City. The accidents
associated with these violations cause a huge loss to life and property. In the
Philippines, traffic regulations may cause more trouble than they do good.
Some traffic solutions, while intended to reduce congestion and increase road
safety, can be perplexing when implemented differently around the city. The
researchers' goal is to identify the causes of traffic problems, be able to
develop solutions to reduce traffic, and find ways to enhance the Department
of Public Order and Safety's (DPOS) traffic ordinance as it is now being put
into practice.
The construction of new infrastructure and changes in traffic
management were predicted to have contrasting effects on different parts of
the city, bringing little benefit to the city as a whole.

Erection of Traffic Control
According to Chong Liu (2022), with the rapid development of urban
traffic, the problem of urban traffic becomes very serious. The traditional
signal lamp control method cannot adaptively control the traffic signal at the
intersection. The rise of reinforcement learning technologies has made traffic
control and artificial intelligence closely related. This paper presents a traffic
optimization algorithm and model based on SUMO simulation platform. In this
model, SARSA algorithm in reinforcement learning is used to establish multi-
intersection simulation model. The multi-intersection simulation model is four
consecutive intersections in Guangming Road, and the experimental
parameters are investigated. By comparing the simulation data of multiple
intersections, it is found that SARSA algorithm is superior to traditional fixed
timing and full induction control. Implementing a traffic signal control system
by using real-time traffic flow feedback should be necessary according to
Ming Lin (2021). This system is designed to deal with two-lane intersections.
Ming Lin constructed an experiment field similar to the roads and drivers in
Taiwan using an autonomous simulation software called Virtual Test Drive
(VTD) released by MSC Software. Erected four cameras on the side of the
roads to get the image of the intersection, then transfer the image information
into traffic flow information. Analyze the traffic information in each lane by
using Greenshields traffic flow model. Control the traffic signals by using
Webster's method to increase the performance and soothe the traffic.
Benson, Tefft, Svancara and Horrey (2018) supported Ming Lin stating that
technologies designed to improve traffic safety by helping drivers avoid
crashes are becoming increasingly common in the US vehicle fleet. Some of
these technologies provide warnings and rely on the driver to take corrective
action; others are designed to automatically brake or steer, taking an active
approach to help avoid a crash. It is anticipated that the increasing market
penetration of these systems and improvements in their functionality and
performance will contribute to overall improvements in traffic safety.
In contrast, Tiwari Tiwari et. Al (2021) determined the hazards during
the construction phase of metro using Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment with Controls (HIRAC) approach which is a more traditional
approach. The objective of using the approach is to achieve a safer and
healthier working environment during the construction stage of metro. The
expected outcome of using this approach is the identification of underlying
task specific hazards and formulation of their respective control measures to
mitigate or minimize the risk they possess. Traffic calming measures have
improved for many cities, say Farzana et. al (2018), making it easier to control
traffic in urban and neighborhood areas. Numerous emerging cities have

already started the implementation process, although there is a significant
range in the process's quantity and quality. The study assessed the need for
speed bumps on urban roadways and offered recommendations for installing
them as a traffic-calming measure in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was discovered
that implementation varies, and perceptions of device quality, applicability,
and agreement among the general public also differ greatly. A study in
Pakistan conducted by Saad et. al (2019) asserts that Pakistan has to make
significant upgrades to the traffic signs, signals, and road markings that are
now put on its roads and highways. They don't meet the prerequisites for
international standards, which include odd shapes, sizes, and colors. The
lack of a good Manual describing the warrants and other information
necessary for placing appropriate signage is the most significant of all the
causes. The dearth of qualified traffic engineers who are properly versed in
the art and science of traffic signs makes the issue even worse. As a result,
the field engineers and contractors were free to design and install the road
signs however they saw fit. Whereas in developed nations, there are
numerous sign production businesses that are experts in this industry. To
increase the traffic on international roads and to promote road safety, many
international organizations are working to standardize markings and signage.

According to Article I: County Roads and Rights-of-Way of Ordinance
Ord. No. 97-01-179, adopted January 21, 1997, repealed and re-enacted in
November 2014, Director of the Frederick County Division of Public Works
erected traffic-control devices stating that such traffic-control devices may be
erected on any roads, streets, alleys, highways, or rights-of-way under the
jurisdiction of the county, provided that any such traffic-control devices or
signals shall conform to the system set forth in the most recent edition of the
“Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices” for streets and highways
adopted by the State Highway Administration. Provided further that the
Director of the Division of Public Works shall file in the office of the Chief
Administrative Officer a memorandum of any action taken pursuant to this
section indicating the action and the location, time, and reason for the action
taken. Temporary directional signs may be erected in the county right-of-way,
provided that all of the requirements of the Frederick County Zoning
Ordinance are satisfied. In addition, Pennsylvania Consolidated Statute, Title
75 Section 6124 - Erection of traffic-control devices at junctions of 2012. To
designate through highways or to designate intersections at which vehicular
traffic on one or more of the roadways should yield or stop and yield before
entering the intersection, the department on State-designated highways,
including intersections with local highways, and local authorities on

intersections of highways under their jurisdiction may erect and maintain stop
signs, yield signs, or other official traffic-control devices.
For Abellana (2021) drawbacks of such problems are much more
severe in developing countries due to the weak enforcement of policies, and
lack of infrastructures to handle congestion, among others. Intelligent traffic
control at signalized intersections in urban areas is vital for mitigating
congestion and ensuring sustainable traffic operations. Poor traffic
management at road intersections may lead to numerous issues such as
increased fuel consumption, high emissions, low travel speeds, excessive
delays, and vehicular stops according to Jamal et al., (2021). It is evident that
the current ordinance, Ordinance No. 1063, or the New Traffic Management
Code, is still lacking in many aspects and requires enhancement.
Operation of Traffic Control
Potential risks in road traffic operations can be prevented and
managed to ensure road traffic safety. The findings indicate that the dangers
associated with drivers, vehicles, roads, and the traffic environment were the
main subjects of the pertinent research. The study of Efird (2022)
concentrated on elements of driving behavior in terms of driver dangers.

Vehicle control systems, driving assistance systems, hazardous material
transportation, automated driving technologies, safe driving speeds, and
vehicle collision prediction were the key topics of the linked studies on vehicle
dangers. The three study focus areas for road risks were safe driving
guarantees for high-risk road segments, driving risks at intersections, and
safe road alignment design. According to Jamal et. Al (2021) Intelligent traffic
control at signalized intersections in urban areas is vital for mitigating
congestion and ensuring sustainable traffic operations. Poor traffic
management at road intersections may lead to numerous issues such as
increased fuel consumption, high emissions, low travel speeds, excessive
delays, and vehicular stops. The methods employed for traffic signal control
play a crucial role in evaluating the quality of traffic operations. Existing
literature is abundant, with studies focusing on applying regression and
probability-based methods for traffic light control. This study critically reviews
the latest advancements in swarm intelligence and evolutionary techniques
applied to traffic control and optimization in urban networks.
Mohammed Najm, Hassan A Jeiad, Sarah Saad Hamid (2018),
stated that despite the benefits of traffic lights in managing the intersection
that gives safety to road users, they became disturbing for lots of people. This
makes it necessary to design an intelligent traffic lights system. In this paper,

they compare traditional and adaptive traffic control systems and discuss how
the adaptive system decreases congestion and how it became important to
smart cities. Hong et. al (2022) argues that traffic signal control is important
for intersection safety and efficiency. However, most traffic signal control
methods are designed for individual intersections or corridors. Although some
adaptive control systems have been developed, the methods used are often
proprietary and not published, making it difficult to evaluate their
effectiveness. Kosonen et. al (2017) supported Hong as he stated that road
traffic controls are important for mitigating congestion and negative
environmental impacts. According to Papageorgiou et al], different traffic
control strategies are mainly provided for three areas: urban road networks
(e.g. intersection and network traffic light controls), freeway networks (e.g.
ramp metering, lane control, and variable speed limit) and route guidance.
The effectiveness of traffic control strategies greatly depends on their abilities
to react to the live traffic conditions. Therefore, advanced traffic modeling
becomes an essential part of the latest traffic control strategies.
Jin et. al (2017) states that the increased traffic congestion in urban
areas and their impacts require more efficient controls and management.
While the effectiveness of control schemes highly depends on accurate traffic
model and appropriate control settings, optimization techniques play a central

