S.No.

Year Title Author

1 2018 Green manufacturing initiative through the Pretty Princess

optimization of parameters in Pontororing1
resistance spot welding using response , Stanley Gilbert1
surface methodology , Iwan Tutuka Pambudi2
,
Ajat Suryanto2
, Aditya Andika1*
2 2022 A new approach to reduce the carbon
footprint in resistance spot
welding by energy efficiency evaluation
Carla Ferreira Andrade
Cunha1 · Jefferson de
Oliveira Gomes1 · Hugo
Marcelo Bezerra de
Carvalho1,2
3 2020 Applications of ultrasonic testing and N. Amiria
machine learning methods to predict the , G.H. Farrahia,
static & fatigue behavior of spot-welded *, K. Reza Kashyzadeha,1
joints , M. Chizarib
Journal Voulme,page no DOI

IOP Conference 10.1088/1755-

Series: Earth and 1315/195/1/012071
Environmental
Science
The International https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08472-7
Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing
Technology
Journal of
Manufacturing
Processes
Abstract

Welding quality of a product is very important. Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is a process widely used in the indus
industry. RSW is used to joint two or more materials in order to form the structure of the car. Resistance spot welding
as an important role in the welding process. There are three important parameters in the welding process, namely weld
time (cycle), and electrode force (kN). All three parameters should be optimized in order to produce high quality spot
defects. In relation to Green Manufacturing, less defects means less waste and less consumption of materials. In the p
(Response Surface Method) to optimize the parameters by using statistical and mathematical techniques to analyze th
parameters on welding current 8.7 kA, welding time 19,25 cycle, and electrode force 1,6 kN with diameter nugget 6,9
Actions aiming to reduce energy consumption directly contribute to the reduction of manufacturing costs and carbon
manufacturing processes’ productivity. Resistance spot welding is relevant in the automotive sector. Due to its operat
process has high energy consumption. Despite this fact, few studies have found to guide solutions for its reduction. In
a method to improve the resistance spot welding process’s energy performance without compromising its quality. Thi
analysis (ANOVA) to support predictive models that characterise energy and quality performance. The statistical ana
the infuence of the control factors in energy and quality performance indicators. The predictive models made it possib
consumption and quality behaviour from adjustments in the welding line process parameters studied in this paper. To
between energy consumption and quality, energy labels to classify the process’s energy performance were proposed.
for the studied process parameter ranges in this work was as follows: Cwel = 8 kA, Twel = 8 cycles, and Fele = 3.3 kN
results in a consumption of approximately 2 Wh per spot weld. Approximately 33% less than the average estimated c
the automotive industry.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is one of the well-known Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) of spot-weld inspection in the
in automotive industry. However, the relationship between the UT results and strength of the spot-welded joints subje
conditions is unknown. The main purpose of this research is to present an integrated search system as a new approach
strength and fatigue behavior of the spot-welded joints. To this end, Resistance Spot Weld (RSW) specimens of three
types of low carbon steel. Afterward, the ultrasonic tests were carried out and the pulse echo data of each sample wer
Processing Technique (IPT). Several experiments (tensile and axial fatigue tests) were performed to study the mechan
of multiple sheets. The novel approach of the present research is to provide a new methodology for static strength and
three-sheets RSW joints based on the UT results by utilizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) simulation. Next, Gen
to optimize the structure of ANN. This approach helps to decrease the number of tests and the cost of performing dest
reliability.
Conclusion

