1.

Functions:
 A function is a relation between a set of inputs (domain) and a set of
possible outputs (range), such that each input is related to exactly one
output.
 Notation: If �=�(�)y=f(x), x is the input, and y is the output.
2. Trigonometry:
 Basic trigonometric functions include sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan),
cosecant (csc), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot).
 Trigonometric identities, such as the Pythagorean identity ( ���2(�)
+���2(�)=1sin2(x)+cos2(x)=1) and double-angle identities, are
crucial.
3. Analytic Geometry:
 Cartesian coordinates, points, lines, circles, and conic sections (ellipse,
hyperbola, parabola) in the coordinate plane.
 Distance formula, midpoint formula, and slope of a line.
4. Polynomials and Rational Functions:
 Polynomial functions, including degree, leading coefficient, and end
behavior.
 Division of polynomials, synthetic division, and the Remainder Theorem.
5. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:
 Laws of exponents and logarithms.
 Properties of exponential and logarithmic functions, such as the inverse
relationship between ��ax and log⁡�(�)loga(x).
6. Sequences and Series:
 Arithmetic sequences and series.
 Geometric sequences and series.
 Sigma notation and the formulas for the sum of arithmetic and geometric
series.
7. Limits and Continuity:
 Understanding the concept of limits as x approaches a particular value.
 Determining continuity of a function at a point and over an interval.
8. Polar Coordinates:
 Representing points in the plane using polar coordinates.
 Converting between polar and rectangular coordinates.
9. Complex Numbers:
 Basics of complex numbers, including the imaginary unit �i
(�2=−1i2=−1).
 Operations with complex numbers, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
10. Vectors:
 Vector operations, including addition, scalar multiplication, and the dot
product.
 Applications of vectors in geometry and physics.