List of French monarchs

From top; left to right: Robert I, Hugh Capet, Louis IX, Francis I, Henry IV, Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Napoleon I,
Napoleon III

France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until
the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks (r. 507–511), as the first
king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the
establishment of West Francia, during the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 800s.[1][2]

Titles
The kings used the title "King of the Franks" (Latin: Rex Francorum) until the late twelfth century;
the first to adopt the title of "King of France" (Latin: Rex Franciae; French: roi de France) was
Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground.[3]
However, Francorum Rex continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by
Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth
century.[4]

During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791–1792) and after
the July Revolution in 1830, the style "King of the French" (roi des Français) was used instead of
"King of France (and Navarre)". It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy
which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory
of France.[5]

With the House of Bonaparte, the title "Emperor of the French" (Empereur des Français) was used
in 19th-century France (during the first and second French Empires) between 1804 and 1814,
again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870.[6]
From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later
British) monarch claimed the throne of France, though such
claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the
Hundred Years' War when Henry VI of England had control
over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the
English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's
claim has since been considered illegitimate; French
historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of
England among the kings of France.

Frankish kings

Carolingian dynasty (843–887)

The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family with origins in

the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The
family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually
making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps
Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind
the Merovingian kings. The dynasty is named after one of these
mayors of the palace, Charles Martel, whose son Pepin the
Short dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent
of the Papacy and the aristocracy, was crowned King of the
Franks.[7] Under Charles the Great (r. 768–814), better known
as "Charlemagne", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into
Central Europe, conquering Italy and most of modern
Germany. He was also crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by
the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German Family tree of Frankish and French
rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. monarchs (509–1870)

Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–
840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons.
His death, however, was followed by a 3-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun,
which divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which (Middle Francia) was short-lived.
Modern France developed from West Francia, while East Francia became the Holy Roman Empire
and later Germany. By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed
different languages and cultures.[8][9]
 Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

13 June 823[b] – 6
October 877
Son of Louis the (aged 54)
[i] Pious and grandson
Charles II c. 10 August 843 – 6 of Charlemagne; King of Aquitaine since
October 877
"the Bald"[a] recognized as king 838. Crowned
(34 years and 2 months)
after the Treaty of "Emperor of the
Verdun Romans" on Christmas
875. Died of natural
causes[12]
1 November 846 – 10
April 879
Louis II 6 October 877[ii] – 10 (aged 32)
"the April 879 Son of Charles the
(1 year, 6 months and Bald
Stammerer"[c] King of Aquitaine since
4 days) 867. Died of natural
causes.[14]

863 – 5 August 882[d]

(aged 19)
10 April 879[iii] – 5
August 882 Son of Louis the
Louis III Ruled the North; died
(3 years, 3 months and Stammerer
after hitting his head
26 days)
with a lintel while riding
his horse.[20]
866 – 6 December
884[e]
10 April 879[iv] – 6 (aged 18)
December 884 Son of Louis the
Carloman II
(5 years, 7 months and Stammerer Ruled the South; died
26 days) after being accidentally
stabbed by his
servant.[24]

839[h] – 13 January
888
(aged 48–49)

6 December 884[v] – Son of Louis II the King of East Francia

Charles (III) 11 November 887[g] German, king of East since 876; crowned
"the Fat"[f] (2 years, 11 months and Francia, and Emperor in 881. Last
5 days) grandson of Louis I ruler to control all
Frankish territories.
Deposed by the
nobility, later dying of
natural causes[30]

Robertian dynasty (888–898)

Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

Son of Robert the
Strong; elected king c. 858 – 3 January
by the French nobles 898[i]
29 February 888[vi] – 3 following the (aged approx. 40)
Odo / Eudes January 898 deposition of
(9 years, 10 months and
Charles. Initially Defended Paris from
15 days)
rivaled by Guy III of the Vikings; died of
Spoleto and Ranulf II natural causes[35]
of Aquitaine
Carolingian dynasty (898–922)

Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

17 September 879 – 7
October 929
Posthumous son of (aged 50)
3 January 898[vii] – 29 Louis II the
Charles III June 922 Stammerer; Deposed by Robert's
"the Simple" (24 years, 5 months and proclaimed king in followers; later
26 days) opposition to Odo in captured by Herbert II,
January 893 Count of Vermandois.
Died in captivity[36]

Robertian dynasty (922–923)

Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

865 – 15 June 923

(aged 58)
29 June 922[viii]– 15 Son of Robert the
Robert I June 923 Strong and younger Killed at the Battle of
(11 months and 17 days) brother of Odo Soissons against
Charles III. Sole king to
die in battle[38]

Bosonid dynasty (923–936)

Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

Duke of Burgundy
since 921. Died of
15 June 923[ix]– 14 Son of Richard, Duke
illness after a reign of
Rodolph / January 936 constant civil war and
of Burgundy and son- viking raids. Lost
Raoul (12 years, 6 months and
in-law of Robert I Lotharingia (Lorraine)
30 days)
to Henry I of
Germany[39]

Carolingian dynasty (936–987)

Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details

921 – 10 September
Louis IV 19 June 936[x] – 10 Son of Charles the 954
September 954 Simple, recalled to (aged 33)
"from
(18 years, 2 months and France after being
Overseas" Died after falling off his
22 days) exiled to England
horse[40]

941 – 2 March 986

10 September 954[xi] – (aged 44)
Lothair 2 March 986 Son of Louis IV
(31 years, 5 months and Died of natural
20 days)
causes[41]
 967 – 22 May 987[k]
Louis V 2 March 986[xii] – 22 (aged 20)
"the Do- May 987 Son of Lothair
(1 year, 2 months and
Nothing" Died in a hunting
20 days)
accident[43]

Capetian dynasty (987–1792)

The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as Duke of the Franks and
was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a
male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son
until the 14th century, a period known as Direct Capetian rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House
of Valois, a cadet branch that descended from Philip III. The Valois claim was disputed by Edward
III, the Plantagenet king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his
French mother Isabella; the two houses fought the Hundred Years' War over the issue, and with
Henry VI of England being for a time partially recognized as King of France. The Valois line died
out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion, to be replaced by the distantly
related House of Bourbon, which descended through the Direct Capetian Louis IX. The Bourbons
would rule France until deposed in the French Revolution, though they would be restored to the
throne after the fall of Napoleon. The last Capetian to rule would be Louis Philippe I, king of the
July Monarchy (1830–1848), a member of the cadet House of Bourbon-Orléans.

House of Capet (987–1328)

The House of Capet are also commonly known as the "Direct Capetians".
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

c. 940 – 24 October
Elected king by
996
1 June 987[xiii] – the French
(aged approx. 55)
Hugh "Capet" 24 October 996 nobles. Son of
Hugues Capet[l] (9 years, 4 months Hugh the Great
Duke of the Franks
and 23 days) and grandson
since 956. Died of
of Robert I[m]
natural causes.[47]

c. 970 – 20 July 1031

(aged approx. 60)
24 October
Robert II "the 996[xiv] – 20 July Only son of
Married thrice, getting
1031 excommunicated by
Pious" Hugh Capet the Catholic Church.
(34 years, 8 months
and 26 days) Incorporated the
Duchy of
Burgundy[48]

19 June 1017 – c. 1007 – 17

Hughes 17 September Son of Robert September 1025
(junior king)[n] 1025 II
(aged approx. 18)[49]
(under Robert II)

c. 1005 – 4 August
1060
20 July 1031[xv] – (aged approx. 55)
Henry I 4 August 1060 Son of Robert
Henri (29 years and II His reign was marked
15 days) with internal struggle
against feudal
lords[50]
1052 – 29 July 1108
(aged 56)

Philip I "the 4 August 1060[xvi]

– 29 July 1108 Ruled under the
Amorous" Son of Henry I regency of Anne of
(47 years, 11 months
Philippe
and 25 days) Kiev and Count
Baldwin V until
1066[51]

1081 – 1 August 1137

(aged 56)
[xvii]
29 July 1108 – His reign contributed
Louis VI "the 1 August 1137 Son of Philip I to the centralization
Fat" (29 years and of royal power. First
3 days) king to wage war
against the
English[52]

14 April 1129 – 13 29 August 1116 – 13

Philippe
[n] October 1131 Son of Louis VI October 1131
(junior king)
(under Louis VI) (aged 15)[53]

1120 – 18 September
1180
(aged 60)
1 August
Louis VII "the 1137[xviii] – 18 Known for his rivalry
September 1180 Son of Louis VI with Henry II of
Young"
(43 years, 1 month England and his
and 17 days) military campaigns
during the Second
Crusade[54]
 21 August 1165 – 14
July 1223
18 September (aged 57)
Philip II
"Augustus" 1180[xix]– 14 July Son of Louis
1223 Regarded as one of
Philippe VII the greatest French
(42 years, 9 months
Auguste
and 26 days) rulers. First monarch
to style himself as
"King of France"[55]
5 September 1187 –
8 November 1226
(aged 39)
14 July 1223[xx]–
Louis VIII 8 November 1226
Son of Philip II Proclaimed king of
"the Lion" (3 years, 3 months
England in 1216,
and 25 days)
after which he led an
unsuccessful
invasion[56]
25 April 1214 – 25
August 1270
(aged 56)
8 November
Louis IX "the 1226[xxi]– 25 Son of Louis
Ruled under the
August 1270 regency of Blanche of
Saint" VIII Castile until 1234.
(43 years, 9 months
and 17 days) Died during the 8th
Crusade; only king to
be venerated by the
Catholic Church[57]

3 April 1245 – 5
October 1285
25 August
(aged 40)
Philip III "the 1270[xxii]– 5
Bold" October 1285 Son of Louis IX Greatly expanded
Philippe (15 years, 1 month French influence in
and 10 days) Europe. Died of a
fever[58]

1268 – 29 November
1314
(aged 46)