The optimization of parameters in Resistance Spot Welding is crucial for creating high quality spot weld joints. The R
Methodology is used to optimize the parameters. Based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the mathematical model
the result statistically significant for the model, insignificant for lack of fit, and R2= 93,31% that means the mathemat
Based on 3D graphic and contour plot, parameters that have an effect on nugget diameter is welding current.The resul
current is significant (p-value ≤ 0,05) which means welding current has an effect on diameter nugget. The mathematic
second-order models can be seen in formula (2). The optimum result for parameters is welding current 8,7 kA, weldin
electrode force 1,6 kN with diameter nugget 6,969 mm. With this optimized parameters, it is expected that the weldin
produce high quality spot weld joints and to reduce defects. The reduction of defects translates to less waste in materi
Manufacturing principles.
The aim of this research was the development of a methodology to improve the energy performance of the RSW proc
quality, thus reducing its carbon footprint. To support the quality investigation, this study proposed an indicator that q
analysing the dynamic resistance curve,Exmaterial. Energy analysis is supported by the proposition of an energy efcie
considers simultaneously the efciency of the machine energy conversion and the efciency for the weld nugget formati
statistical analyses performed measured the infuence of the control factors—welding current (Cwel), welding time (T
(Fele)—on the total energy consumption (ECtotal), nugget diameter (dnugget), RSW machine energy efciency (EEma
RSW efciency indicator (EEtotal). Linear models have been developed for all responses. Models that predict energy c
total RSW energy efciency indicator (EEtotal) presented a very high adjusted correlation, 0.97 e 0.92, respectively. T
models is essential because it allows predicting energy and quality to support adjustments in the welding line setting.E
energy efciency were analysed in the weldability lobe. Thirteen energy labels have been proposed. They classify ener
(A) to the worst (M). In this way, process parameters with adequate energy performance for production restrictions ca
compromise solution for the parameter range studied in this work was as follows: Cwel 8 kA, Twel 8 cycles, and Fele
solution results in a consumption of approximately 2 Wh/spot-weld. Com ‑paring this result with two proposed scenar
conservative. There is a saving of 33% for the conservative scenario and 47% in the bold one. The automotive sector
of 10,000 cars represents a reduction from 50 MWh (conservative)
to 90 MWh (bold). Considering a production volume of 10,000 cars per month, it represents a reduction from 50 (con
(bold).The results obtained in this work are applied to the analysed sample space that comprises the range of process p
thickness, and the number of welded sheets. However, the method developed can be applied to other conditions. Like
performed on a single-phase AC RSW machine, the developed method can be replicated on a medium-frequency DC
Funding This study was part of a master thesis in the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA) funded by CAPES
Improvement of Higher Education Personnel).
Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests
In the present study, the relationship between the results of ultra sonic testing as a non-destructive inspection with ten
of three-sheet spot-welded joints was investigated using a single and dual-objective neural network. Since both destru
fatigue) cannot be performed on the one specimen, in order to implement the dual-objective neural network that predi
fatigue life simultaneously, a new approach was used that similar ultrasonic results have tensile strength and fatigue li
this approach, the results of the dual-objective neural network were compared with single-objective neural networks (
tensile strength and fatigue life). Firstly, the parameters of the near-optimal neural networks were determined by high
NSGA II was used to optimize the final structure of neural networks. The NSGA II results indicated that the tensile st
dual-objective neural networks have about 6 % and 2 % difference with the respective single-objective neural network
neural network has about 5.5 % and 2 % difference in tensile strength and fatigue life, respectively with actual results
achievement of this study states that the new approach of the dual-objective neural network can be used to the inspect
automotive industry.
Key finding

1) In relation to Green Manufacturing, less defects means less waste and less consumption of materials
2) RSW is mostly implemented in the automotive industry due to its excellence techno-economic benefits such as low
levels due to the strength, speed, flexibility of RSW, and the adaptability for automation. RSW is also excellent for re
3) One way to produce a high-quality spot weld joints is by observing various factors that involved in the process suc
time, electrode force, surface condition, electrode type, etc.
4) Green manufacturing is a manufacturing way of thinking that focuses on becoming eco-efficient and uses green me
and systems that consume fewer materials, uses eco friendly materials, reducing waste, and recycling [8]. Green manu
in manufacturing, saving energy, reducing the usage of natural resources, and expect minimal pollution and defects [9
focuses on improving industrial processes, e.g., welding, because all industrial processes consume energy and materia
5) Response Surface Method (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques useful for developing, i
[13]. Response surface methodology has two designs, namely Central Composite Design (CCD) and Box-Behnken D
6) Optimal result parameters on welding current 8.7 kA, welding time 19,25 cycle, and electrode force 1,6 kN with di
7) Based on 3D graphic and contour plot, parameters that have an effect on nugget diameter is welding current.
1) Since both destructive tests (tensile and fatigue) cannot be performed on the one specimen, in order to implement t
predicts tensile strength and fatigue life simultaneously, a new approach was used that similar ultrasonic results have
equality.
2) The most important achievement of this study states that the new approach of the dual-objective neural network ca
welds in the automotive industry.
Future Scope / Research
Research Gap Remarks
Technique Applications Matrix Reinforcements
Filler/Additives Why was Parameter Varied
reinforcement added?
Response Observed Characterization
Techniques
S.No. Year Title Author Journal