role for determining the control parameters in traffic planning and
management applications. However, there is still a lack of research effort on
the scientific computing framework for optimizing traffic control and
operations and facilitating real planning and management applications. In
relation, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) sought to
improve traffic flow and reduce travel times, optimizing not only vehicular
movement but also that of persons, goods and services. It was essential for
the MMDA to have a long-term solution capable of managing the transit of
more than 11 million people in Metro Manila, the country's main business,
retail and industry hub.
The Integrated mobility operation management platform proposed by
Indra as they conducted a case study on Urban Traffic Management System
in Manila, the Philippines (2018). Indra implemented the Hermes solution, a
complete, centralized urban traffic management system, as the mobility
solution for Metro Manila. This system has a state-of-the-art control center
and an advanced integrated operation management platform that can
simultaneously manage and coordinate the different systems.
This solution's integrated operation systems are as follows: (a)
Centralized stoplight system and (b) CCTV system. The latest generation
software based on algorithms manages 90 stoplight intersections and
optimizes traffic plans using real-time data gathered from over 600 detectors
that are strategically located at each intersection.
Implementation of Traffic Control Signs
The desire for safe and orderly movement of the car [vehicle] arose
the need for traffic control devices—signs, traffic signals, and pavement
markings Lindley et al. (2021). The heavy traffic on Old Zabarte Road
threatens the safety of both drivers and commuters and has been dubbed as
“the most congested road” in North Caloocan City. The local government has
erected several traffic control devices to aid the heavy traffic. However, many
people argue that it worsened the traffic flow.
According to Fernandez, Paringit, Salvador and Lucero (2020), the
use of traffic signs is one of the most reliable control devices used to guide
the safe and orderly movement of traffic and pedestrians. Traffic signs are
necessary to give information for routes, directions, and warnings for drivers.
These should be clear to convey the intended message for road users to
understand. Drivers tend to ignore the road signs while authorities opt not to
enforce them. As a result, the majority of the Filipino drivers are not
disciplined, and traffic signs become of less importance. Moreover, a good
number of Filipino motorists have not gone through proper training resulting
in the lack of knowledge regarding the various road signs. Therefore, drivers
understanding of some selected traffic signs was assessed through a survey.
The study aims to determine the individual characteristics of drivers in
understanding traffic signs. The study of the role of drivers’ characteristics in
understanding traffic signs in Manila is of great importance to prevent rising
accidents in the area. In result, Kerimov et. Al (2020) developed a method for
the optimal application of technical means of monitoring in the field of traffic
safety assurance during the operation of the “driver–vehicle–road” system
and obtain a dependence to determine the financial costs of maintaining the
proper functioning of the photo and video recording complex throughout its
service life. To evaluate the impact of the automated traffic enforcement
system on traffic safety, it is necessary to conduct studies at two levels: at
the first level, we shall give an absolute evaluation of the road accidents, at
the second level, we shall analyze the influence of automated traffic
enforcement systems on the number of road accidents by their location and
types.
The present era is marked by rapid improvement and advances in
technology Mohamed and AlShalfan (2021). One of the most essential areas
that demand improvement is the traffic signal, as it constitutes the core of the
traffic system. This demand becomes stringent with the development of
Smart Cities. Unfortunately, road traffic is currently controlled by very old
traffic signals (tri-color signals) regardless of the relentless effort devoted to
developing and improving the traffic flow. These traditional traffic signals have
many problems including inefficient time management in road intersections;
they are not immune to some environmental conditions, like rain; and they
have no means of giving priority to emergency vehicles. New technologies
like Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
enable vehicles to communicate with those nearby and with a dedicated
infrastructure wirelessly. Lee and Chiu (2020) added information of
infrastructure supporting vehicular network (V2X) capability is the key factor
to the success of smart city because it enables many smart transportation
services. In order to reduce the traffic congestion and improve the public
transport efficiency, many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) need to be
developed. According to them smart traffic signal control (STSC) system is
designed and implemented, it supports several smart city transportation
applications including emergency vehicle signal preemption (EVSP), public
transport signal priority (TSP), adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC), eco-
driving supporting, and message broadcasting. The roadside unit (RSU)
controller is the core of the proposed STSC system, where the system
architecture, middleware, control algorithms, and peripheral modules are
detailed discussed in this paper. It is compatible with existed traffic signal
controller so that it can be fast and cost−effectively deployed. A new traffic
signal scheme is specially designed for the EVSP scenario, it can inform all
the drivers near the intersection regarding which direction the emergency
vehicle (EV) is approaching, smoothing the traffic flow, and enhancing safety.
Prior to the implementation stage, a multitude of road traffic analyses
from different perspectives must be conducted. Monitoring the traffic flow in
an area is one of the initial steps in establishing a proper traffic management
system or mitigating congestion. Since there are various congestion
measures available, considering multiple congestion measures can be
complicated in a road traffic analysis (Nodado et. al, 2018).
For Pabón (2018) it is important to check the status of traffic control
devices, both vertical and horizontal and see if they are in the optimal state
for the user's visualization or correct location. On intersections, checking the
visibility of these signs is most important. Faulty traffic signs must be replaced
and evaluated by the implementers for the safety of drivers and commuters
alike as it may cause traffic accidents. In the preliminary analyses conducted
by Wahi (2018) of 5,388 police reported BMV crashes in 2002-2014 from

Queensland, Australia revealed that cyclist injury severity differed according
to whether the intersection had a stop/give way sign, traffic signals or no
traffic control. Despite similar distributions of injury severity across the 3 types
of traffic control, more factors were identified as influencing cyclist injury
severity at stop/give way-controlled intersections than at signalized
intersections or intersections with no traffic control.
Obedience to Traffic Control
The responsibility for traffic problems lies not just to the implementers
but also to those under the policy’s power. In terms of obedience, a lot of
people still struggle to adhere to these policies which oftentimes lead to a
squabble between drivers. Traffic safety policies are still conventionally
ranked on financial and environmental criteria in developing countries, yet the
equity concept can be advantageously used as an integral part of the process
of traffic safety policy making. Equity in transportation is defined as how
appropriately and equally the impacts of transportation are distributed among
different types of users. Public education and information are found to be the
most effective policy to increase traffic safety, considering equity. The best
equity-conscious policies are independent from physical infrastructures,
household income level, and household location. The same can be applied
in traffic management and may be adopted in the policy making to ensure
more organized and safer traffic. Traffic safety policies are still conventionally
ranked on financial and environmental criteria in developing countries, yet the
equity concept can be advantageously used as an integral part of the process
of traffic safety policy making. Equity in transportation is defined as how
appropriately and equally the impacts of transportation are distributed among
different types of users. The main contribution of this research is to introduce
traffic safety equity in transportation policy making. The authors advocate for
a modeling framework that considers traffic safety equity as a focal point. The
analytical network process overcomes the drawbacks of data intensive
models that are so difficult to implement reliably in developing countries and
recognizes the existence of complex interdependencies among traffic safety
factors Najaf et. Al (2017) added.
According to Garcia (2018) obedience of road users before traffic
control devices carried out in a population with high accident rates throughout
three clearly defined phases. These consisted in determining the behavior of
the users through traffic gauges, verifying the state of the signaling and the
application of surveys to know the users' behavior. During the development
of the project, it was evidenced that the human factor is the main cause of
risks of road accidents and traffic infractions, represented by pedestrians and