King of Navarre (as

Philip I) since 16
5 October August 1284,
Philip IV "the 1285[xxiii] – 29 following his marriage
Fair" November 1314 Son of Philip III with Joan I.
Philippe (29 years, 1 month Remembered for his
and 24 days) struggle with the
Roman papacy and
his consolidation of
royal power, which to
helped reduce the
influence of feudal
lords[59]
 3 October 1289 – 5
June 1316
(aged 26)
29 November
Louis X 1314[xxiv]– 5 June King of Navarre (as
"the 1316 Son of Philip IV Louis I) since 2 April
Quarreller" (1 year, 6 months 1305. His short reign
and 7 days) was marked by
conflicts with the
nobility[60]

King for the five days

John I he lived; youngest
15–20 November
"the Posthumous and shortest
1316
Posthumous" son of Louis X undisputed monarch
(5 days)
Jean
in French history[61][o]

1294 – 3 January
1322
20 November
(aged 28)
Philip V "the 1316[xxv]– 3 Son of Philip IV
Tall" January 1322 and uncle of King of Navarre as
Philippe (5 years, 1 month John I Philip II.
and 14 days) Died without a male
heir[63]

1294 – 1 February
1328
3 January (aged 34)
Son of Philip IV
Charles IV 1322[xxvi]– 1 and younger
February 1328 King of Navarre as
"the Fair" brother of
(6 years and Charles I. Died
Philip V
29 days) without a male heir,
ending the direct line
of Capetians[64]

House of Valois (1328–1589)

The death of Charles IV started the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the
House of Plantagenet (whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the House of
Lancaster) over control of the French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by
male-only primogeniture through the ancient Salic Law, having the closest all-male line of descent
from a recent French king. They were descended from the third son of Philip III, Charles, Count of
Valois. The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French king, Edward
III of England being a grandson of Philip IV through his mother, Isabella. The two houses fought
the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims; the Valois were ultimately successful, and French
historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England, did
enjoy de jure control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes, which formed the basis
for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line would rule France
until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion. As Navarre
did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from
the French with Joan II, a daughter of Louis X.
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

1293 – 22 August
1350
Son of Charles, (aged 57)
[xxvii] Count of
Philip VI 1 April 1328 – His reign was
Valois,
"the 22 August 1350 dominated by the
grandson of
Fortunate" (22 years, 4 months consequences of a
Philip III and
Philippe and 21 days)
cousin of succession dispute,
Charles IV which led to the
Hundred Years'
War.[65]

April 1319[q] – 8 April

1364
(aged 45)
22 August
John II "the 1350[xxviii] – 8 April Captured by the
Good" 1364 Son of Philip VI
English at the Battle
Jean (13 years, 7 months
of Poitiers (1356);
and 17 days)
forced to sign a
series of humiliating
treaties[66]

21 January 1337 –
[xxix] 16 September 1380
8 April 1364 – Son of John II; (aged 43)
16 September
Charles V named
1380 His reign was
"the Wise" Dauphin on 16
(16 years, 5 months marked with internal
July 1349
and 8 days) struggle against
feudal lords[67]

3 December 1368 –
21 October 1422
(aged 53)

Charles VI [xxx]
16 Sept 1380 – Ruled under the
"the Mad" 21 October 1422 Son of Charles regency of his
"the (42 years, 1 month V uncles until 1388.
Beloved" and 5 days) Suffered a long
period of mental
illness before dying
of natural causes[68]

6 December 1421 –
Maternal 21 May 1471
grandson of (aged 49)
21 October Charles VI;
Henry VI of
1422[xxxi]– recognized as
King of England
England
(claimant) 19 October 1453[r] heir after the
since 1 September
(disputed; 31 years) Treaty of
1422. Ruled under
Troyes of 21
several regencies
May 1420
until 1437[69]
 Son of Charles 22 February 1403 –
Charles VII 21 October VI and uncle of 22 July 1461
"the 1422[xxxii] – 22 Henry VI of (aged 58)
Victorious" July 1461 England,
"the Well- (38 years, 9 months named His reign saw the
Served" and 1 day) Dauphin in end of the Hundred
April 1417 Years' War[70]

3 July 1423 – 30
August 1483
(aged 60)
Louis XI
"the 22 July 1461[xxxiii] His reign saw the
Prudent" – 30 August 1483 Son of Charles strengthening and
"the (22 years, 1 month VII expansion of royal
Universal and 8 days) power. Nicknamed
Spider" "the Universal
Spider" for the
numerous intrigues
during his rule[71]
30 June 1470 – 7
April 1498
(aged 27)

30 August
Ruled under the
Charles VIII 1483[xxxiv] – 7 April regency of his sister
1498 Son of Louis XI Anne until 1491.
"the Affable"
(14 years, 7 months Started the long and
and 8 days) unsuccessful Italian
Wars. Died after
hitting his head with
a lintel[72]

House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

27 June 1462 – 1
Great-grandson January 1515
of Charles V.
Louis XII 7 April 1498[xxxv] – Second cousin,
(aged 52)

"Father of 1 January 1515 and by first

(16 years, 8 months Briefly conquered
the People" marriage son-
and 25 days) the Kingdom of
in-law, of
Naples and the
Louis XI
Duchy of Milan[73]