1 2023 Mechanical properties G. Vijayasekaran, P. Se Material Proceeding

evaluation of carbon lvaraju, A. Domini, N.
nanotube/sisal fiber/marble Krishnamurthy, A. Yas
dust reinforced polymer-based minebegum, S.k. Hasan
composites e Ahammad
2 2020 Analysis of wear properties of J. Joy Mathavan , Results in Materials
granite dust filled polymer Amar Patnaik
composite for wind turbine
blade
3 2023 Development of high Hariharan Arumugam , Journal of Materials
performance granite fine fly Mohamed Iqbal M , Research and
dust particle reinforced epoxy Cheol-Hee Ahn , Technology
composites: structure, thermal, Sarawut Rimdusit ,
mechanical, surface and high Alagar Muthukaruppan
voltage breakdown strength
properties
Voulme,page no DOI

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.311
Volume 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2020.100073
Volume 24, Pages https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.03.199
2795-2811
Abstract

In current circumstances the use of natural fibers is improved extremely in vehicle

segment as prospective renewable and biodegradable constituents. The automotive
industry currently uses natural fibre reinforced polymer composites for a wide range of
panelling components in wagons, as well as for several interior components. It's a plastic
that can stand in for glass-fiber-reinforced varieties when necessary. This study focusses
on how marble dust and multi-walled carbon nanotubes scatter in sisal fibre and epoxy.
The composite was made using 1 wt% marble dust particles and 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt
% of multi-walled carbon nano tube (CNT). Mechanical parameters were determined
using ASTM-standard testing process, and test composites were cut to those
specifications. The results proved that the nanotube composite with a 1.5 wt% increase
in nanotubes possessed improved mechanical properties. Adding 1.5% carbon nanotubes
increased tensile strength by 12.14%, and adding 2% CNT increased tensile strength by
14.85%. Meanwhile, flexural strength improved by 72.6% and 124.8%, respectively,
after the addition of CNT at the indicated weight percentages to preserve their
dimensional stability.
Efficient usage of wind energy by establishing a suitable material for wind turbine blade
is considered in this paper. Aluminium alloys and coated timber were used as blade
material in the early stage and are discarded for various reasons including their life time
and their efficiency. New polymer based materials such as Carbon fiber, Glass fiber, and
Aramid fiber with different kinds of resins are being used as wind turbine blade material
these days. As a new trend, granite dust is filled with the polymer material to improve its
qualities like hardness and durability. It is tested for wear properties in Air jet erosion
tester by varying the angle of impingement keeping other factors constant. Its
mechanical properties like tensile stress, hardness and density values are calculated and
plotted in graphs. The obtained results demonstrate how the wear properties of these
samples changed with the impingement angle.
The granite waste generated from the granite cutting and polishing industries contributes
to lot of environmental contamination and health hazards. In the present work, an
attempt has been made to assess the method to minimise environmental problems
associated with granite dust pollution to the possible extent by converting the granite
dust waste into value added high voltage electrical insulator products. Two types of
epoxy matrices comprising bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-phenalkamine (ER-1) and
bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (ER-2) separately
reinforced with varying weight percentages of (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 wt%) of granite
dust. The matrices and composites obtained were characterized for their structural,
morphology, hydrophobic properties, thermal stability, mechanical strength, thermal
conductivity, thermal resistivity, electrical resistivity, breakdown voltage
and dielectric strength behaviour using appropriate analytical testing methods. Data
resulted from different studies, it was inferred that the composites prepared using ER-2
possess better properties than those of ER-1. The composites with 100 wt% of cutting
waste granite fly dust reinforced ER-2 possesses the higher values of electrical surface
resistivity (5.22 × 1012 Ω), and electrical volume resistivity (5.60 × 1013 Ω) than those
of neat ER-2 matrix (surface resistivity 4.82 × 109 Ω and volume resistivity
2.48 × 1013 Ω). The breakdown voltage and dielectric strength of ER-2 matrix were
increased from 28 ±1 kV and 14 ± 0.5 kV/mm to 34 ±1 kV and 17 ± 0.5 kV/mm
respectively, when reinforced with 100 wt % granite dust. The value of breakdown
voltage was increased by 22% for 100 wt% granite dust reinforced composites when
compared to that of neat epoxy matrix.
Conclusion

