21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES

1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER

Unit 1 - Lesson 1:
Literary Reading through a Reasons to read literature through the
Biographical Context biographical context (Gioia and
Kennedy 2007):
Vocabulary Words  Understanding the author’s life
can help you understand his or
1. biography (noun) - a detailed her work thoroughly.
account or narrative of a person
 Reading the author’s
written by someone else
biography or autobiography
I wonder if any author
helps you see how much his
would write a commemorative
experiences shape his or her
biography of Stan Lee?
work directly and indirectly.
2. autobiography (noun) - a
narrative of a person written by
himself or herself
Dennis Rodman
revealed all his inner struggles
in his autobiography, “Bad as I
Wanna Be.”
3. belief system (noun) - the set
of mutually supportive beliefs
that define a person’s or
society’s outlook on life or
reality
It is crucial for a couple
looking to marry that they share
a similar belief system.
4. confessional - (adjective)
intimately autobiographical;
characterized by openness and
self-revelation
Ed Sheeran writes
many confessional songs about
specific experiences he has
had..
5. jilt (verb) - ending a relationship
with someone suddenly or
painfully.
Dana was definitely hurt
when her boyfriend jilted her.
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1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
Unit 1 - Lesson 2
Literary Reading through a
Sociocultural Context
 1882 – Rizal, a well-known hero
of today, leaves for Spain to
pursue his studies.
 1898 – Americans introduced
formal education in the
Philippines.
 1972 – Ferdinand Marcos
declared Martial law in the
Philippines.
 1986 – People Power
Revolution took place among
the Filipino people.
 2016 – Rodrigo “Digong”
Duterte was elected the 16th
president of the Philippine
Republic.
Vocabulary Words
1. literary theory (noun) - refers
to different schools of thought
and bodies of ideas that can be
used as a tool in understanding
literary context
We can use feminist
literary theory to examine how
a literary piece empowers or
degrades women.
2. sociocultural (adjective) - of,
relating to, or involving a
combination of social and
cultural factors
Before evaluating a
classic’s relevance today, we
must first consider the
sociocultural context of the time
the text was written.
3. social order (noun) - the set or
system of social structures,
institutions, norms, customs
that conserve, maintain, or
enforce patterns of relations
and behavior
The prevailing social
order before the American Civil
War was oppressive and
discriminatory against former
slaves and their descendants.
4. ideology (noun) - a systematic
body of concepts or beliefs
about life or culture
We can still have civil
and respectful conversations
with people who have a
different ideology from ours.
5. chalice (noun) - a cup used to
hold wine
At church, I often see priests lift
up a chalice during mass.
“Art is not created in a vacuum;
it is the work not simply of a person,
but of an author fixed in time and
space, answering a community of
which he is an important, articulate
part.”
-Wilbur Scott
Reasons to read literature through the
sociocultural context (Gioia and
Kennedy 2007):
 Reading using the sociocultural
context helps you understand
the social, economic, political,
and cultural forces affecting the
work that you are reading.
 Analyzing the sociocultural
context of the text makes you
examine the role of the
audience (readers) in shaping
literature.
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Literary Theories

Perspectiv Explanation
e
Marxism Literary shows class
struggle and
materialism. Thus, it
looks into the social
classes portrayed in
the work.
Feminism The feminist
perspective examines
the role of the women
in the literature.
Queer The queer
Theory perspective is
concerned with the
queer or the third
gender (LGBT).
Historicism Historicism is a
perspective dealing
with the history that
influenced the writing
of the literature.
Post Postcomlonialism is a
colonialism literary perspective
that looks into the
changes in the
attitude of the post
colonies after the
colonial period.
New It focuses not only on
Historicism the history when the
literary text was
written, but also how
the history happened.