House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

Great-great- 12 September 1494 –

grandson of 31 March 1547
1 January Charles V. First (aged 52)
Francis I
"the Father 1515[xxxvi] – 31 cousin once
March 1547 removed, and Remembered as a
of Letters" Renaissance patron
(32 years, 2 months by first
François
and 30 days) marriage son- of the arts and
in-law, of scholarship. Died of a
Louis XII fever[74]
 31 March 1519 – 10
July 1559
(aged 40)
31 March
Son of Francis
Henry II 1547[xxxvii] – 10 I, named His reign saw the end
Henri
July 1559 Dauphin in of the Italian Wars.
(12 years, 3 months Died after being
August 1536
and 10 days) accidentally stabbed
in a Jousting
tournament[75]
20 January 1544 – 5
December 1560
(aged 16)

10 July 1559[xxxviii] King consort of

– 5 December Scotland since 24
Francis II
1560 Son of Henry II
François April 1558. A weak
(1 year, 4 months and
and sick boy, he
25 days)
remained under the
regency of the House
of Guise until his
premature death[76]
27 June 1550 – 30
May 1574
(aged 23)

Ruled under the

5 December
regency of his mother
1560[xxxix] – 30 Younger Catherine until 1563,
Charles IX May 1574 brother of but remained under
(13 years, 5 months Francis II her influence until his
and 25 days) death. The Wars of
Religion began under
his reign (1562). Best
remembered for the
Massacre of Vassy[77]

19 September 1551 –
2 August 1589
(aged 37)

30 May 1574[xl] – Younger Initially ruler of

Henry III 2 August 1589 brother of
Poland–Lithuania.[s]
Henri (15 years, 2 months Francis II and
He reigned through
and 3 days) Charles IX
the devastating Wars
of Religion, which
eventually led to his
own assassination[81]

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)

The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II, who left four male heirs. His first son,
Francis II, died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX, had no legitimate sons to inherit.
Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his
third son, the childless Henry III, France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant
cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre, was a
Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. Ultimately, after winning
numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King
Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre
and France were united under one monarch; as different inheritance laws had caused them to
become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon would be
overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived republic.
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

7x great- 22 December 1523

grandson of – 9 May 1590
Louis IX. (aged 66)
2 August 1589 – 9 Proclaimed
Charles X May 1590 king by the Imprisoned by Henry
(claimant) (disputed; 9 months Catholic III on 23 December
and 7 days) League in 1588; remained his
opposition to entire "reign" in
Henry of captivity. Died of
Navarre natural causes[82]
13 December 1553
10th-generation – 14 May 1610
descendant of (aged 56)
Louis IX; also
Henry IV nephew of
"the Great" 2 August 1589[xli] – Charles (X) and
King of Lower
14 May 1610 Navarre (as Henry
"the Good by first
(20 years, 9 months III) since 10 June
King" marriage son-
and 12 days) 1572. Killed in Paris
Henri in-law of Henry
on 14 May 1610 by
II. Proclaimed
Catholic fanatic
king on Henry
François
III's deathbed
Ravaillac.[83]

27 September 1601
– 14 May 1643
(aged 41)
Louis XIII 14 May 1610[xlii] –
14 May 1643 Son of Henry IV Last King of Lower
"the Just"
(33 years) Navarre (as Louis
II).[t] Died of natural
causes.[84]

5 September 1638 –
1 September 1715
(aged 76)

Louis XIV [xliii]

14 May 1643 – Ruled under the
"the Great" 1 September 1715 Son of Louis
regency of his
"the Sun (72 years, 3 months XIII
mother Anne of
King" and 18 days) Austria until 1651.
Longest reigning
sovereign monarch
in history[85]

15 February 1710 –
10 May 1774
1 September (aged 64)
Louis XV 1715[xliv] – 10 May Great-grandson
"the 1774 Ruled under the
of Louis XIV regency of Philippe
Beloved" (58 years, 8 months
and 9 days) II, Duke of Bourbon-
Orléans, until
1723[86]
 23 August 1754 – 21
January 1793
(aged 38)

10 May 1774[xlv] – Forced to install a

21 September constitutional
Grandson of monarchy after
Louis XVI 1792[u] Louis XV
(18 years, 4 months 1789. Formally
and 11 days) deposed following
the proclamation of
the First Republic,
executed in
public[87]
27 March 1785 – 8
June 1795
(aged 10)
21 January 1793 – Son of Louis
Louis XVII 8 June 1795 XVI; named
Imprisoned by the
(claimant) (2 years, 4 months Dauphin on 4
revolutionary forces
and 18 days; disputed) June 1789
on 13 August 1792.
Remained his entire
"reign" in captivity[88]

Long 19th-century (1792–1870)

The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics, the
period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution, which deposed and then
executed Louis XVI. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king Louis XVII, as ruler
of France; however, Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in
captivity having never ruled. The republican government itself went through several changes in
form and constitution until France was declared an empire following the ascension of the First
Consul Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon himself would be overthrown twice
following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Napoleonic period followed two
different royal governments, the Bourbon Restoration, which was ruled successively by two
younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy, ruled by Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin
who claimed descent from Louis XIII. The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the
monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted only four years before its President
declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, who would himself be deposed and replaced by the Third
Republic, and ending monarchic rule in France for good.

