Graphs and Circles: Mathematics 10 Q2

Reviewer

Polynomial Function x- and y-intercepts

A polynomial function wherein n is a non-
negative integer. The terms of a
polynomial may be written in any order.
The function is commonly written as:
P (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 ...a1 x0
x-intercepts are the values of the x’s when y = 0, thus the points where
the graph intersects the x-axis can be determined. The value of the x-
intercepts are the roots of the polynomial
y-intercepts can also be calculated by placing the value of x = 0. The
value of the y-intercept is the same as the constant term.

Table of Signs End Behavior of a Graph

The Table of Signs is a table used in helping in locating a The end behavior of a graph is the behavior of the graph
curve in a polynomial function. on the far left and far right. It is determined by its degree
and leading coefficient. It describes the values of the
Create a Table of Signs using the function y = (x +
function as x approaches infinity.
4)(x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 3).
If the leading coefficient…
x<-4 -4<x<-2 -2<x <1 1<x<3 x>3
…is positive, the right side goes up.
T. Val. -5 -3 0 2 4
…is negative, the right side goes down.
x+4 - + + + +

x+2 - - + If the degree…

+ +

x-1 - - - …is even, the+ ends will go on the

+ same direction.

x-3 - - - …is odd, the- ends will go on opposite

+ directions.
P(x) - - + - +

Position above below above below above

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 Multiplicity
Multiplicity tells how many times a given number is a zero or a root of a
polynomial.
When a root is/has a multiplicity of more than one, it becomes a tangent in
relation to its corresponding x-intercepts.

Circles and Parts

A circle is a set of points in which all points are equally distanced from a center point.

1. Radius - the line from the center point to any point 7. Major arc - two endpoints on a circle connected
on a circle. making a measurement of >180°.

2. Chord - any line that connects two edge points in a 8. Minor arc - two endpoints connected making a
circle. measurement of <180°.

3. Diameter - a particular chord in which its line passes 9. Semicircle - two endpoints connected making a
through the center point measurement of 180°.

4. Secant line - a line that passes through two points on 10. Central angle - an angle whose vertex lies on the
a circle. center point.

5. Tangent Line - a line that intersects only at one point 11. Inscribed angle - an angle whose points and vertex
on a circle. lie on the circle’s edge

6. Circumference - the distance around the circle.

Central Angles and Intercepted Arcs

A central angle is an angle whose vertex is in the center
of the circle.

If the endpoints of the angle lie on the side on in the

circumference, the arc it encapsulates can then be called
an intercepted arc.

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 Minor Arc
The degree of the minor arc is the
measure of the angle that intercepts
the arc. The measurement of the
minor arc is < 180°
Major Arc Semicircle
the degree measurement of the The degree measurement of a
major arc is 360° − semicircle is always 180°
m∠minor arc with the same
endpoints. The major arc must be
> 180°

measure of the arc

Sector Asector = Acircle
360°
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the
circle and the two radii to the endpoints of the arc.
The formula for the sector is:

Segment Asegment = Asector − A△

or
A segment of a circle is the region bounded by an arc and 1
the segment joining its endpoints.
Asegment = Asector − ( r 2 sin θ)
2
The formula for the segment is:

Tangents and Secants

Tangent Secant Point of
A line that touches the circle only A line that passes through the Contact/Tangency
once circle twice The point where the tangent line
touches the circle.

Tangent-Radius Theorem Two-Tangent Theorem

1. A circle drawn to the point of tangency with a
tangent line is perpendicular to the tangent line.
2. If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius and its
outer point, then it's tangent to a circle.
If two tangent lines are drawn from an external point, then
both lines are congruent and so are their tangent
segments.

Secant and Tangent Segments

Secant Segment Tangent Segment External Tangent
A part of a secant line lying from the Part of a line from the point of Segment
farthest intersection to the outside tangency to an outside point of a Part of a secant line from its outside
point of a secant line. tangent line. point out the nearest intersection

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 point.

Relationships of Circles with Each Other

Internally Tangent Externally Tangent
When two circles touch each other once, and one circle is When two circles that are not inside of each other,
inside the other, it is an internally tangent relationship. intersect only once.

Common Internal Tangent Common External Tangent

The line where two different circles whose center points The line where two different circles whose center points
lie on the same line segment, are tangent to both circles lie on the same line segment, are tangent to both circles
and cross the said line segment. but do not cross the said line segment.

Secant and Tangent Theorems

I-III. For any variants of secants and tangents that intersect at the exterior, the measurement
of the angle formed is half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

IV. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the
point of tangency, the measures of each
angle formed is half of the measure of its
intercepted act.
V. If two secants intersect in the interior of
the circle, the measure of an angle formed is
one half the sum of the measures of the arcs
intercepted by the angle and its vertical
angle.

Power Theorems

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 Two-Chord Power
Theorem
If two chords intersect inside
the circle, then the products of
the lengths of the segments of
one chord is equal to the product
of the lengths of the segments of
the other chords.
Two-Secant Power Theorem Secant-Tangent
If two secants intersect in the exterior of a Power Theorem
circle, then the product of the lengths of one If a secant and a tangent
secant segment and its external segment is intersect at the exterior of a
equal to the product of the lengths of the circle, then the product of the
other secant of the other secant segment secant segment and its external
segment and its external secant segment. segment is equal to the square of
the length of the tangent
segment.

Distance and Midpoint Formula

The distance formula is used to get the length of The midpoint is said the point in the middle of a line segment.
the distance for two points without measuring. The equation is:
The formula is:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
M(x, y) = ( , )
(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 2 2

And the equation to find an endpoint is

(x1 , y1 ) = (2x − x2 , 2y − y2 )

Standard Equation of a Circle

The standard equation of a circle derives from the distance
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2
formula, stating that:
Wherein h and k are the x and y coordinates of the center of the
square and r is its radius.

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