motorcyclists. In Morkaya (2017) research entitled Obedience testing of the
vehicles to the traffic lights in video by image processing techniques, traffic
light location and light color are determined to estimate whether moving
vehicles obey or don't obey the traffic light by the use of image processing
techniques. Application tracks vehicles in addition, it offers a solution to the
problem of passing, which is often violated, while the traffic light is red. In the
literature vehicle tracking applications usually work on counting the number
of cars and estimating traffic congestion. A few numbers of applications work
on recognizing of traffic signs and implement motion analysis. Establishing a
solution to the problem of vehicle passing, while light is red, is also important
for driving assistance systems which are currently being developed.
Proposed application finds the count of vehicles by the use of vehicle tracking
and explains the implementation of the estimation about vehicles' obedience
to the traffic light in a detailed way. Hence application implements motion
analysis with the use of information about vehicle tracking and traffic light.
In addition, Research India Publications published research authored
by Garcia et al. (2018) stating that if the traffic regulations are not enforced,
or if it is perceived that they are not enforced, it is likely that they will not be
respected and, consequently, they will be very unlikely to influence behaviors.
This is likely a factor to be considered in the obedience of traffic control signs

that is one of the variables in the present study. The drivers and commuters
have not seen efficient actions provided by the implementers regarding the
enforcement of traffic regulations.
Cáceres (2018) argues that the human factor is the main cause of
accidents in roads (subject, vehicle, and road). The lack of citizen culture and
awareness is a cause in actions such as not giving way, exceeding speed
limits, practicing dangerous maneuvers, disrespecting when stopping on the
crosswalk at a traffic light intersection, at the intersection of a street, the
undue crossing of pedestrians, among others. One example of this is the
article entitled Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors
among Cyclists published by Fraboni et al. (2016) which showed that people
tend to behave differently in a given situation taking into consideration similar
people’s behaviors, and that the effect of social influence is related to the
group size, they hypothesized that the number of cyclists at the intersection
will have an influence on the cyclists’ behavior. Furthermore, cyclists will be
more likely to violate in an opportunistic way when other cyclists are already
committing a violation. This behavior is not particular to cyclists only, but to
other drivers as well. The greater the number of people who disobeys, the
more likely it is for others to commit the same violations as well.

In a thesis by Rijn, Bas van (2022), results indicated that a higher
authority level resulted in a higher perceived coercion to obey, a lower sense
of control, and a lower sense of responsibility. There is a close relationship
between the traffic infractions committed by the users, the disobedience of
the users, the ignorance of the traffic regulations and the reasons stated by
them. Nothing, however, should be an excuse for breaking traffic regulations;
rather, the user must be aware of the action they are going to take as a
participant of the road to avoid running the risk of causing an accident where
they could lose not only their own life but also the lives of others.
Synthesis
The present study is related to the other literatures and studies
above from different authors and researchers. In addition, it discussed the
relationship between traffic management and how it can affect the drivers,
commuters, and implementers in the daily life basis on the roadways. Thus,
the effects are stress, longer commute time, employee absences, wasted
hours, and added fuel expenses are just some of them (Madanglog et. al
2019). While according to Gokasar et. al (2022), that one solution to the road
congestion problem is real-time traffic management which focuses on
enhancing traffic flow conditions. On the other hand, As stated by Modi et. al
(2022) that due to the rise in the use of more private vehicles and low road
network capacity managing traffic with the traditional approach is
cumbersome. Therefore, new traffic management really affects the situation
on roadways most especially if the facilities as well as infrastructure to settle
the traffic flow are not yet done.
Raskar and Nema (2021) posited that road networks are added
day by day and so the effort on traffic management is more crucial.
Consequently, as stated by Jamal et al., (2021), poor traffic management at
road intersections may lead to numerous issues such as increased fuel
consumption, high emissions, low travel speeds, excessive delays, and
vehicular stops. Traffic management is present in Caloocan City although it
lacks efficiency. If the traffic regulations are not enforced, or if it is perceived
that they are not enforced, it is likely that they will not be respected and, as a
result, they will be very unlikely to influence behaviors (Garcia et al., 2018).
These studies and literature aimed to develop a safe and more effective traffic
management system for the sake of both drivers and pedestrians although in
a relatively pessimistic way. The latter, however, indicates that enforcement
is a huge factor for traffic control in terms of obedience. People will be less
likely to obey if they have perceived that regulations are not enforced.
Therefore, an effectual enforcement of regulations is needed which will

impact the improvement of the new traffic management code when it comes
to security, safety, and protection of all road users.
To conclude, based on the literature and studies enumerated,
traffic management is one of the crucial topics to be considered since there
is a lot of problems and issues that should be addressed regarding on it.
Furthermore, to overcome such issues and problems the officials as well as
researchers may recommend different effective and efficient ways and
solutions to at least lessen the accident or to prevent risk that comes from
roadways. Hence, traffic management enhancement can impact the
satisfaction of all road users if it gives an assurance and safety travel through
various ways to obtain or to maintain the harmonious flow of vehicles on
roadways.
Theoretical Framework
According to the Safe System Approach, creating a safe and efficient
transportation system is essential. Traffic in Metro Manila, based on the 2015
Global Satisfaction conducted by Waze, is regarded as the ‘worst traffic on
Earth’. Based on the 2015 Census of the population by the Philippine Statistic
Authority, Metro Manila was listed as being the ‘densest city’ in the world
based on population density. Traffic can be viewed from different
perspectives. Stress, longer commute time, employee absences, wasted
hours, and added fuel expenses are just some of them. In some sections of
Metro Manila, traffic extends through intersections in North Caloocan City
also sustain serious traffic problems and affects transportation efficiency in
general. Some of the intersection that stands congested during peak hours
is Camarin – Old Zabarte Road Intersection.
Among the number of causes of traffic congestion are narrow right of
ways and sidewalks, inefficient bus or jeepney terminal facilities, street and
market vendor, poor pavement, inadequate Traffic Management System
(TMS), and inadequate road geometry. As demand approaches the capacity
of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion
sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods, this is colloquially known
as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up.
Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and
engaging in road rage. The fundamental 3Es of engineering, enforcement,
and education (Akinori Morimoto, 2022) used to be the most significant
factors in traffic management. Engineering strategies for managing traffic,
such as raising vehicle standards, building, and maintaining road

infrastructure, and enforcing traffic laws, are included in this category.
Enforcement is indicated by the effective enforcement of traffic legislation.
Education typically refers to public education (educating the public about
traffic management) and driver education (driving skills training). The
following strategies influence the prevention of motor vehicle accidents and
fatalities: (1) education, (2) proactive police patrol, and (3) legal sanctions. In
addition, better highway engineering would result in improved road design
and intersection traffic control, while better auto engineering would create
safer cars. All the above-mentioned strategies require synchronization,
cooperation, and shared responsibility among the partners and stakeholders.
However, there are some newly discovered problems and challenges
with time. Research on traffic safety is no longer only attributed to human
beings, vehicles, or roads, the importance of multi-agency partnership
working has been identified. For example, Jamroz et al. mention “3E + 3C”
when describing the development direction of road safety in Poland, in which
the new 3Cs represent cooperation, coordination, and collaboration. This
concept indicates that the improvement of traffic safety requires the
coordinated action of different departments and traffic stakeholders.
Similarly, after considering a broader system approach a 7Es perspective is
proposed, including the basic 3Es together with emergency response,