House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

15 August 1769 – 5
May 1821
(aged 51)
First Consul of
the French
Conquered most of
Republic
Europe in a series of
18 May 1804[xlvi] – following the
successful wars;
Napoleon I 2 April 1814[v] coup d'etat of
remembered as one
(9 years, 10 months 19 November
of the greatest
and 15 days) 1799; self-
military commanders
proclaimed
in history. Deposed
Emperor of the
in absentia and
French
forced to abdicate,
then exiled to the
island of Elba[90]

20 March 1811 – 22
July 1832
(aged 21)

Napoleon II 4 – 6 April 1814 Son of

Unrecognized by the
(claimant) (2 days; disputed) Napoleon I
Coalition and the
Senate, only named
emperor in
Napoleon's will.

House of Bourbon (1814–1815)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

Younger brother 17 November 1755 –
of Louis XVI; 16 September 1824
proclaimed king (aged 68)
in June 1795.
Louis XVIII 3 May 1814[xlvii] – Had his dynasty
Fled France on 21
20 March 1815 restored to the
"the June 1791, during
(1st time; 10 months throne with the
Desired" the Flight to
and 17 days) help of other
Varennes, and again
European royal
in March 1815, after
houses, which
the return of
had dethroned
Napoleon Napoleon[91]

House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

 15 August 1769 – 5
May 1821
Restored as (aged 51)
Emperor of the
French by the Abdicated in favour
20 March – 22 of his son following
French Army
Napoleon I June 1815 his defeat at the
following his
(94 days)
escape from Battle of Waterloo.
the island of Exiled to the island of
Elba Saint Helena, where
he later died of a
stomach illness[90]
20 March 1811 – 22
July 1832
(aged 21)

Unrecognized by the
22 June – 7 July
Napoleon II Son of Coalition; remained
1815
(claimant) Napoleon I his entire "reign"
(15 days; disputed)
hidden in Austria,
with his mother Marie
Louise. Died of
tuberculosis several
years later[92][93]

Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

17 November 1755 –
16 September 1824
(aged 68)
Younger
8 July 1815 – 16
Louis XVIII brother of
September 1824 Attempted to rule
"the Louis XVI;
(9 years, 2 months and under a constitutional
Desired" restored to the
8 days) monarchy. Last
throne.
French monarch to
die while still
reigning[91]

9 October 1757 – 6
November 1836
(aged 79)

16 September
Younger Leader of the Ultra-
1824[xlviii]– 2 August brother of royalists; attempted
Charles X 1830 to return to the
Louis XVI and
(5 years, 10 months Ancient Regime.
Louis XVIII
and 17 days) Abdicated in favour
of his grandson
Henry after the July
Revolution.[94]

6 August 1775 – 3
June 1844
(aged 68)
Louis XIX
2 August 1830 Son of Charles
(?) Allegedly king for 20
(20 minutes; disputed) X
(claimant)
minutes;[w] later
legitimist pretender
to the throne.[97]
 29 September 1820
– 24 August 1883
(aged 62)
Henry V 2–9 August 1830 Grandson of
(claimant) (7 days; disputed) Charles X Later legitimist
pretender to the
throne. Died in exile
several years later[98]

House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)

The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles
X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's
son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute
argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of
France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V but the new regime
did not recognise his claim and he never ruled.

Charles X named Louis Philippe as Lieutenant général du royaume, a regent to the young Henry
V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the Chamber of
Deputies (the lower house of the French Parliament at the time, the French equivalent at the time
of the UK House of Commons). Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances
of succession. As a consequence and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal
policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis
Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon.
 Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

Sixth-
generation 6 October 1773 – 26
descendant of August 1850
Louis XIII and (aged 76)
distant cousin
Louis 9 August 1830[xlix]– of Charles X; Styled as King of the
Philippe I 24 February 1848 proclaimed French. Formally
"the Citizen (17 years, 6 months king by the deposed following
King" and 15 days) Chamber of the proclamation of
Deputies after the Second
the abdication Republic. Abdicated
of Charles X in favour of his
during the July grandson[99]
Revolution

24 August 1838 – 8
September 1894
(aged 56)

Chosen by Louis
Philippe I to be his
Louis 24–26 February successor, however
Grandson of the National
Philippe II 1848
Louis-Philippe Assembly refused to
(claimant) (2 days; disputed)
recognize him as
king and proclaimed
the Second
Republic. Later
Orléanist pretender
to the throne.[100]

House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870)

The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Charles-Louis-
Napoléon Bonaparte, was declared Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon III.
He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War, becoming the last
monarch to rule France.

Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details

Nephew of 20 April 1808 – 9

Napoleon I; January 1873
elected as (aged 64)
2 December President of
1852[l]– 4 the French Captured by the
Napoleon III September 1870 Republic in German army on 2
(17 years, 9 months 1848, made September 1870;
and 2 days) himself deposed in absentia
Emperor of the following the
French after a proclamation of the
coup d'état Third Republic.[101]

Later pretenders
Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate
monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These
groups are:

Legitimist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of the Bourbons. In 1883, after the
death of Henri V, grandson of Charles X, unionists recognized the Orléanist claimant as the
 pretender to the throne of France, as Henri V died without heirs, and also due to the Spanish
renunciation, to them the House of Bourbon-Orléans became the senior line of the Capetian
dynasty in France.
Blancs d'Espagne: descendants of Louis XIV, claiming precedence over the House of
Bourbon-Orléans by virtue of primogeniture. They argue that the claimant to the throne
would be a Bourbon from the Spanish branch of the family. They ignore the Spanish
renunciation: the fact that King Philip V of Spain, whose descendants they are, has
renounced the throne of France for himself and his descendants in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Orléanist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Louis-Phillippe, himself descended
from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty, rejecting all heads of state since 1848. They argue
that King Louis Philippe acquired legitimacy via popular sovereignty when the representatives
of the French people in the French Parliament recognized him as king, with the Bourbons
having already been rejected and dethroned by the French people after two revolutions. Blancs
d'Espagne argue that the Orléans do not deserve the throne because they are descended from
a regicide, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who voted for the execution of King Louis XVI
during the French Revolution, violating the fundamental laws of the kingdom. Another
argument against the Orléans is that the very French Parliament that recognized Louis Philippe
as king refused to give the throne to his grandson (and descendants) and proclaimed the
Second French Republic.
Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers,
rejecting all heads of state 1815–48 and since 1870. They argue that the Imperial throne need
to return to the House of Bonaparte, as the monarchs of this house had been chosen directly
by the people through referendums, giving them legitimacy to reign via popular sovereignty,
and both the Bourbons and the Orléans were rejected and dethroned through revolutions and
that the Bonaparte were only dethroned due the interference of foreign enemies, with no
popular revolution taking place to overthrow the Bonapartes and that the Third Republic was
originally intended to be a provisional regime to return the throne to an Orléans or Bourbon
(what never happened).
English claimants to the throne of France: kings of England and later of Great Britain
(renounced by Hanoverian King George III upon union with Ireland in 1800).
Jacobite claimants to the throne of France: senior heirs-general of Edward III of England and
thus his claim to the French throne, also claiming England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Timeline
See also
Family tree of French monarchs
Family tree of French monarchs (simplified)
English claims to the French throne
Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
 List of French royal consorts
List of heirs to the French throne
List of presidents of France
Style of the French sovereign
Succession to the French throne

Notes
a. Louis the Pious and Charlemagne are both enumerated as "Louis I" and "Charles I" in the lists
of French and German monarchs.
b. Older scholars give his birth as 15 May,[10] the ides of May. However, ancient sources record
his birth as 13 June, the ides of June.[11]
c. Not to be confused with Louis II the German, son of Louis the Pious and king of East Francia
(Germany). Both French and German monarchs saw themselves as the successors of
Charlemagne, hence why many rulers share the same regnal name.
d. Scholars give his death as either 3,[16] 4,[17] or 10 August,[18] but ancient sources clearly
indicates 5 August.[19]
e. Some modern sources give his death as "12 December", but this is a mistake.[21][22][23]
f. Charles the Fat was initially king of East Francia (Germany) and Holy Roman Emperor. Given
that he was the third emperor with that name, he is also known as Charles III. He must not to
be confused with Charles the Simple, who is also enumerated as Charles III. This discrepancy
originates from the regnal number adopted by Charles V, the first French king to assume
one.[25]
g. This is the most accepted and cited date, although it is not entirely confirmed.[28][27]
h. In older sources his birth was dated to 832, but nowadays 839 is the accepted date.[29]
i. Odo's death is universally given as 1 January, as given by a late 13th century chronicle,[32] but
the earliest source on the matter, from the early 11th century, records his death as 3
January.[33] Another source, from the 13th century, records his death as 2 January.[34]
j. See main entry for references.
k. Some scholars give his death as 21 May, but contemporary sources give 22 May.[42]
l. "Capet" (latin: Cappetus) was not actually a name, but a nickname adopted by later historians.
It probably derived from chappe, an ecclesiastical mantle wore at the Abbey of Saint Martin of
Tours.[44]
m. Hugh was also descendant of Charlemagne's sons Louis the Pious and Pepin of Italy through
his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of Otto I, Holy
Roman Emperor.[46]
n. Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not
traditionally listed as kings of France and are not given ordinals.
o. His death date is sometimes given as "19 November", assuming contemporary records use
inclusive counting.
p. Humphreys, p. 16 gives 6 January, the same date of Philip IV's coronation. This is a
confusion.[62]
q. Sources give his birth date as 6, 16, 20 or 26 April.
r. This is the date in which the last English holdout was expelled by the French, with the
exception of Calais.
s. Henry III was elected on 5 May 1573.[78] He was crowned on 21 February 1574,[79] but he was
declared deposed soon after, on 12 May.[80]
t. Lower Navarre was integrated into France during his reign.
 u. Louis XVI's powers as king became obsolete following the March on Versailles on 5 October
1789, after which he became a hostage of the revolutionary forces.
v. The Sénat proclaimed the deposition in absentia of Napoleon on 2 April, which was followed by
the Corps législatif on 3 April. Napoleon wrote an act of abdication on 4 April renouncing the
throne in favour of his son. However, this was not accepted by the Coalition, so he wrote an
unconditional abdication on 6 April renouncing his rights and that of his family.[89]
w. Although claimed as the shortest reigning monarch by the Guinness World Records,[95] this
claim appears to be unsustained.[96] The exact circumstances of his "abdication" are unknown,
as it was announced in a document firmed by both Charles X and Louis, who is only called
Dauphin. He is said to have been "king" between his father's signature and his own, as he
(allegedly) initially refused to sign the document.