When reading a text or writing a

critique through the sociocultural
context:
 set aside your personal political
ideologies; and
 do your best to be unbiased in
reading.
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1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
Unit 1 - Lesson 3
Literary Reading through a
Linguistic Context
Vocabulary Words
1. linguistic (adjective) - of or
relating to language or the
study of language
Linguistic factors play a
crucial role in understanding
layers of meaning in a text.
2. syntax (noun) - the study of
how linguistic elements form
phrases, clauses, or sentences
One of the criteria in
checking your written
assignment is syntax.
3. structuralism (noun) - literary
theory that examines text to a
larger structure
Using structuralism as
my approach, I will attempt to
analyze “The Cask of
Amontillado” as part of the
horror genre.
4. formalism (noun) - a school of
literary theory focused on
structure, through which a text
is examined without exterior
influences
Formalism is usually the
first approach taught to
students when dealing with
literature.
5. poststructuralism (noun) - a
school of literary theory that
examines underlying structures
in a text that may have varied
interpretations
Poststructuralism began
as a response to structuralism.
Reasons to read literature through
the linguistic context
 Reading the text on its own,
regardless of the author’s
biography and sociocultural
context, may help you
understand the literary text
through analyzing the words,
sentences, patterns, imagery,
etc. of the text.
 Analyzing the literary text’s
grammar, syntax, or phonemic
pattern may help you find the
meaning of the text within its
form and help you interpret it by
simply analyzing the content of
the literary work.
Strategies for reading a text through
the linguistic context
 Analyze the diction or choice
of words in the text.
 Examine the texts’ syntax or
use of sentences, clauses,
phrases, line cuts, etc.
 Observe the use of figurative
language.
 Analyze the mood and tone of
the text.
 Observe the text’s overall
structure.
 Analyze the content of the text.
Notes before reading a text through
the linguistic context:
 Some writers may not follow
grammatical rules, and this
kind of deviation may be used
in your analysis.
 The characteristics of the
language in which the text was
 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
written may help in analyzing
the text.

 You may consult literary

approaches that focus on
language. Structuralism,
poststructuralism, and
formalism have linguistic
aspects.

Perspective Explanation
Structuralism Structuralism
relays the texts
being examined
to a larger
structure.
Formalism (or Formalism is a
New Criticism) school of literary
criticism and
literary theory
that focuses on
the structure of a
particular text.
Poststructuralism In the linguistic
context, there
may be
underlying
structures that
may have
different
interpretations
based on how
the words or
phrases were
used in the text.
 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
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Unit 1 - Lesson 4
Critical Reading Strategies
in Literature
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. critique (noun) - a detailed
analysis and evaluation of
something
Our literature professor
wrote an interesting critique of
J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter
series.
2. arguments (noun) - a set of
reasons given to prove a
statement or a stand
I will side with you
because you have convinced
me with your arguments.
3. infer (verb) - to form an opinion
from evidence; to reach a
conclusion based on facts
Using the data we have
gathered, we may infer that the
water has been contaminated
by mining activities.
4. annotate - (verb) to make or
furnish critical explanatory
notes or comments
Be sure to annotate
your source material for easier
citation later.
5. defiant (adjective) - refusing to
follow something or someone
Fiona was defiant when
it comes to following uniform
regulations.
Modes of Analysis (Daniel J.
Kurland, 2000)
 What a text says is the
restatement.
 What a text does is the
description.
 What a text means is the
interpretation.
Three main goals of critical reading
(Kurland, 2000)
 Recognize the author’s purpose
 Understand the tone and
persuasive elements of the text
 Recognize bias
Critical Reading Strategies
Previewing
Before you begin reading the
text, preview it by gathering important
information about it.
 Who wrote the text? What are
the author’s other works?
 Where and when was the text
published? What were the
major events around the time
the text was written or
published?
 What can you infer about the
text based on the title?
 What seems to be the general
progression or organization of
ideas based on the chapter
titles or section headings and
subheadings
 What is your purpose for
reading the text?
Annotating
Annotating involves highlighting
or making notes of important ideas in
the text.
 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
support the thesis or the main
point the author is trying to
 With a pencil or a pen in hand, convey?
underline important ideas such
as the thesis, topic  Are the pieces of evidence
sentences, and key concepts. relevant, credible, and up-to-
Also, highlight unfamiliar date?
words so you can look them up  Are the sources of information
later. credible?
 Make notes such as questions  Why did the author take that
and comments or responses on particular position? What is the
the margins as you read. author’s background that may
 Develop a symbol system. have led to or influenced his or
You may draw symbols to mark her position?
important words or sentences
Rereading
so that the text will not appear
cluttered. Rereading requires a repeated
examination of the text to enable you to
improve your comprehension of the
Contextualizing
text and to identify ideas that you may
When you contextualize, you not have noticed in initial reading.
consider the historical, cultural, or
Responding
biographical context of the text.
Responding to the text means
Outlining and Summarizing
drawing meaning from what you have
 In outlining the text, you identify read and presenting it in writing or
the basic structure of the text talking about it to others.
and make connections
between those ideas.
 Summarizing the text allows
you to present your
understanding of the text by
reviewing and synthesizing
important ideas, and then
restating them in your own
words.
Analyzing
Analyzing a text deals with
examining the information presented to
support the author’s argument(s).