exposure, evaluation, and examination. In addition to engineering,
enforcement, and education, the 7Es approach attempts to review and learn
from the relatively good practice of road traffic safety in the UK. It points out
that the improvement of the emergency response system will also play a role
in reducing road casualties. It is also important to provide open academic and
financial support for traffic safety research. Similarly, an effective emergency
response system and the analysis and evaluation of traffic safety are also
discussed by Groeger (2015). Groeger proposes an assessment of the
driving ability of people at risk of incidents (such as the elderly) and the study
of the behavior tendency of people with specific characteristics are also
important elements, so as to reduce exposure to specific groups as elements
to improve road traffic safety.
These studies and explorations based on the traditional 3Es concept
have developed more factors that can improve road traffic safety; they also
provide new ideas and elements on how to build a safe road system. As
summarized in Figure 1, the road traffic safety indicator system including 3Es
and additional necessary Es is developed based on the theory proposed by
Groeger.
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm
Conceptual Framework
The figure below illustrates the whole concept of the study, and the
phase of the study as follows:
Phase 1, The research respondents are grouped into two: drivers,
and a combined group of commuters and implementers, to collect
socioeconomic information expressed statistically, including age, gender,
educational attainment, civil status, and employment to determine the factors

affecting the implementation of Ordinance 1063 or the New Traffic
Management Code of Caloocan City.
With regard to the scope of the study, the researchers purposely
focused on Old Zabarte Road or Almar Road. This choice was made on
account of the fact that this road is traveled by vehicles—both PUVs and
privately owned—to and from different barangays, making it a hotspot for
traffic congestion.
Phase 2, The following variables will be fed to the survey
questionnaire to find out the assessment level of the respondents based on
SOP 3 of the study are as follow:
a. Erection of Traffic Control,
b. Operation of Traffic Control,
c. Implementation of Traffic Control Signs, and
d. Obedience to Traffic Control.
The variables are directly derived from the City Ordinance 1063 or
the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan articles 3 and 4.

Phase 3, Following the variables, the next phase is collecting data
using a survey questionnaire as a research instrument. The researchers
surveyed 100 drivers of any motor vehicle who frequently travel through Old
Zabarte Road or Almar Road, which intersects with Camarin Road, and 50
respondents composed of commuters who travel via public utility vehicles
(PUVs), and implementers which include personnel from the Department of
Public Safety and Traffic Management (DPSTM) of Caloocan City. A total of
150 respondents assesses their level of implementation of City Ordinance
No. 1063 or the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan.
Phase 4, After the gathered data were discussed, analyzed, and
interpreted by the researchers and examined how these variables affect, and
determined how the respondents assess the level of implementation, the
researchers proposed a policy enhancement for Ordinance No. 1063 or the
New Traffic Management Code in Caloocan City (North).

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms
Words used within the study have many meanings depending on the
author concerned. For further understanding of this study, the following
terminologies are conceptually and operationally defined.
Erection - Refers to the act of giving legal existence to by a formal
act of authority of the City Ordinance 1063 of Caloocan.
Implementation - Is the execution or practice of a plan, a method or
policy of City Ordinance 1063 of Caloocan.
New Traffic Management Code – The policy under study in the
research is Ordinance 1063, also referred to as the New Traffic Management
Code of Caloocan City. It covers the traffic laws and ordinances for all city
roads, as well as direction and control for both stationary and moving traffic,
including bicyclists, pedestrians, and all kinds of vehicles.
Obedience - Compliance of the drivers traveling Old Zabarte Road or
Almar Road to the City Ordinance 1063 of Caloocan.

Ordinance 1063 - Known and cited as the New Traffic Management
Code of Caloocan City, is an ordinance that is the subject of the investigation.
Operation - Any traffic-control sign or item of a kind exists on road,
that is operative as a traffic-control item.
Traffic congestion - A condition in transport that is characterized by
slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
Traffic Control – The supervision of the movement of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic to ensure efficiency and safety.
Traffic Control Signs - Any device using a word or words, a symbol
or symbols, a colored light or lights or any combination thereof operated
mechanically, electrically, manually, or otherwise by means of which traffic
may be controlled or regulated.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter of the research paper discusses the methods and
procedures used in conducting the study. The focus of this research study is
to assess the level of implementation of City Ordinance 1063 or the New
Traffic Management Code of Caloocan. It involves research design,
instrument used and its validation, respondents of the research, sampling
technique, data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
As a type of quantitative research, the descriptive survey method will
be used in this study to assess the level of implementation of City Ordinance
1063, or the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan.
Descriptive research, according to Adi Bhat (2023), is a type of
research that outlines the characteristics of the population or topic being
examined. The "what" of the research subject is given more importance in
this descriptive methodology than the "why" of the research subject.
Observation and survey tools are often used to gather data (Gall, Gall, &
Borg, 2007).
Population and Sample of the Study
The researchers will utilize selected respondents from the
Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management (DPSTM), composed
of the DPSTM Head and traffic enforcers specifically assigned to oversee
traffic flow within the Almar-Camarin intersection. The researchers will also
be selecting commuters and drivers of any public utility vehicle that often
travel along the said route. The respondents of the study will be grouped into
two, the first group are drivers while the second are implementers which is a
combined group composed of personnels from DPSTM and commuters.
In determining the sample, the researchers will be using the
Purposive Sampling technique. As defined by Frost (2023), specific
participants are chosen to meet the objectives of the study, wherein the
subjects have characteristics that the researchers need to evaluate their
research question. In other words, respondents are selected “on purpose.”
These respondents are those who are directly affected by the problem
addressed in this study. Therefore, having a first-hand experience of the
hectic traffic in their day-to-day travels along the Old Zabarte Road,
particularly the Almar-Camarin intersection, they can give the best
information needed in acquiring the objectives of the study.

The respondents will be divided into two groups: (a) Implementers
and (b) Drivers. The group of Implementers are personnels from the
Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management composed of 1
Department Head, 14 Traffic enforcers, and 35 commuters who travel
through the Almar-Camarin intersection regardless of their point of origin. The
second group labeled as Drivers consist of 100 drivers who own and/or
operate any Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) traveling along the Old Zabarte Road
or passing through the Almar-Camarin intersection, regardless of which route
they are traveling to and from. In total, there will be 150 respondents selected
for this study conducted in the month of May 2023.
Research Instrument
The researchers will be using a direct way of collecting data through
a paper-based survey questionnaire. Adi Bhat (2023) defines a questionnaire
as a research tool consisting of a series of inquiries or other prompts
designed to gather data from a respondent. Questionnaires are particularly
useful for collecting demographic information, personal opinions, facts, or
attitudes from respondents.

The major objective of a questionnaire is to gather information and
relevant data from respondents and spread out a vast territory and succeed
in collecting accurate and reliable data in a short amount of time which then
may be used for a number of objectives.
Validation of Research Instrument
The primary objective or purpose of paper-based survey
questionnaires is to collect pertinent data in the most effective, trustworthy,
and valid way possible. Furthermore, the consistency and accuracy of these
Paper-based Survey Questionnaires will form a significant aspect of the
research.
The first draft of the Paper-based Survey Questionnaire will be given
to the thesis adviser, who will make the necessary modifications, inputs,
and/or corrections to ensure the instrument's validity in this study. Thus, the
first draft of the Paper-based Survey Questionnaires will be finalized and
subjected to validation.
All the essential changes and improvements will be made with the
support and guidance of the thesis adviser in the preparation and finalization
of the Paper-based Survey Questionnaires draft.
Data Gathering Procedure
Through paper-based survey questionnaires, the researchers will
gather information from the implementers and drivers who travel along the
Old Zabarte Road, in particular the Almar-Camarin intersection, regarding the
New Traffic Management in North Caloocan City. Additionally, the majority of
respondents thought that printed surveys were more anonymous,
encouraging them to provide truthful answers.
The respondents will be asked first for their permission before being
informed of the significance of their responses to the study. In order for the
respondents to complete the questionnaire fully aware of their role as the
study's subject, the researchers define a few terms. In order to avoid
misinterpretations, the language that will be used in the survey questionnaire
is Filipino to ensure that the respondents will be able to express their
responses freely.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers of this study will use the following formulas to
analyze the results that will be gathered from the survey questionnaires.
Weighted mean: This will be used to assess the level of
implementation of City Ordinance 1063 or the New Traffic Management Code
of Caloocan. The formula for the weighted mean is:
Where:
W = weighted average
N = number of terms to be averaged
Wi = weights applied to x values
Xi = data values to be averaged
The researchers will be applying the Likert Scaling Technique to
examine the responses that the survey respondents will provide. This method
assigns a value to each distinct response. To determine the answers
provided by each of the respondents, numerical values are assigned to each

category, ranging from 1 (not implemented) to 4 (highly implemented). The
response for each scale will be determined by the weighted mean. These are
the several Likert scales that are employed:
Mean
Interpretation
Weight Range
High level of
4 3.51 – 4.50
implementation
Moderate level of
3 2.51 – 3.50
implementation
Low level of
2 1.51 – 2.50
implementation
1 1.00 – 1.50 No implementation at all
Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is a summary measure
of the differences of each observation from the mean. Applied to determine if
there is a significant difference with the level of assessment of the
respondents on the implementation of City Ordinance 1063 or the New Traffic
Management Code of Caloocan based on the following research variables:
a. Erection of Traffic Control,
b. Operation of Traffic Control,
c. Implementation of Traffic Control Signs, and
d. Obedience to Traffic Control.

