METALS AND NON METALS

1. The elements which contain 1 or 2 or 3 valence

electrons are called as metals.
Ex : Iron,Aluminium,Copper,silver etc
Occurrence : Aluminium 7%, iron 4%,
Al > Fe > Ca > Na > K > Mg
2. The elements which contain 4 or 5 or 6 or 7
valence electrons are called as nonmetals.
Ex : Nitrogen,Sulphur,Oxygen etc
Occurrence : Oxygen 50%, Silicon 26%,
O > Si > P > S
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
REACTION WITH OXYGEN :
CORROSION OF METALS :

Silver object tarnish slowly in air(i.e. polished silver articles

gradually blacken).this is due to traces of H2S in air which react with
Ag, forming black Ag2S
Chemical equation will be
2Ag + O2→Ag2O
Ag2O + H2S→Ag2S + H2O
The affinity of sulphur is more toward silver in comparison oxygen
so Ag2S is formed .
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
REACTION WITH WATER :
REACTION WITH ACIDS :
Reaction of metals with HCl :
1. Reaction of Highly reactive metals with Hydrochloric
acid(Dilute/Concentrated,Hot concentrated) :
 2K + 2HCl(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → 2KCl + H2↑
 2Na + 2HCl(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → 2NaCl + H2↑
 Mg + 2HCl(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → MgCl2 + H2↑
2. Reaction of Moderately reactive metals with Hydrochloric
acid(Dilute/Concetrated,Hot concentrated) :
 Zn + 2HCl(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → ZnCl2 + H2↑
 Fe + 2HCl(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → FeCl2 + H2↑
3. Reaction of Least reactive metals with Hydrochloric
acid(Dilute/Concetrated,Hot concentrated) :
 Cu + 2HCl(Dil / Conc) → No reaction
 Cu + 2HCl (Hot Conc)→ CuCl2 + H2↑
 Au + 2HCl (Dil / Conc / Hot Conc) → No reaction
 Ag + 2HCl (Dil / Conc / Hot Conc) → No reaction
Reaction of metals with H2SO4 :
1. Reaction of Highly reactive metals with H2SO4(Dil/Conc,Hot conc.) :
 2K + H2SO4(Dil) → K2SO4 + H2↑ ; 2Na + H2SO4(Dil) → Na2SO4 + H2↑

 2Mg + H2SO4(Dil) → MgSO4 + H2↑

 2K + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc) → K2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑

 2Na + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc)→ Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑

 Mg + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc) → MgSO4 + H2O + SO2↑

2. Reaction of Moderately reactive metals with H2SO4(Dil/Conc,Hot conc.) :

 Zn + H2SO4(Dil) → ZnSO4 + H2↑ ; Fe + H2SO4(Dil) → FeSO4 + H2↑
 Zn + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc) → ZnSO4 + H2O + SO2↑

 Fe + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc) → FeSO4 + H2O + SO2↑

3. Reaction of Least reactive metals with H2SO4(Dil/Conc,Hot conc.) :

 Cu + H2SO4(Dil)→ No reaction ; Cu + H2SO4(Hot Dil)→ CuSO4+ H2↑
 Cu + H2SO4(conc/Hot conc) → CuSO4 + H2O + SO2↑

 Au + H2SO4(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → No reaction

 Ag + H2SO4(Dil/Conc/Hot Conc) → No reaction

Reaction of metals with HNO3 :
1. Reaction of Highly reactive metals with Nitric acid (Dilute/Concetrated,Hot concentrated)
:
* 2K + HNO3 (Very dilute / Dil) → KNO3 + NO + H2O
* 2Na + HNO3 (Very dilute / Dil) → NaNO3 + NO + H2O
* Ca + 2HNO3(Very dilute / Dil) → Ca(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
* 2K + HNO3(conc / Hot conc) → KNO3 + H2O + NO2↑
* 2Na + HNO3(conc/Hot conc) → NaNO3 + H2O + NO2↑

2. Reaction of Moderately reactive metals with Nitric acid(Dilute/Concetrated,Hot

concentrated) :
* Zn + 2HNO3(Dil) → ZnO + NO + H2O
* Sn + 2HNO3(Very dilute / Dil) → SnO + NO + H2O
* Zn + HNO3(conc / Hot conc) → ZnO + H2O + NO2↑
* Sn + HNO3(conc / Hot conc) → SnO + H2O + NO2↑
* Fe/Al + HNO3(conc / Hot conc) → Becomes passive due to oxide layer formation
Reaction of metals with HNO3 :
3. Reaction of Least reactive metals with Nitric acid(Dilute/Concetrated,Hot concentrated) :
* Cu + HNO3 (Very dilute / Dil) → No reaction
* Cu + HNO3 (Mod.Conc) → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
* Cu + HNO3 (conc / Hot conc) → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
* Au + HNO3 (Dil / Conc / Hot Conc) → No reaction
* Ag + HNO3 (Dil / Conc / Hot Conc) → No reaction
NOTE : Metals like Mg,Mn and Zn only can liberate Hydrogen gas with very dilute
nitric acid along with the formation of Metal nitrate, but in moderate
conc/conc/hot conc form, they cannot liberate hydrogen gas instead of that
liberate NO or NO2 as nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent, it oxidises hydrogen
gas to water. Highly reactive metals with very dilute nitric acid also cannot liberate
hydrogen gas as they are strong reducing agents.