 Is there enough evidence to

support the author’s argument?
Does the evidence relate to and
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Unit 2 - Lesson 1
Sound Devices

Sound devices help form visual

images and highlight the mood and
tone of a text.

 Alliteration is the repetition of

similar sounds at the beginning
of closely spaced words.
 Assonance is the repetition of
vowel sounds that form internal
rhymes in a line.
 Consonance is the repetition of
consonant sounds, usually at
the end of words.
 Cacophony is the use of jarring
sounds, meant to convey
disorder.
 Euphony is the use of sound
devices meant to create a
pleasant experience to the ear.
 Onomatopoeia is the use of
words that mimic the natural
sound of what is being
described.
 Repetition is the repetition of
words or phrases to form
rhythm or to emphasize an
idea.
 Rhyme is the repetition of
identical (or similar) sounds in
two or more words, most often
at the end of lines in a poem.
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Unit 2 – Lesson 2
Figurative Language
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. Corbeille (noun) - an elegant
basket of flowers used for
courtship
Young men and women
of high social stature would
customarily not marry until the
husband-to-be could present
his intended bride with a
corbeille.
2. Bayou (noun) - marshy outlets
near rivers/lakes in southern
USA
Watching her
adventures through the bayous
of New Orleans was a novel
experience for people outside
the USA.
3. Negroes (noun) - a dated word
for black people, now offensive
Many old stories written
during the time when slavery
was still prevalent referred to
black people as negroes—a
term which is now a racial slur.
4. Layette (noun) - sets of
clothing and linens for infants
For my baby shower,
my grandmother sent me a
beautiful layette she had
preserved since my mother
was still an infant.
5. Clammy (adjective)
unpleasantly damp and cold
He was so nervous
while waiting for his turn to
deliver a speech that he kept
wiping his clammy hands on his
pants.
Figurative Language
 Analogy - a comparison that
presents the similarities
between two concepts or ideas
 Cliché - a word, a phrase, a
sentence, or a whole text that
used to be perceived as clever
but has become démodé
 Connotation - the secondary
or suggestive meaning of the
word, one that is not its literal or
primary meaning in the
dictionary
 Euphemism - used to
substitute for a description that
is considered harsh or blunt
 Hyperbole - a gross
exaggeration to achieve an
effect, usually for humor or
emphasis
 Metaphor - compares two
seemingly unlike objects that
have similar or common
characteristics without the use
of like or as
 Metonymy - a word or phrase
that is substituted for another
that is closely associated to it
 Oxymoron - a combination of
two ideas that appear to be
opposite or contradictory
 Paradox - an assertion that
seems to be contradictory or
silly but actually reveals some
truth
 Personification - a statement
wherein an animal, object, or
abstract idea is given human
attributes or characteristics
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 Simile - compares two