The formula for the standard deviation is:
Where:
𝜎 = population standard deviation
N = the size of the population
X i = each value from the population
𝜇 = the population means
V = the variance
∑x = the sum of all values in a data set
Frequency distribution: Will be applied to determine if there is a
statistically significant relationship among the assessments of the
respondents regarding the implementation of City Ordinance 1063 or the New
Traffic Management Code of Caloocan when grouped according to profile.
Percentage: Will be employed in order to assess the difficulties and
challenges the respondents encountered. The following is the frequency and
percentage formula:
𝑓
𝜌 = × 100 %
𝑛
Where:
P = Percentage
f = frequency
n = the total number of populations

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ent+systems+have+developed+significantly+as+a+result+of+connect
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meta
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Kerimov et. al (2020), Methodological aspects of building mathematical
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%3Dy9I7Ja8E8k8J
Ouallane et. al (2022), Overview of road traffic management solutions
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VtpLHsJ
Papageorgiou et. al (2017) A stochastic optimization framework for road
traffic controls based on evolutionary algorithms and traffic simulation:
07025
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et.Al+2019+pakistan+has+to+make+significant+upgrades+traffic+sig
ns%2C+signals+and+road+marking&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684225
509172&u=%23p%3DOt5wUunJvFsJ
Tang et. al (2020), Air quality impacts of the 2018 Mt. Kilauea Volcano
eruption in Hawaii: A regional chemical transport model study with
satellite-constrained emissions:
03800
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et+al.+%282016%29+that+construction+of+a+new+traffic+managem
ent+should+consider+its+effect+on+the+road+network+around+the+
construction.&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684146757744&u=%23p%3D6
vhZ5O8ixPwJ
C. JOURNAL AND PUBLICATION
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integrated moving average model in Metro Cebu (Philippines):

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=abella
na+2021+drawbacks+of+such+problems+are+much+more+severe+i
n+developing+countries+due+to+the+weak+enforcement+of+policies
%2C+and+lack+of+infrastructures+to+handle+congestion%2C+amo
ng+others&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684161660488&u=%23p%3DmW
RV61nY_4sJ
Caceres (2018), Obedience of road users before transit control devices - a
case study:
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ceres+(2018)+The+lack+of+citizen+culture+and+awareness+is+a+c
ause+in+actions+such+as+not+giving+way,+exceeding+speed+limit
s,+practicing+dangerous+maneuvers,+disrespecting+when+stopping
+on+the+crosswalk+at+a+traffic+light+intersection,+at+the+intersecti
on#d=gs_qabs&t=1684162014558&u=%23p%3D7EhixI7gYHMJ
Canindo et. al (2019), Competencies of Traffic Enforcer in Regulating Traffic
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uza+et.+Al+%282017%29%2C+there+are+more+automobiles+than+
there+is+traffic+infrastructure+to+sustain+them%2C+congestion+is+
a+challenging+problem+to+solve+and+gets+worse+when+there+are
+car+accidents.+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684146396097&u=%23p%
3DniBgwgQUal8J
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and
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VkJ
Farzana et. al (2018), Application of traffic calming devices in developing
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a+et.+Al+2018+The+study+assessed+the+need+for+speed+bumps+
on+urban+roadways+and+offered+recommendations+for+installing+t
hem+as+a+trafficcalming+measure+in+Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh.&bt
nG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684163227251&u=%23p%3D09sCWInftJUJ
Garcia (2018), Obedience of road users before transit control devices:
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Hong et. al (2022), Optimizing signal timing control for large urban traffic
networks using an adaptive linear quadratic regulator control strategy:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Hong+
et.+al+%282022%29%2C+traffic+signal+control+is+important+for+in
tersection+safety+and+efficiency.&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=168416447
1666&u=%23p%3D5-a539Md6nYJ
Kor Pabon (2018), Obedience of road users before transit control devices -
a case study:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=C%C3%A1
ceres+(2018)+The+lack+of+citizen+culture+and+awareness+is+a+c
ause+in+actions+such+as+not+giving+way,+exceeding+speed+limit
s,+practicing+dangerous+maneuvers,+disrespecting+when+stopping
+on+the+crosswalk+at+a+traffic+light+intersection,+at+the+intersecti
on#d=gs_qabs&t=1684162014558&u=%23p%3D7EhixI7gYHMJ
Lee and Chiu (2020), Design and Implementation of a Smart Traffic Signal
Control System for Smart City Applications:
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/2/508
Lindley et. al (2021), Looking Back, Look Forward: Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices:
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2551712927?pq-
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1684231989565&u=%23p%3DXLujnhFH4ZYJ
Mohamed and Alshalfan (2021), Road Traffic Performance and Transport
Systems in the Cities:
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Nodado et. al (2018), Intelligent Traffic Light System Using Computer Vision
with Android Monitoring and Control:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Intelligent-Traffic-Light-
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challenges, solutions, and future perspectives:
ent+traffic+management+Ravish+and+Swamy+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs
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Tiwari tiwari et. al (2021), Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and
Control (HIRAC) in Elevated Metro Construction Project:
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Assessment+and+Control+%28HIRAC%29+in+Elevated++Metro+Co
nstruction+Project&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684232876540&u=%23p
%3DRDKDrE4TpHgJ
Versoza et. al (2019), The Implementation of Traffic Ordinance by
Department of Public Order and Safety at SM Fairview Quezon City:
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s://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/153
7%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D168
4151294374928%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw08JQ64NyOluQdvKB7am
7NC&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1684151294406039&usg=AOvVaw2
K8pg2KKj6FYcThWK9UVA9
D. PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATION
Benson et. al (2018), Potential reductions in crashes, injuries, and deaths
from large-scale deployment of advanced driver assistance systems:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=benso
n%2C+tefft%2C+Svancara+and+horrey+%282018%29&btnG=#d=gs
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5&q=Rijn%2C+Bas+van+%282022%29%2C+results+indicated+that+
a+higher+authority+level+resulted+in+a+higher+perceived+coercion
+to+obey%2C+a+lower+sense+of+control%2C+and+a+lower+sense
+of+responsibility&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684167960772&u=%23p%
3DOaQ3ZSDMI7YJ
E. ELECTRONIC SOURCES
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es+et+al+%282020%29+REACT%2C+a+traffic+management+syste
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management-system-manila-philippines
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Najaf et. al (2017), Evaluating traffic safety policies for developing countries
based on equity considerations:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19439962.2016.12301
63
Wahi (2018), Influence of type of traffic control on injury severity in bicycle-
motor vehicle crashes at intersections:
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%282018%29+of+5%2C388+police+reported+BMV+crashes+in+200
2-
2014+from+Queensland%2C+Australia+revealed+that+cyclist+injury
+severity+differed+according+to+whether+the+intersection+had+a+s
top%2Fgive+way+sign%2C+traffic+signals+or+no+traffic+control.&bt
nG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1684225937241&u=%23p%3D__T2Uh9C_40J
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
May ___, 2023
To our dear Respondents,
Good day!
We, the students of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science 2-B (Group 1)
are sincerely requesting for your kind participation by answering the research
questionnaire prepared in the research study being conducted on the
“Implementation of Ordinance No. 1063 or the New Traffic Management
Code of Caloocan City.”
Please answer the following items honestly, based on your
understanding of the subject. We assure you that your answers will be held
with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
The Researchers,
BRIOSO, AUBREY N.
ILUSTRE, NHOEMIE V.
ROSALES, MA. RABI
SANTOS, ROLANDO JR.,
SOLEDAD, FELICITY ANN F.
TANDAYAG, LETICIA MARIE B.
Name (Optiona): ___________________________________
Pangalan
Please indicate your answers by placing a check (✔) mark in the space
provided below:
Sagutan sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng tsek (✔) sa patlang na ibinigay
sa ibaba:
Part I. Demographics profile of the respondents.
1. Age:
Edad:
___ Below 20 years old ___ 41-50 years old
___ 20-30 years old ___ 51-60 years old
___ 31-40 years old ___ 61 years old - above
2. Gender:
Kasarian:
___ Male (Lalaki) ___ Female (Babae)
3. Educational Attainment:
Antas ng Pinag-aralan:
___ None ___ Tertiary Education
___ Primary Education ___ Other: (Please specify) _______
___ Secondary Education _____________________________
4. Civil Status:
___ Single
___ Married
5. Employment Status:
___ Student ___ Unemployed
___ Employed ___ Retired
___ Self-employed
Part II. Respondent’s assessment of the level of implementation of the
New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan.
Please put a check (✔) mark on the appropriate scale as listed below:
Mangyaring maglagay ng tsek (✔) sa naaangkop na iskor tulad ng nakalista
sa ibaba:
4 - High level of implementation
Mahigpit na ipinatutupad
3 - Moderate level of implementation
Katamtamang ipanatutupad
2 - Low level of implementation
Mababang antas ng pagpapatupad
1 - No implementation at all
Hindi ipinatutupad
2.1 Erection of Traffic Control
INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
1. Presence of properly functioning
traffic signals and synchronization of
signal timings.
Pagkakaroon ng maayos na traffic
signals at signal timings.