Mg + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Mg(NO3)2 + H2 ↑

Mn + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Mn(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
Zn + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Zn(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
2K + HNO3 (Very dilute) → KNO3 + NO + H2O
REACTION WITH METAL SALT SOLUTIONS :
i) Iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate
solution fade because iron displaces another element copper from copper
sulphate solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(deposited on nail)
ii) Zinc is more reactive than copper. It displaces Copper from copper sulphate
solution to form Zinc sulphate which is colourless. Hence, the blue colour of
Copper sulphate solution starts fading.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(blue) (colourless)
REACTION WITH BASES :
Metals like Al, Pb and Zn can react with NaOH to form respective mixed salts
along with the liberation of Hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2 ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  NaAlO2(aq) + H2(g)
Pb(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2PbO2(aq) + H2(g)
REACTION WITH HYDROGEN/CHLORINE:
COVALENT
BOND
Lewis dots :

Formation of ionic compounds :

+1 -1 +1 -1
i) Na + Cl Na Cl Na Cl Na Cl

+1 -1 +1 -1

ii) K + Cl K Cl K Cl K Cl
 +2 -1 -1 +2 -1
iii) Mg + Cl Mg Cl Cl Mg Cl MgCl2

Cl

+2 -2 +2 -2
iv) Mg + O Mg + O Mg O MgO

+1 -2 -1 +1 +1
Na + O 2 Na + O Na O Na Na2O
v)
Na
 -2 +1
vi) +1 -2 +1
K + O 2 K O K O K K2O
+
K

+3
vii) Al

+3 -2
O Al +3 O
A + 3

-2 +3 -2 +3 -2
O Al O Al O
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS :
TERMS RELATED TO METALLURGY
1. Minerals : Naturally occuring materials from which
metals can be extracted.
2. Ores : Minerals from which the metals may be extracted
economically in reasonably pure conditions.
3. Gangue : Rocky and earthy impurities present in ores.
Gangue may be acidic (like SiO2) or basic
(like FeO).
4. Flux : A substance added in the furnace during smelting
to remove gangue.
5. Slag : A substance formed when flux reacts with gangue.
SiO2 + CaCO3 → CaSiO3 + CO2
suitable compound in fused or molten state.
6. Roasting : Heating the concentrated ore in the presence of air to
remove volatile impurities like S, As,Sb carbon moisture, etc., and
to render the ore porous.
7. Smelting : The process of reducing roasted ore and removing the
gangue.
8. Calcination : This method is commonly used to convert hydrated
oxides or hydroxides and carbonates into respective oxides. It
involves heating of the ore below its fusion temperature in absence
of air.
9. Pyrometallurgy : Extraction is done using heat energy. The
metals like Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ni, Cr, Hg, etc., which are found in
nature in the form of oxides, carbonates, sulphides are extracted
10. Hydrometallurgy : Extraction of metals involving aqueous
solution is known as hydrometallurgy. Silver,gold, etc., are extracted
by this process.
11. Electrometallurgy : Extraction of highly reactive metals such as
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, etc., by carrying electrolysis of one of the suitable
compound in fused or molten state.
CONCENTRATION/ENRICHMENT OF ORE :
1. MAGNETIC SEPARATION :
CONCENTRATION/ENRICHMENT OF ORE :
2. HYDRAULIC WASHING :
CONCENTRATION/ENRICHMENT OF ORE :
3. FROTH FLOATATION :
4. LEACHING :
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL:
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL:
1. HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL :
 EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL:
2. MODERATELY REACTIVE METAL :

a) Roasting : Sulphide ore to oxide ore by pyro chemical

process in presence of air. It takes place in reverberatory
furnace.
Ex : 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
b) Calcination : It is a pyro chemical process in absence of air
used to convert carbonate ores to oxide ores.
Ex :- CaCO3  CaO + CO2
c) Reduction : The formed metal oxides are reduced by
Al/C powder by displacement reaction
Ex :- ZnO + Al/C  Zn + Al2O3/CO
 Thermite reaction : Reaction of Fe2O3 with Aluminium produce
molten Iron
Use :Molten Iron is used to join railway
tracks (or) cracked machinery parts.

2Al  Fe2O3 Al2O3  2Fe  Heat

3. LOW REACTIVE METAL :

Auto/self reduction : Metals present lower in the
activity series are very unreactive. The oxides of these
metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone. (Auto
reduction)
Ex :- 2Cu2S + 3O2  Cu2O + 2SO2,
2Cu2O + Cu2S  6Cu + SO2
REFINING OF CRUDE METAL:
1. LIQUATION :
REFINING OF CRUDE METAL:
2. DISTILLATION :
REFINING OF CRUDE METAL:
3. ELECTROLYTIC REFINING OF COPPER :
We use this electrolytic method to refine copper. For this an impure copper is taken
as anode and pure copper strips are taken as cathode. The electrolyte is a acidified
solution of copper sulphate. As a result of electrolysis copper in pure form is
transferred from the anode to the cathode.
Anode : Cu Cu2+ + 2e– Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e– Cu
 

Battery
+ -

Anode Cathode

Pure copper
Impure as cathode
copper as
anode Electrolytic tank

Impurities Copper sulphate

solution
Anode mud
Acidified
Electrolytic refining of copper
4. ZONE REFINING :
TYPES OF FURNACES