Tensile testing comparisons show that the maximum flexural and tensile
strengths improve with increasing weight percent of carbon nanotube.
•Increasing the carbon nanotube weight percentage, as shown by a
comparison of flexural tests, increases the Flexural Modulus of Elasticity.
•Although this has a positive effect on Young's Modulus at first, adding
more CNTs decreases it slightly. The composite with a fibre loading of 32.5
wt% was found to be the most effective without the addition of filler.
•By sonicating or magnetically swirling the nanoparticles, the fillers may be
properly distributed throughout the matrix and the voids can be filled.
•Incorporating a 1% volume fraction of nano tubes into 3 layers of sisal fibre
improved their tensile strength. Carbon nano tube filler improves a
composite's tensile strength by connecting its individual carbon atoms
together.
•The flexural strength of composite exhibited significant improvement in 1%
volume fraction of carbon nano tube filler.
•However, the flexural strength of the composite material starts to degrade
after the nano tube filler concentration rises above around 1.5%, as the nano
tubes begin to agglomerate.
•An increase in impact strength was seen for the composite at a volume
fraction of 1% carbon nano tube filler, with similar results observed for
other test composites.
•The 12.14% more tensile strength was achieved with a CNT content of
1.5%, and 14.85% more with a CNT content of 2%. Adding CNT at the
specified weight percentages increased flexural strength by 72.6% and
124.86%, respectively. This work explores the use of nano filler
incorporation in natural fiber composite.
he angle of impingement has some impact in the erosion rate. It shows the
highest erosion in the angle of 30 and lowest erosion in the angle of 90 and
erosion rate generally decreasing with increment in angle. Percentage
additions of Granite dust also have influence in erosion rate. Lowest erosion
observed when we do not add granite dust and it is followed by 10% granite
dust added sample. Highest erosion is observed when we add 15% granite
dust. There was a slight deviation between the experimental and theoretical
densities. It was assumed that the deviation occurred due to the absorption of
water particles by the sample when we tested the composite material. It can
be noticed that the volume fraction of voids getting reduce with the
increment in the percentage addition of granite dust. But the exact reason for
this behavior could not be identified. The hardness values are increasing
with the increment in the percentage addition of granite dust as expected.
The DMA analysis shows that 5% granite dust added specimen and pure
poly amide fiber specimen withstand up to 600 Celsius but 20% granite dust
added specimen tolerate only up to 500 Celsius. Anyhow 650 seem to be the
maximum temperature acquired by them before they deteriorate
In the present work, two type of epoxy composites were prepared using
different weight percentages (20, 40, 60, 80 and
100 wt%) of cutting waste granite dust separately reinforced
with bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-phenalkamine (ER-1) and
bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (ER-2).
The values of thermal conductivity, surface
resistivity, volume resistivity, breakdown voltage, dielectric
strength of composites are increased with increasing weight
percentage concentration of granite dust. Among the composites 100 wt% of
cutting waste granite dust reinforced ER-2
possess better thermal stability, mechanical strength and
electrical insulation properties than those of ER-1 composites.
The composites with 100 wt% of cutting waste granite dust
reinforced ER-2 possesses the higher values of electrical surface resistivity
(5.22 1012 U), electrical volume resistivity (5.60 1013 U), higher break
down voltage (34 ±1 kV) and
higher dielectric strength (17.0 ± 0.5 kV/mm) than those of
other composites. Data resulted from different studies suggest
that, the composite samples prepared in the present work can
be utilised for the fabrication of wide range of electrical
insulation components and products for improved performance and
enhanced longevity
Inference