2. Presence and visibility of road
signs, warning, and informational signs
along the intersection.
Pagkakaroon ng malinaw na road
signs, warning, at informational signs
sa interseksyon.
3. Quality and visibility of road
markings including lane markings,
crosswalks, zebra crossings, and other
pavement markings that guide drivers
and pedestrians.
Maayos na kalidad ng road markings
pati na ang mga lane markings, mga
tawiran, zebra crossings, at iba pang
pavement markings na gumagabay 79
sa mga drayber at pedestian.
4. Presence and effectiveness of
traffic calming measures, such as speed

humps, speed cushions, or
roundabouts.
Ang pagkakaroon at pagiging
epektibo ng mga hakbang sa
pagsasaayos ng trapiko, tulad ng
mga speed hump, speed cushions, o
roundabouts.
5. Accessibility of sidewalks,
pedestrian crossings, pedestrian
bridges, and other facilities for
pedestrians.
Pagakakaroon ng akses sa mga
sidewalk, pedestrian crossings,
pedestrian bridges, at iba pang
pasilidad para sa mga pedestrian.
6. Public awareness campaigns
and educational programs about traffic
rules and safety targeting drivers and
pedestrians.
Mga kampanya at mga programang
pang-edukasyon tungkol sa mga
patakaran sa trapiko at kaligtasan ng
mga driver at pedestrian.
7. Presence of traffic police,
surveillance cameras, and penalties
for traffic violations.
Pagkakaroon ng traffic police,
surveillance camera, at karampatang
parusa para sa mga paglabag sa
trapiko.
2.2 Operation of Traffic Control
INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
1. Immediate response of traffic
management teams to incidents such
as accidents, breakdowns, or road
hazards.
Agarang pagtugon ng mga traffic
management teams sa mga insidente
tulad ng mga aksidente, breakdowns,
o mga panganib sa kalsada.
2. Traffic flow management during
peak hours or congested periods.
Pamamahala ng daloy ng trapiko sa
mga peak hours o congested periods.
3. Traffic control personnel training
of traffic control personnel, such as
traffic police officers or operators.
Pagsasanay ng mga tauhan ng traffic
control, tulad ng mga opisyal o
operator ng pulisya ng trapiko.
4. Emergency response
preparedness during emergencies or
natural disasters.
Pagtugon sa panahon ng mga
emerhensiya o natural na sakuna.

5. Adherence to pre-defined traffic
control plans including traffic diversions,
lane closures, or detours.
Pagsunod sa mga paunang natukoy
na traffice control plans kabilang ang
mga paglilihis ng trapiko, pagsasara
ng lane, o mga detour.
6. Collaboration and coordination
between different stakeholders, such as
transportation departments, law
enforcement agencies, emergency
services, and public transportation
providers.
Pakikipagtulungan at koordinasyon
sa pagitan ng iba't ibang stakeholder,
tulad ng mga departamento ng
transportasyon, mga ahensya na
nagpapatupad ng batas, mga
serbisyong pang-emergency, at mga

pampublikong transportation
providers.
7. Emergency response plans and
strategies, such as traffic diversions
during emergencies or accidents.
Mga plano at estratihiya sa pagtugon
sa paglilipat ng trapiko sa panahon
ng mga emerhensiya o aksidente.
8. Regular collection and analysis
of traffic data, including volume, speed,
and accident data.
Regular na pagkolekta at pagsusuri
ng data ng trapiko, kabilang ang
dami, bilis, at data ng aksidente.
9. Evaluation, feedback
mechanisms, and improvement plans
for traffic control measures.
Pagsusuri, feedback mechanisms, at
mga plano sa pagpapahusay para sa

mga hakbang sa pagkontrol sa
trapiko.
10. Using technologies like traffic
camera or sensors to identify congested
areas and implement appropriate traffic
control measures.
Paggamit ng mga teknolohiya tulad
ng traffic camera o mga sensor para
matukoy ang mga masikip na lugar at
magpatupad ng mga naaangkop na
hakbang sa pagkontrol sa trapiko.
2.3 Implementation of Traffic Control Signs
INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
1. Compliance with standards and
guidelines provided by the traffic
authority or transportation
department including factors such as
sign size, shape, color, and font style.
Pagsunod sa mga pamantayan at
alituntunin na ibinigay ng awtoridad o
transportation department kabilang
ang mga salik gaya ng laki ng
karatula, hugis, kulay, at istilo ng font.
2. Placement of signs including
factors such as appropriate height, clear
line of sight, and absence of
obstructions that may hinder visibility.
Paglalagay ng mga palatandaan
kabilang ang mga salik tulad ng
angkop na taas, malinaw na linya ng
paningin, at kawalan ng mga sagabal
na maaaring makahadlang sa
visibility.
3. Maintenance of the overall
condition of traffic control signs,

including factors such as legibility,
cleanliness, and absence of damage
or deterioration.
Pagpapanatili ng kondisyon ng mga
palatandaan sa pagkontrol ng
trapiko, kabilang ang mga salik gaya
ng pagiging madaling mabasa,
kalinisan, at kawalan ng pinsala o
pagkasira.
4. Consistency and uniformity of
traffic control signs such as
standardized symbols, text, and design
elements for consistent interpretation by
road users.
Pagkakapare-pareho ng mga
palatandaan sa pagkontrol ng trapiko
tulad ng mga standardized na
simbolo, teksto, at mga elemento ng
disenyo para sa pare-parehong