seemingly unlike objects by
using the words like or as

 Synecdoche - used when a

part of something is used to
represent the whole or vice
versa
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Unit 2 - Lesson 3
 An allegory is a narrative in
Other Literary Techniques which the characters and their
Unlocking of Difficulty actions, and sometimes the
setting, are contrived by the
1. Trifling (verb) - treating author to represent a currently
someone with no respect significant event/issue.
Charlotte chose to  A dichotomy divides a
switch jobs because her concept, idea, story, or plot into
supervisor at her old job was two equal and contradictory
always trifling with her. parts; or between two opposing
2. Shabby (adjective) - in poor groups.
condition due to lack of care  Juxtaposition is a technique
Harry had to make do wherein two or more ideas,
with shabby hand-me-down places, characters, and their
uniforms once used by his actions are placed side by side
cousin. to develop comparisons and
3. Garret (noun) - a small attic contrasts.
room
The student was so
poor he could only afford to
rent the garret of the local inn.
4. Foundry (noun) - a workshop
or factory dedicated to casting
metal
Georgina had never
opened the windows in her
bedroom on the second floor,
as they kept smoke from the
foundry next door from coming
in.
5. Listless (adjective) - lacking
energy or enthusiasm
Anna had been working
nonstop for the last few days,
so she was listless when the
weekend arrived.

 An allusion is a passing
reference, without explicit
identification, to a literary or
historical person, place, or
event, or to another literary
work or passage.


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Unit 2 – Lesson 4 Literary
Elements in Prose
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. Poplar (noun) - a tall tree that
grows in cold climate
We saw a lot of poplars
when we went to Ireland in the
wintertime.
2. Disillusioned (adjective) - 
disappointment that
something/someone you
thought was good turned out to
be bad
I became disillusioned
when I saw that the singer I
liked was mean to his staff.
3. Turret (noun) - a small tower
attached to a larger tower
Some old castles in the
British countryside still have
their turrets intact.
4. Fancy (verb) - imagine
While on the plane, I
passed the time by fancying
that I was traveling through a
kingdom of clouds.
5. Rapture (noun) - a feeling of
intense joy
It is difficult to compare
anything to the rapture of
accomplishing something
you’ve worked on for years.
 The plot is the sequence of
events that make up the story,
told in either a chronological or
a nonchronological order.
 The atmosphere in prose
refers to the creation of a mood
or feeling by the use of
descriptions and setting.
 Characterization in prose
refers to how the author
describes the character, either
directly or indirectly through
action, using details or nuances
to add depth.
The problem or challenge faced
by the character or characters
in the story is called the
conflict.
 The perspective or vantage
point of the speaker or the
narrator is called the point of
view.
○ First person
○ Second person
○ Third-person objective
○ Third-person omniscient
 The setting is the time and
place where the story is set.
 Theme is the central idea of the
story, and to an extent, the
purpose for its utterance.
Literary techniques are used in
texts to convey its meaning.
 A flashback is a scene or a
passage that interrupts the
present action of a plot to
introduce a past event.
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1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER

 Foreshadowing is the use of chosen words, working to

clues or indication suggesting convey meaning to the readers
at a future event in the story. A poem has:
 tone (e.g., ecstatic,
Unit 3 - Lesson 1 Poetry melancholic, satiric);
 form; and
Vocabulary Words
 figurative language (e.g.,
1. ecstatic (adjective) - expresses
simile, metaphor,
delight
personification).
Poetry with an ecstatic
tone can raise a reader’s Three Types of Poetry
spirits.
2. melancholic (adjective) - Narrative Poetry
expresses loneliness or  poems that tell a story
emptiness  historically began as oral
Poems with a traditions
melancholic tone make one  Example: The Ramayana, epic
somber. from Hindu tradition
3. satiric tone (adjective) -
expresses dislike or discontent Dramatic Poetry
with something through  usually performed onstage
sarcasm and/or irony  can be sung or spoken
Artists have written  Example: William
poetry with satiric tones to Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar
protest against corruption in
Elements of Poetry
government.
4. exult (verb) - to feel or show Persona
great happiness  a dramatic character who is the
It is fulfilling to see my speaker in the poem
students exult at their victory in  A persona is not always the
the academic contest. poet.
5. overarching (adjective) - Form
including or influencing every  Poetry is written in lines, and
part of something oftentimes the lines are divided
We must have specific into groups called stanzas.
minor goals as well as major Imagery
overarching goals to be more
 the use of language that
productive and successful.
appeals to the five senses:
visual (sight), auditory
Poetry
(hearing), gustatory (taste),
 the most compact form of tactile (touch), and olfactory
literature (sense).
 ideas, feelings, rhythm, and Sound Patterns
sound are packed into carefully
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 rhyme, rhythm, and other  usually stated as a

literary devices that pertain to philosophical truth in life
sounds
 onomatopoeia - using words
that imitate the sound of what
they refer to
 alliteration - repetition of initial
sounds
 assonance - repetition of vowel
sounds within neighboring
words

Rhyme
 the repetition of similar or
identical sounds at the end of
poetic lines
 rhyme scheme - the pattern of
the rhyme placed at the end of
each line or stanza in a poem
 rhythm
o foot - equivalent to two
or more stressed and/or
unstressed syllables
o meter - the
measurement of
syllables in a line

Figurative Language
 words or phrases that are put
together to help readers picture
ordinary things in new ways
Theme
 the central idea of a poem
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1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
Unit 3 - Lesson 2 Prose
Vocabulary Words
1. exposition (noun) - important
background information helpful
in setting up a story; includes
the setting and the main
character’s backstory
Readers today get
bored with a long exposition at
the beginning, so writers now
cut it up and insert it at different
points in the narrative.
2. rising action (noun) - the
series of events building up to
the point of greatest importance
in the narrative
The rising action sets
up the conflict and builds
tension.
3. climax (noun) - the most
important point of the narrative,
where events of the greatest
intensity occur
This story’s climax has
me at the edge of my seat!
4. falling action (noun) - the part
of the narrative where the
aftermath of the climax is
addressed
I felt that the falling
action of the story left a lot of
questions unanswered.
5. conclusion (noun) - the end of
a narrative, where the story
either comes to a close or is left
as a cliffhanger
It was mostly a good
story, but that conclusion was
not satisfying at all!
Prose
 any writing that does not have a
metrical structure and
rhythmical pattern like poetry
 composed of sentences and
paragraphs instead of lines and
stanzas
 divided into two: fiction and
nonfiction
Fiction
 a story that is made up or
invented by an author
 events in the story are not real;
they are products of the
author’s imagination
 examples are short stories
and novels
Short Stories
 read in one sitting and strive
for unity and effect
 begins with the first
sentence and has nothing in
it that detracts from the
writer’s design
 aims for the truth and stress
imagination, invention,
creation, and originality
Novels
 longer and more complex
than a short story
 over 40,000 words (novella
has 17,500–39,999 words,
novelette has 7,500–17,499
words)
 characters, setting, plot,
and theme are usually more
developed and detailed
than a short story’s
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Plot Structure
 linear format produces a climax
plot
 contains the exposition, rising
action, climax, and falling action
leading to the resolution of the
story

*Some stories follow a

nonlinear format. It means that some
stories start in the middle or at the end.