G. Vijayasekaran et al. investigated the mechanical properties of the carbon nanotube

(CNT) reinforced sisal fiber and Marble dust-filled epoxy Polymer Matrix Composite.
The fabrication technique used was Hand lay-up. The concentration of CNT varied
from 0 to 2% in a step of 0.5% in the matrix. It was found that the tensile strength
increased up to 1.5wt% of CNT, then decreased due to agglomeration of the
reinforcement in the matrix. A maximum of 24.2 MPa tensile strength was achieved at
1.5wt% reinforcement. The flexural strength followed the opposite trend. It first
showed the maximum flexural strength when only marble dust was added, then
decreased up to 1.5wt% of CNT, and then again increased due to agglomeration of the
CNT. A maximum flexural strength value was achieved at 0wt% CNT & 1wt% MD
was 107.76 MPa.
J. Joy Mathavan and Amar Patnaik conducted a study to investigate the influence of
impingement angle on the mechanical properties of polyamide needle fiber-reinforced
polyester resin filled with granite dust. The granite dust content in the samples was
varied from 5% to 20% in 5% increments by weight. The PMC (Polymer Matrix
Composite) was fabricated using the hand lay-up. The findings revealed that the
erosion rate decreased as the impingement angle decreased. The lowest wear rate was
observed at a 90° impingement angle, followed by a 75° impingement angle.
Conversely, the highest wear occurred at a 30° impingement angle. Furthermore, it
was observed that the void fraction decreased as the concentration of granite dust
increased in the PMC. Additionally, the hardness of the PMC increased with higher
granite content. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) was employed to determine
the temperature tolerance of the fabricated composite. The results indicated that the
composite could withstand a maximum temperature of 65°C.
TO BE DELETED
Key finding Research Gap

1. Tensile strength was increased up to 1.5wt% and Composite can be made hybrid by adding one
then decreased. more reinforcement like Si-C, and properties
2. Flexural strength was decreased and then can be compared with the current composite.
increased.
1. Hardness increased. ****
2. Void content decreased.
3. Wear resistance increased.
4. The minimum wear rate was observed at a 90°
impingement angle followed by a 75° impingement
angle.
5. These points indicate that the impingement angle
most affects the wear rate.
TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED
Remarks Technique

1. Maximum Tensile strength achieved was 24.2 Hand lay-up

Mpa at 1.5wt% CNT.
2. Maximum Flexural strength achieved was
107.76 MPa, at 0wt% CNT and 1wt% MD.
**** Hand lay-up
TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED
Applications Matrix Reinforcements Filler/Additives

Automobiles, the panel Epoxy Carbon Nano Tube Marble Dust and sisal
in the wagon fiber
Wind Turbine Polyamide needle fiber Polyamide needle fiber Grainite Dust
reinforced Plastic
TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED
Why was reinforcement Parameter varied Response Observed
added?
To improve the mechanical 1. The weight fractions of 1. Tensile Strength
properties of the PMC. reinforcement. 2. Flexural Strength
3. Impact Strength
To improve the wear and 1. The weight fractions of 1. Tensile strength
mechanical properties of the reinforcement. 2. Hardness
polymer. 2. Angle of impingement 3. Density
4. Wear Rate
TO BE DELETED TO BE DELETED
Characterization
Techniques
1. UTM
1. UTM
2. Air jet erosion tester
TO BE DELETED