interpretasyon ng mga gumagamit ng
kalsada.
5. Adequate signage and
availability of signs for speed limits, stop
signs, warning signs, pedestrian
crossings, and directions.
Sapat na karatula para sa mga
limitasyon ng bilis, paghinto, mga
babala, mga tawiran ng pedestrian, at
mga direksyon.
6. Retroreflective properties of
signs, which determine their visibility
during nighttime or low-light conditions.
Mga retroreflective na senyales, na
tumutukoy sa kanilang visibility sa
gabi o sa mga kondisyong mababa
ang liwanag.
7. Presence of feedback
mechanisms and evaluation processes

to gather input from road users and
assess the effectiveness of traffic
control signs.
Ang pagkakaroon ng mga feedback
mechanisms at mga proseso ng
pagsusuri upang mangalap ng input
mula sa mga gumagamit ng kalsada
at masuri ang pagiging epektibo ng
mga palatandaan ng kontrol sa
trapiko.
2.4 Obedience to Traffic Control
INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
1. Adherence to traffic signals, such as
obeying red lights, yellow lights, and
green lights.
Pagsunod sa mga signal ng trapiko,
tulad ng pagsunod sa mga red light,
yellow light, at green light.
2. Stop sign compliance of drivers
including factors such as the percentage
of drivers coming to a complete stop at
stop signs and yielding the right-of-way
when necessary.
Pagsunod sa stop sign ng mga driver
kabilang ang mga salik tulad ng
porsyento ng mga driver na ganap na
humihinto sa mga stop sign at
nagbibigay ng right-of-way kung
kinakailangan.
3. Speed limit compliance within the
legal limit and the prevalence of
speeding violations.
Pagsunod sa speed limit sa loob ng
legal limit at ang paglaganap ng mga
speeding violations.
4. Drivers yielding to pedestrians.
Mga driver na nagbibigay daan sa
mga pedestrian.
5. Adherence to lane discipline and
proper lane usage including
prevalence of lane-changing
violations, illegal overtaking, and
failure to use designated lanes
correctly.
Pagsunod sa lane discipline at
wastong paggamit ng linya kabilang
ang paglaganap ng mga lane-
changing violations, iligal na pag-
overtake, at hindi paggamit ng mga
itinalagang linya.
7. Compliance with alcohol and
drug impairment violations and
distracted driving violations such as
using mobile phones, eating, or
engaging in other activities while
driving.
Pagsunod sa mga ‘alcohol and drug
impairment violations’ at ‘distracted
driving violations’ gaya ng paggamit
ng mga mobile phone, pagkain, o
paggawa ng iba pang aktibidad
habang nagmamaneho.
Part III. Problems encountered by respondents when traveling along
and through Almar-Camarin intersection.
Mga problemang nararanasan ng mga respondente kapag
dumaraan sa intersection ng Almar-Camarin.
Please put a check (✔) mark on the appropriate scale as listed below:
Mangyaring maglagay ng tsek (✔) sa naaangkop na iskor tulad ng nakalista
sa ibaba:
4 - Very Severe
Napakalubha
3 - Severe
Malubha
2 - Less Severe
Hindi Gaanong Makubha
1 - Not Severe
Hindi Malubha
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 4 3 2 1
1. Congestion especially during peak
travel times, resulting in delays and
slower travel speeds for vehicles.
Pagsisikip lalo na sa mga oras ng
peak travel, na nagreresulta sa mga
pagkaantala at mas mabagal na
daloy ng sasakyan.
2. Traffic signal malfunction which
may lead to delays, increased risk of

accidents, and inefficient intersection
operation.
Malfunction ng mga traffic signal na
maaaring magdulot ng pagka antala,
pagtaas ng panganib ng mga
aksidente, at hindi maayos na
operasyon ng intersection.
3. Inadequate signal coordination
between multiple traffic signals
causing frustration for drivers and
travelers.
Hindi sapat na koordinasyon ng
signal ng trapiko na nagdudulot ng
frustration sa mga driver at komyuter.
4. Some drivers ignoring or
intentionally running red lights.

Ilang mga driver na hindi pinapansin
o sadyang nagpapatakbo sa mga red
light.
5. Inadequate capacity at
intersection resulting in long queues
of vehicles, difficulty in turning or
merging, and overall congestion
issues.
Hindi sapat na kapasidad sa
intersection na nagreresulta sa
mahabang pila ng mga sasakyan,
kahirapan sa pagliko o pagsasama,
at pangkalahatang congestion issue.
6. Limited visibility at intersection
due to obstacles, overgrown vegetation,
or poor signage.
Limitado ang visibility sa intersection
dahil sa mga hadlang, tinutubuan ng

mga halaman, o hindi magandang
signage.
7. Insufficient or poorly maintained
pedestrian facilities, such as
crosswalks, sidewalks, or pedestrian
signals.
8.
Hindi sapat o hindi maayos na
pinapanatili ang mga pasilidad ng
pedestrian, tulad ng mga tawiran,
bangketa, o mga senyales ng
pedestrian.
9. Complex intersection geometry
such as multiple turn lanes, ramps, or
unconventional layouts.
Complex intersection geometry gaya
ng maraming turn lane, ramp, o hindi
kinaugalian na mga layout

10. Lack of driver awareness of the
rules and regulations associated with
navigating intersections.
Kakulangan ng kaalaman ng driver
sa mga patakaran at regulasyong
nauugnay sa pag-navigate sa mga
interseksyon.
11. Missing or unclear signs, road
markings, or lane designations.
Mga nawawala o hindi malinaw na
karatula, mga marka ng kalsada, o
mga pagtatalaga ng lane.
Part IV. Recommendations.
Rekomendasyon.
What recommendations may you offer for the enhancement of the
implementation of the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan?
Ano ang mga rekomendasyon na maaari mong ibigay para sa pagpapahusay
ng implementasyon ng New Traffic Management Code ng Caloocan?

Dear Ma’am/Sir:
Good day!
I am Felicity Ann Soledad, a 2nd year Political Science student at
University of Caloocan City. In partial fulfillment of our requirements in
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Political Data, we are tasked to
conduct a quantitative research study assessing the level of implementation
of Ordinance 1063 or the New Traffic Management Code of Caloocan City.
This research is being conducted under the supervision of Prof. Peter
M. Asturias, DPM, DPA, JD, PhD, as the subject course professor.
I am looking forward to your favorable response regarding this
matter. Thank you for your time and God bless!
Regards,
Felicity Ann F. Soledad
Research Group Leader

Prof. Peter M. Asturias
Subject Course Professor
REPLY SLIP DATE: ______________
I am _____________________ a/an ________________________
(Driver, Commuter,
Implementer)
willingly agreeing to be one of the respondents of the research study entitled
The Implementation of Ordinance No. 1063 or The New Traffic Management
Code in Caloocan City.
_______________________________
Signature over printed name
____________________________________________________________
Ginoo/Ginang/Binibini:
Mapagpalang araw!
Ako si Felicity Ann Soledad, mag-aaral ng University of Calaoocan
City. Bilang pagtupad sa isa sa mga pangangailangan ng asignaturang
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Political Data, kami ay naatasang
magsagawa ng pananaliksik patungkol sa pagpapatupad ng Ordinance 1063
o mas kilala sa New Traffic Management Code ng Caloocan City.
Ang gawaing ito ay pinangungunahan ni Prof. Peter M. Asturias,
DPM, DPA, JD, PhD, bilang propesor ng asignatura.
Lubos naming inaasahan ang inyong positibong tugon. Maraming
salamat at nawa’y pagpalain ka ng Diyos.
Sumasa’yo
Felicity Ann F. Soledad
Pinuno ng Grupo
Prof. Peter M. Asturias
Professor ng Asignatura
REPLY SLIP PETSA: ______________
Ako si _____________________ isang ____________________
(Driver, Commuter,
Implementer)
na kusang loob na pumapayag na sumagot ng mga katanungan patungkol
pananaliksing sa pagpapatupad ng Ordinance No. 1063 or The New Traffic
Management Code in Caloocan City.
_______________________________
Lagda
____________________________________________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE
AUBREY N. BRIOSO
2345 Chrysanthemum St Area C
Camarin, Caloocan City
Contact No.: +(63) 966- 879- 1007
Email Add.: aubreybrioso.10@gmail.com
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
• August 2021 – Present Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
University of Caloocan City - North
Congressional Campus
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
• June 2019 – April 2021 Accountancy, Business and
Management
Mystical Rose school of Caloocan Inc
Almar, Caloocan, Philippines

