PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN.

ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. IT’S ADVERSE

EFFECTS AND CONTROLS.
{USING IRGIB AFICA LABORATORY URINE SAMPLES DATA AS A CASE STUDY}

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

DEDICATION
This Project is dedicated to God, Our Lady of Perpetual Help and to My Awesome Mother.

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are numerous people to whom I am greatly indebted, for having helped me in this endeavor, but firstly I
would like to acknowledge the Grace of God, which helped and saw that this work comes to be.

I also wish to express my gratitude to a number of people through this means;

Prof. Ir PhD Virgile AHYI for the opportunity to be part of IRGIB family and for the support and supervision.

Also Dr. DRAMANE Gado all the members/staffs of the BIOANALYSIS Department especially Ir AHOSSI
Nathalie for her acceptance, support and guidance. Ir d’ALMEIDA Murielle, Ir ODEYOMI Foauziath to
mention but a few.

I cannot forget Miss KALU Odide for all the emotional support and advice, Master AIKOWE Gerard for all his
assistance, Miss AWOTESU Yetunde for her help and Master IBANGA Daniel for all his support.

My special thanks goes out to this people Rev. Fr. Jude Ndinechi, Rev. Fr. Erhabor Joachim, Rev. Fr. Panachy
Longinus Ogbede, Rev. Fr. Mbonu Jude O, Romziatu, Joseph Bassey and a host of others, I am truly indebted
to all of them for their guidance, encouragement, and friendship.

Lastly my Awesome family members Mr. ILOKA Christopher Martins, Mrs. ILOKA Mary Nkem, Master
ILOKA Charles, Master ILOKA Christopher and Master ILOKA Raphael.

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE..................................................................................................................................................I
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................. III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................................VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ VIII
RESUME .........................................................................................................................................................IX
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... X
INTRODUCTION…………............................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 URINARY TRACT INFECTION…………………………………………………………………......2
1.1 GENDER SUSCEPTIBILITY ………………………………………………………………………...3
1.1.0 EPIDEMOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………….…….4

1.1.1 PATHOGENESIS ………………………………………………………………..…………….……..5

1.1.2 CAUSATIVE AGENTS …………………………………………………………….………….…….7
1.1.3 BACTERIA………………………………………………………………………………..………….10
1.1.4 ESCHERICHIA COLI………………………………………………………….…………………..13
1.1.5 KLEBSIELLA SPP …………………………………………………………………………………16
1.1.6 STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS……………………………………………………….19
1.1.7 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS……………………………………………………………………..21
1.2 PRESENTATION AND SYMPTOMS…………………………………………..…………………..24
1.2.0 CLINICAL PRESENTATION ………………………………………………………………………24
1.2.1 DIAGNOSIS ………………………………………………………………………………………….25
1.2.2 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS …………………………………………………………………………..25
1.2.3 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ……………………………………………………………………..26
1.2.4 DIAGNOSTIC METHODS …………………………………………………………………………27
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………….….35
2.1 SITE OF ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………….35
2.2 SAMPLE POPULATION AND SIZE……………………………………………………….………..36

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

2.3 MATERIALS …………………………………………………………………………………….....36

2.4 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………..………………………..36
2.5 PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS …………………..…………………………… .39
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………… 41
3.2 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………..…………………………46
3.3 ANTIBIOTICS SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING ………………………………………………….48
3.4 TREATMENT ………………………………………………………………………………………50
3.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………….………………………………..53
REFERENCEs

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Pie Chart……………………………………………………………………………9
Table 2 Statistical Data 1………………………………………………..………………….39
Table 3 Statistical Data 2……………………………………………….…………………..40
Table 4 Tabular Representation ……………………………………………………………41

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Microscopic Identification (Gram stain)………………………………..…...….10
Figure 2 Microscopic Identification (morphology)…………………………………....…11
Figure 3 Klebsiella Spp…………………………………………………………………..18
Figure 4 Gram Stained Cocci…………………………………………………………….23
Figure 5 Comparison of E.coli………………………………………………….…..……32
Figure 6 Comparison of S.A……………………………………………………..………33
Figure 7 Comparison of Klebsiella………………………………………………....……34
Figure 8 Graphical Representation of result………………………………………..……35
Figure 9 Antibiotics Susceptibility testing ………………………………………………38

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 PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

