MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND
THE WORLD
Patterns, in a strict sense, are regular, repeated, or
recurring forms or designs. It indicates a sense of
structure and organization that it seems only humans
are capable of producing these, intricate, creative, and
amazing formations. It is from this perspective that
some people see an “intelligent design” in the way
that nature forms.
In a sense, since the human mind is hotwired in
seeing patterns, we see beauty as the existence of such
patterns, in any way we see it and chaos as the lack of
it.
The snowflakes, a natural object whose magnificence
can be fully seen under a microscope is known to have
a pattern shown on each “branch” or side. This
particular symmetry was extensively studied, one of
which is behind rotational symmetry and order of
rotation in Geometry.
The honeycombs present a solution to, what in
Mathematics is referred to as, a packing problem. Ever
wonder why the bees have constructed their hives
with hexagonal figures, not circular nor rectangular?
Circles even when compacted as neatly as possible can
have gaps between them.
PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES
In mathematics, patterns can be specific to numbers,
like the counting numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
or the even numbers,
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
the perfect squares,
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
(12, 22, 33, 42, 52, …)
and so on.
~(ellipsis, “…”, means the pattern will continue
indefinitely)
Sequences can be any ordered list of numbers, called
terms, that may have repeated values for as long as
they are set by a definite rule.
Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci sequence, can be seen when the
succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated by
adding the two numbers that came before the term.
Example,
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …
From the definition, the Fibonacci sequence cannot be
generated without the first two terms, in this example,
the first two terms are, 1, and 1. Adding the first two
terms, 1 and 1, gives 2, the next term. Adding 2 and
the previous term, 1, gives 3, the next term. 2 plus 3
gives 5. 3 plus 5 gives 8. 5 plus 8 gives 13. 13 plus 21,
gives 34, and so on.
The value of the first two terms do not matter as long
as the succeeding term is the sum of the two. So, if we
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS

were to construct a Fibonacci sequence using 5 and

10.

5 + 10 = 15

10 + 15 = 25

15 + 25 = 40 The mathematical concept is simple: Ratio and

Proportion.
25 + 40 = 65
Since the golden ratio is 1:Φ or 1:1.61803, if we
40 + 65 = 105 illustrate the rectangle associated with it, it would be
… and so on. Thus,

5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 65, 105, …

Golden Ratio

In Donald Duck in Mathmagic Land, you might have

seen how the golden ratio, a discovery believed to
have been widely used in Greek architecture and art,
have influenced a lot of areas in art. The Greeks also
have used this ratio as a basis of beauty. Basically, it is
not regarded as “beautiful” if the ratio does not exist.
Like previous examples, the golden ratio is not
something the Greek have invented, rather have
discovered as this ratio has been present in most
natural objects, more prominently when it involves a
spiral, like the spiral in the snail’s shell, the growth
pattern of the seeds in a sunflower, and the growth of
the “spikes” in pinecone.
Suppose you want to construct a wall, for whatever
reason that may be, and that wall should be
proportional to the golden ratio. Let’s say that the
height of the wall you want to build is 89 inches in
height. So the problem is the width of the wall to
make it proportional to the golden ratio.
and since the goal is to construct the wall proportional
to the golden ratio, in terms of the rectangle itself, we
are going to look for the length of the rectangle with a
width of 89 inches.
The statement is going to be
1 : Φ ∷ 89 in : ?
“1 is to ‘phi’ as to 89 inches is to the missing length”
Note that the width of the rectangles are on the left
side and the lengths are on the right side. Remember
that in ratio and proportion, the order is important.
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Proportion, which
says the product of the extremes (outside) is the same
as the product of the means (inside). So,
1 × ? = Φ × 89 inches
Φ is approximately 1.618, reduced to three decimal
places for simplicity of computation
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS

1 × ? = 1.618 × 89 inches 1, 2, 3, a, b, c are the elements in set A

1 × ? = 144.002 inches Elements are either specified, like the previous
? = 144.002 inches example, also called, set-roster notation, or defined by
name or terms, also called, set-builder notation.
The length of the rectangle, or rather, the width of the
wall must be exactly 144.002 inches to make it Set Notation
proportional to the golden ratio.
Set-Roster Notation vs. Set Builder Notation
However, is it realistic to measure 144.002 inches
EXACTLY? Can you actually replicate the 0.002 inches Let set B be the set of Natural Numbers
properly? If you say yes, you must have microscopic
hands and tools to cut that exact minute value. (Natural Numbers are the positive integers)
Regardless, it is unrealistic, if not, too demanding of a
value, so what do we do instead? Construct the wall Set-Roster Notation
with 144 inches not 144.002 inches.
B = {1, 2, 3, …}
“But sir, removing the 0.002 inches will not make it
exactly proportional to the golden ratio.” Set-Builder Notation

Yes, however, “human mind is hotwired in seeing B = {x|x ∈ ℕ}

patterns,” the 0.002 will not be visible once it is
constructed. This is the same reason why optical Set-builder on the other hand requires your
illusions, it devises a “few shortcuts along the way… knowledge in Mathematical syntaxes. Here are
your brain starts to form an opinion based on clues.” common symbols we use in set-builder
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS ∈ element of
Sets are commonly defined to be a well-defined
∉ not an element of
collection of objects. And by well-defined, we mean
that if the set is only to contain numbers then no s.t. or | such that
letters must be present or any other objects that are
∀ for all
not numbers.
∃ there exists
Sets are defined according to its elements. Elements
are what is contained in a particular set. For example, ℝ set of real numbers
set A
ℚ set of rational numbers
A = {1, 2, 3, a, b, c}
ℤ set of integers
A is the name of the set
ℕ set of natural numbers
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS

∪ union of

∩ intersection of

A superscript + or – on the ℝ, ℚ, or ℤ means

positive or negative, respectively. For example,

ℝ+ means the set of positive real numbers

ℤ- means the set of negative integers

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD WITH BIOSTATISTICS

GROWTH MODEL behavior can be described by the logistic growth

model.
Population of people, animals and items are growing
all around us. Logistic growth behaves differently if the populations
grows steadily throughout the year or if they have one
By understanding how things grow, we can better
breeding time per year
understand what to expect in the future.
Pn= Pn-1+r(Pn-1/K) Pn-1
A. Linear (Algebraic) Growth

an equation that describes a relationship between two

quantities that show a constant rate of change.

Pn=Po+dn

Po= initial number

Formula of d=change in quantity/ change in time

Formula of n= second year – first year

B. Exponential (Geometric) Growth

-is a pattern of data that shows greater increases with

passing time, creating the curve of an exponential
function

-If a quantity starts at size PO and grows by r every

time period, then the quantity after n time periods can
be determined using the equation:

Pn=Po(1+r)^n

R= percentage (convert to decimal)

C. Logistic Growth

If a population in a constrained environment with

carrying capacity K, and absent constraint would grow
exponentially with growth rate r, then the population