SECONDARY
• June 2015 – April 2019 Camarin High School
Camarin , Caloocan City
PRIMARY
• June 2009 – April 2015 Camarin Elementary School
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : October 10, 2002
Place of birth : Camarin, Caloocan City
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo
Civil Status : Single
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Mr. Roi Gerald Bayuga
Premium Bikes, Branch Manager
(+63) 905-427-2140
Jessi Abawag
Wifi Technician, Globe Telecom
(+63) 055-790-6063
CURRICULUM VITAE
NHOEMIE V. ILUSTRE
10531 Dagat-dagatan, sitio 6, Area D
Camarin Caloocan City
Contact no: + (63) 977-351-7689
Emai Add.: ilustrenhoemie@gmail.com
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
University of Caloocan City – North
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
• June 2019 – April 2021 Humanities and Social Sciences
Amparo High School
St. Novaliches, Caloocan
SECONDARY
• June 2015 – April 2019 Amparo High School
Caloocan, Metro Manila

PRIMARY
• June 2009 – April 2015 Horacio Dela Costa Elementary School
Caloocan North District 1
Date of Birth : July 14, 2002
Place of Birth : Caloocan City
Religion : Roman Catholic

CURRICULUM VITAE
MA. RABI ROSALES
3818 Bulak St. Bahai Bukid, Brgy 178
Contact No.: +(63) 969-024-2782
Email Add.: ma.rabirosales@gmail.com
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
University of Caloocan City – North
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
St. Vincent de Ferrer College of Camarin
SECONDARY
• June 2015 – April 2019 Bula National High School
Junior High School

Bula, Camarines Sur
PRIMARY
• June 2009 – April 2015 Casugad Elementary School
Bula, Camarines Sur
Date of birth : August 6, 2002
Place of birth : Gremville, Bagbaguin,
Caloocan City
Religion : Christian
Mr. Jhomar B. Jaravata
Elite Circle of Innovators, Director
Bula National High School
(+63) 905-466-4584
Ms. Jasmin B. Villesenda
Senior High School Adviser
St. Vincent de Ferrer College of Camarin Inc.
(+63) 908-580-6428
CURRICULUM VITAE
ROLANDO P. SANTOS JR.
596 Waling Waling Street
Tala Caloocan City
ContactNno: (63) 909-694-5005
Emai Addl: rolandosantosjr06@gmail.com
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
• August 2021 - Present Bachelor of Science in Political Science
University of Caloocan City
Congress, Caloocan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
• 2019-2021 Information and Communications
Technology
Bagong Silang High School
Tala Caloocan
SECONDARY
• 2015-2019 Bagong Silang High School
Tala, Caloocan City

PRIMARY
• 2009-2015 A. Mabini Elementary School
Tala Caloocan City
Date of Birth : October 10, 2000
Imelda S. Prado
Teacher
(63) 993-511-8660
Armando Fariscal
Nursing Attendant
(63) 949-624-3360
Harold Glorioso
Call Center Agent
(63) 981-291-0987
CURRICULUM VITAE
FELICITY ANN F. SOLEDAD
Blk 13 Lot 7 Macawilli 2 Homes
Llano, Caloocan City
Contact No.: + (63) 991-756-6630
E-mail Add.: felicityannsoledad@gmail.com
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
SENIOR HIGH
Ina ng Buhay Catholic School
Novaliches, Quezon City
Graduated With Honors
SECONDARY
• June 2015 – April 2019 Llano High School

PRIMARY
• June 2009 – April 2015 Llano Elementary School
AFFILIATION
• Alliance of Students for the Advancement of Politics - North
Position: President
• The New Crossroad
Position: Feature Writer
• The Marian Herald
Ina ng Buhay Catholic School
Position: Feature Writer
• Pluma
Llano High School
Position: Tagapamahinang Patnugot

• Araling Panlipunan Club
Llano High School
Position: President
Date of Birth: : March 21, 2003
Place of Birth : Romblon, Romblon
Religion : Born Again Christian
Mr. Rowell Andrew R. Recio
Senior High School Coordinator, INBCS
09173150356
Ms. Cyrene M. Cecillano
Guidance Counselor, INBCS

09957200600
Ms. Sheila C. Agulto
Registrar, INBCS
09254696711
CURRICULUM VITAE
LETICIA MARIE B. TANDAYAG
Catmon Street, Phase 2, Brgy. 179
Amparo Subdivision, Caloocan City
Contact No: + (63) 951-434-1143
Email Add: leticiamarietandayag71@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
• June 2019- April 2021 Humanities and Social Sciences
Amparo High School
Novaliches, Caloocan
SECONDARY
• June 2015-April 2019 Amparo High School
Novaliches, Caloocan
PRIMARY
• June 2009- April 2015 Horacio Dela Costa Elementary
School
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Date of Birth : December 02, 2002
Juliet S. Sta. Ines
Teacher at Sampaguita High School
(63) 995-862-0194
Renan Santander
Sales Staff
(63) 946-339-2920
Jhoanna Mae B. Tandayag
Livestream Team Leader
(63) 939-411-6144

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UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

IMPLEMENTATION OF ORDINANCE NO. 1063 OR THE NEW TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT CODE IN CALOOCAN CITY (NORTH): BASIS

FOR POLICY ENHANCEMENT

In partial fulfillment of requirements of the course subject Qualitative

and Quantitative Analysis of Political Data (PSM 223)

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

Rosales, Ma. Rabi

Santos, Rolando Jr.,

Soledad, Felicity Ann F.

Tandayag, Leticia Marie B.

Prof. Peter M. Asturias, DPM, DPA, JD, PhD

CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING PAGE

Background of the Study 4

Statement of the Problem 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 8

Significance of the Study 9

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Research Literature and Studies 12

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Population and Sample of the Study 51

Validation of Research Instrument 53

Data Gathering Procedure 54

Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire for the Drivers, 73

Commuters and Implementers

Appendix B: Consent Letter and Reply Slip for the 98

CURRICULUM VITAE 102

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of the

problem, hypotheses, scope and delimitation, and the significance of the

hours of traffic and unpredictable conditions.

It was President Rodrigo Duterte himself who said that there is a

critical problem that Filipinos confront every day—the transportation crisis,

especially in Metro Manila. Back in 2016, he promised to address this and

government cannot end the crisis without resources.

Thus, even after former President Duterte's calls for consideration to

globe in these categories in a new study.

In a study conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, and

"mobility readiness," which was gauged by the caliber of their public

it said of Manila. "Several modes of transportation are available in Manila,

provided by permissive transit rules towards bikes, as well as significant

cycling infrastructure. Despite these multimodal strengths, Manila's public

In addition, the results of the 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness Index

and seventh, respectively.

The enhancement of the mass transportation system is the

suggested remedy that consistently stands out when considering the

complaints of commuters, drivers, and transport operators as well as the

debates and hearings held by policymakers as more schools and businesses

move to on-site operations, images, and videos of long lines outside of

transportation hubs and footage of cars negligently disobeying traffic lights

The Marcos administration's transportation department has invested

mainly in maintaining continuity from the Duterte administration's rail

programs. However, a significant boost in transport capacity remains to be

Background of the Study

Out of the total road length of 1,058.31 km within Caloocan City,

Caloocan and 744.28 km or 70.3 percent are in North Caloocan. Caloocan