Coronations
i. Charles II was crowned emperor on 25 December 875. For later Frankish and German
emperors, see Holy Roman Emperor.
ii. Louis II was crowned on 8 December 877.[13]
iii. Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.[15]
iv. Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.[15]
v. Charles the Fat was most likely crowned on 20 May 885.[26] He was already king of East
Francia since 28 August 876. He was also crowned emperor on 12 February 881.[27]
vi. Odo was crowned on 29 February 888 and then again on 13 November.[31]
vii. Charles III was crowned on 28 January 893, in opposition to Odo.[j]
viii. Robert I was crowned on 30 June 922.[37]
ix. Rudolph was crowned on 13 July 923.[j]
x. Louis IV was crowned on 19 June 936, following a brief interregnum after the death of
Rudolph.
xi. Lothair was crowned on 12 November 954.
xii. Louis V was crowned on 8 June 979.
xiii. Hugh was elected and crowned king on 1 June 987, in Noyon. He was crowned again on 3
July in Paris by the archbishop of Reims. The latter date is usually regarded as the "official"
start of the Capetian dynasty.[45]
xiv. Robert II was crowned on 30 December 987.[45]
xv. Henry I was crowned on 14 May 1027.
xvi. Philip I was crowned on 23 May 1059.
xvii. Louis VI was crowned on 3 August 1108.
xviii. Louis VII was crowned as a child on 25 October 1131, and again on 25 December 1137
alongside Eleanor of Aquitaine.
xix. Philip II was crowned on 1 November 1179.
xx. Louis VIII was crowned on 6 August 1223.
xxi. Louis IX was crowned on 29 November 1226.
xxii. Philip III was crowned on 30 August 1271.
xxiii. Philip IV was crowned on 6 January 1286.
xxiv. Louis X was crowned on 24 August 1315.
xxv. Philip V was crowned on 9 January 1317.[p]
xxvi. Charles IV was crowned on 21 February 1322.
xxvii. Philip VI was crowned on 29 May 1328.
 xviii. John II was crowned on 26 September 1350.
xxix. Charles V was crowned on 19 May 1364.
xxx. Charles VI was crowned on 4 November 1380.
xxxi. Henry (II) was crowned on 16 December 1431, at Notre-Dame de Paris.
xxxii. Charles VII was crowned on 17 July 1429.
xxiii. Louis XI was crowned on 15 August 1461.
xxxiv. Charles VIII was crowned on 30 May 1484.
xxxv. Louis XII was crowned on 27 May 1498.
xxvi. Francis I was crowned on 25 January 1515.
xxvii. Henry II was crowned on 26 July 1547.
xviii. Francis II was crowned on 18 September 1559.
xxix. Charles IX was crowned on 15 May 1561.
xl. Henry III was crowned on 13 February 1575.
xli. Henry IV was crowned on 27 February 1594.
xlii. Louis XIII was crowned on 17 October 1610.
xliii. Louis XIV was crowned on 7 June 1654.
xliv. Louis XV was crowned on 25 October 1722.
xlv. Louis XVI was crowned on 11 June 1775.
xlvi. Napoleon I was crowned on 2 December 1804.
xlvii. Louis XVIII decided not to have a coronation.
xlviii. Charles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old
monarchical traditions.
xlix. Louis Philippe I decided not to have a coronation.
l. A coronation ceremony for Napoleon III was planned, but never executed.

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90. Peignot, p. 261; EB, p. Napoleon I (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I).
91. Peignot, p. 262; EB, p. Louis XVIII (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII).
92. EB, Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nap
oleon-Francois-Charles-Joseph-Bonaparte-Herzog-von-Reichstadt).
93. "France: Commission of Government: 1815 - Archontology" (https://www.archontology.org/natio
ns/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php). www.archontology.org. Retrieved
9 December 2023.
94. EB, Charles X (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-X).
 95. "Shortest reign of a monarch" (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-r
eign-of-a-monarch/). Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
96. Pinoteau, Hervé (1982). "Notes de vexillologie royale française" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362). Hidalguía. Madrid (172–173): 361–362.
97. Castelot 1988, p. 454; Blanc 1848, p. 214.
98. EB, Henri Dieudonné (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dieudonne-dArtois-comte-d
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99. Brownell, p. 120; EB, p. Louis Philippe (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philippe).
100. Holoman 2004, p. 184; EB, Louis Philippe (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philipp
e).
101. EB, Napoleon III (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France).