LIST OF ABREVATIONS
AMC AMOXICILLIN CLAVULANATE
AMX AMOXICILLIN
AST ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTING
CEF CEFALOTIN

CFM CEFIXIM

CIP CIPROFLOXACIN
CLSI CLINICAL LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTES

CTX CEFOTAXIM

E.COLI ESCHARICHIA COLI

ERY ERYTHROMYCIN
GEN GENTAMYCIN
IPM IMEPENEM
KB KLEBSIELLA SPP
LIN LINCOMYCIN

NCCLS NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY STANDARD

NET NETHILMICIN
OFX OFLOXACIN
S.A STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
UTI URINARY TRACT INFECTION
UTIs URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

RESUMÉ
Généralement, les infections des voies urinaires (IVU) sont considéré comme un événement normal, surtout
chez les femmes. La plupart des individus ne reconnaissent même pas la gravité de cette infection. Les IVUs en
Afrique de l'Ouest, la République du Bénin pour être précis sont un point de focalisation essentiellement en
raison de son occurrence croissante qui est provoquée par le statut socio-économique faible des pays et la
mauvaise hygiène personnelle des individus.
Cette condition de santé se trouve à la fois en milieu communautaire et hospitalier et peut présenter soit
asymptomatique ou symptomatique qui peut conduire à des infections ascendantes qui peuvent mettre la vie en
danger.
Il est très nécessaire d'identifier l'uropathogen responsable de cette condition et de traiter pour éviter d'autres
complications. Les infections urinaires peuvent être récurrentes et une thérapie antibiotique adéquate doit être
administré au patient, ce qui ne serait pas possible sans les examens appropriés et le profilage des bactéries
pour déterminer les meilleurs antibiotiques qui seront appropriés.
Ce travail de recherche tend à mettre en évidence les souches les plus dominantes de bactéries / uropathogènes
qui sont responsables des infections urinaires en République du Bénin en utilisant des échantillons d'urine de
laboratoires IRGIB comme étude de cas. Aussi pour mettre en évidence l'antibiotique que les bactéries /
uropathogènes sont sensibles à, en effectuant une culture de bactéries et un test de profilage des antibiotiques.
Cette détermination a été effectuée à l'aide d'échantillons déjà recueillis et la prévalence a été déterminée en
comparant les données recueillies pour une période de deux ans (2014-2015 et 2015-2016)
En outre, il donne un aperçu des mesures à prendre pour prévenir cette condition, les moyens d'identifier les
symptômes de l'infection et aussi les moyens de contrôler / éviter l'apparition future de cette infection.
Les infections urinaires peuvent entraîner des lésions potentiellement mortelles et ne doivent donc pas être
traitées à la légère, mais doivent être considérées comme une infection potentiellement grave.

Mots clés: infections des voies urinaires, l'uropathogen, profilage des antibiotiques, prévalence

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN REPUBLIC OF BENIN. ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTROLS

ABSTRACT
Generally, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is viewed as a normal occurrence especially in females. Most
individuals don’t even recognized the severity of this infection. UTIs in West Africa, Benin Republic to be
precise is a point of focus basically due to its increasing occurrence which is brought about by the countries low
socio-economic status and poor personal hygiene of Individuals.
This health condition is found both in community and hospital setting and can present either as asymptomatic
or symptomatic which can lead to ascending infections that can be life threatening.
It is very necessary to identify the uropathogen responsible for this condition and treat to avoid further
complications. UTIs can be reoccurring and proper antibiotic therapy need to be administered to patient but that
cannot come to be without proper examinations and bacteria profiling to determine the best antibiotics that will
be suitable.
This research work tends to highlight the most dominant strains of bacteria/uropathogen that are responsible
for UTIs in Republic of Benin using IRGIB laboratories urine samples as a case study. Also to highlight the
antibiotic that the bacteria/uropathogens are susceptible to, by carrying out a bacteria culture and antibiotics
profiling test. This determination was done using already collected samples and the prevalence was determined
by comparing Data gathered for a period of two years (2014-2015 &2015-2016)
Furthermore its gives an insight in measures to be taken in other to prevent this condition, ways to identify
symptoms of the infection and also ways to control/ avoid future occurrence of this infection.
UTIs can result in life threatening damages so should not be treated lightly but should be considered as a
potentially serious infection.

KEYWORDS: Urinary tract Infection, Uropathogen, Antibiotics Profiling Test, Prevalence

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