Main bibliography
de Wailly, E. (1838). "Liste Chronologique des rois de France" (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=_HhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10). Eléments de paléographie. Vol. 1. Ghent University.
Jacquin, Emmanuel (2000), Les Tuileries, Du Louvre à la Concorde, Editions du Patrimoine,
Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris. (ISBN 978-2-85822-296-4)
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Humphreys, A.L. (1907). The Kings of France, their Wives and Mistresses (https://archive.org/d
etails/kingsoffrancethe00unse). London. ASIN B004Z0M2K2 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00
4Z0M2K2). OCLC 1047511953 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1047511953).
McCarty, L. P. (1890). "France" (https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3
28). The Annual Statistician and Economist. Harvard University: Pacific Press Publishing
Company. pp. 327–332.
Peignot, Gabriel (1819). Abrégé de l'histoire de France (https://books.google.com/books?id=w
SpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR53) (in French). Harvard University.
Thoison, E. (1888). "Table Chronologique" (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35126r/f197.ite
m). Les séjours des rois de France: 481–1789. Société historique et archéologique du
Gâtinais. Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Secondary bibliography
Alcan, Félix (1892). Revue historique (https://books.google.com/books?id=549IAAAAYAAJ&pg
=PA254) (in French). Vol. 40.
Blanc, Louis (1848). France Under Louis Philippe (https://books.google.com/books?id=fTs9AA
AAYAAJ&pg=PA214). Translated by Walter Kelly.
Bodin, Felix (1840). Resumé de l'histoire de France (https://books.google.com/books?id=DORj
JWVUHl0C&pg=PA43). London: Joseph Rickerby. p. 43.
Bradford, James C. (2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History (https://books.google.
com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT671). Routledge. ISBN 9781135950347.
Brownell, Henry (1854). "The Rulers of France" (https://books.google.com/books?id=tPZKAQA
AMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA120). The People's Book of Ancient and Modern History. Dayton &
Wentworth.
Brunel, G. (2007). "Les cisterciens et Charles V" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/23408518).
Société de l'histoire de France: 67–92. JSTOR 23408518 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2340851
8).
Castelot, André (1988). Charles X. Librairie Académique Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00545-1.
Curry, Anne (1993). The Hundred Years War (https://books.google.com/books?id=fkldDwAAQB
AJ). Macmillan. ISBN 9781349227112.
 Champion, Honoré (1976). Robert Ier et Raoul de Bourgogne (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=3SBhAOKciTcC&pg=PA9). Slatkine. pp. 9–11.
Dutton, Paul E. (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA227). University of Nebraska Press. p. 227.
ISBN 9780803216532.
Holoman, D. Kern (2004). The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=qCvVwtB38XcC&pg=PA184). University of California Press.
ISBN 9780520236646.
Knecht, Robert (2007). The Valois: Kings of France (https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqzO
lVJVjcC). A&C Black. ISBN 9781852855222.
Knecht, Robert (2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=tS8HDAAAQBAJ). Routledge. ISBN 9781317122142.
McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA137). Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 137.
ISBN 9780521362924.
MacLean, Simon (2003). Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire (https://books.
google.com/books?id=0Icl9qL3FnMC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139440295.
Jackson, Richard A. (1995). Ordines Coronationis Franciae (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=7VICDgAAQBAJ). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781512821604.
JSTOR j.ctt1kgqwvd (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kgqwvd).
Havet, Julien (1891). "Les couronnements des rois Hugues et Robert" (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ar
k:/12148/bpt6k66949g/f2.item). Revue historique. 45: 290–297. JSTOR 40939391 (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/40939391).
Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=_AtUPUB6znMC&pg=PA83). Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300178852.

Further reading
Allevy, Alcide (1863). Histoire de France allevysée (https://books.google.com/books?id=SN4K1
Lx9NBIC&pg=PA75) (in French). British Library. pp. 75–105.
Babbitt, Susan M. (1985). The France of Charles V (https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALA
AAAIAAJ&pg=PA39). APS. ISBN 9780871697516.
Bak, János M. (1990). Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=m6nsnzLRPlIC&pg=PA89). University of California Press.
ISBN 9780801469138.
Brougham, Henry (1861). Principles of Government: Monarchical government (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=-V8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395). Political Philosophy. Harvard: Bohn.
d'Hozier, Louis (1738). Armorial général de la France (https://books.google.com/books?id=DjU
vEyqZXWMC&pg=PR16). Paris. pp. xvi–xvii.
Doyle, William, ed. (2001). Old Regime France. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-873129-9.
Engrand, H. (1816). Leçons élémentaires sur l'Histoire de France (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=QWZZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36) (in French). British Library.
Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221--07862-4.

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