Episodic plot
 features distinct episodes
that are related to one
another but that also can be
read individually, almost as
stories by themselves
 e.g., The Silmarillion by
J.R.R. Tolkien
Cumulative plot
 contains repetition of
phrases, sentences, or
events with one new aspect
added with each repetition
 common among children’s
stories
 e.g., “The Three Little Pigs”
Frame Narrative/Embedded plot
 a story in which another
story or other multiple
stories is/are embedded
 can also be that the main
story is relayed secondhand
to a character in the
narrative
 e.g., The Sign of Four by Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle
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Unit 3 - Lesson 3 Creative
Nonfiction
Vocabulary Words
1. informal essay (noun) - a short
composition that is more casual
in tone and covers the writer’s
personal feelings about the
topic
Some very long posts
on social media may actually
be considered informal essays.
2. formal essay (noun) - a short
composition written for
scholarly purposes and
provides factual information
backed by evidence
For the student council
election campaign, we
candidates were assigned to
write a formal essay on our
platforms and advocacies.
3. informative nonfiction (noun)
- texts that provide factual
information
Unlike many of my
classmates, I enjoy reading
informative nonfiction such as
encyclopedias.
4. literary nonfiction (noun) -
text written like fiction, but the
people, places, and events
involved remain factual
Joem will submit an
entry to the literary nonfiction
category of the Palanca
Awards.
5. autobiography (noun) - the
story of a person’s life told by
the same person
Maya Angelou’s series
of autobiographies have
achieved critical acclaim.
Nonfiction
 deals with real people, places,
and events
Informative Nonfiction
 texts that provide factual
information
 examples are science and
history books, encyclopedias,
dictionaries, and periodicals
Literary Nonfiction
 written like fiction, but the
people, events, and places
involved remain factual
 examples of nonfiction
narratives are autobiographies,
biographies, and personal
essays
Autobiography
 the story of a person’s life
told by the same person
 usually written in the first-
person point of view and
covers a long period of the
author’s life
 shorter types are journals,
diaries, and memoirs
Biography
 the story of a person’s life
told by another person
 Both autobiographies and
biographies share similar
elements to that of fiction
such as character, setting,
and plot.
Essay
 a piece of writing that
centers on one topic or
subject matter
 purpose may be to inform,
to describe, to entertain, or
to persuade the readers
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 can be informal or
personal and formal
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1st SEMESTER SECOND QUARTER
Unit 3 - Lesson 4 Drama
Vocabulary Words
1. scene (noun) - an event in a
drama with continuous action;
usually grouped into acts
The fight scene near the
start of Cyrano de Bergerac is
both hilarious and exciting.
2. act (noun) - a series of scenes
in a drama; each act contains
scenes that are related to one
another, whether through
theme, setting, or time frame
I thought the second act
of the play was much more
poignant than the first..
3. script (noun) - the body of work
a drama is based on; contains
all the characters’ lines, actions,
and blocking
The understudy had to
cover for the original actor, a
copy of the script in his hand.
4. farce (noun) - a nonsensical
drama that employs slapstick
humor
Nowadays, a farce is
often a metaphor for an absurd
real-life situation.
5. soliloquy (noun) - the speech
of a character alone on stage,
usually as though the character
talks to himself/herself, and no
one but the audience can hear
I delivered Hamlet’s
famous soliloquy for the drama
class practical exam.
Dramas
 stories in verse or prose form
that are meant to be performed
onstage in front of an audience
 Authors who write dramas are
called dramatists or
playwrights.
 Elements of drama are similar
to those of fiction except that
drama is written in a form called
script, in which the lines are
written in dialogues with stage
directions.
 Instead of chapters, dramas are
divided into acts and scenes.
Types of Drama
Tragedy
 central character has a tragic
flaw, making this character a
tragic hero
 He or she possesses a
characteristic that can lead to
his or her downfall.
Comedy
 aims to make the audience
laugh
 lighthearted
 often take place in unusual
circumstances, and it is typical
for characters in these plays to
utter witty remarks
Musical Drama
 Characters dance and sing.
 Various themes are presented,
from serious to comedic.
Farce
 a nonsensical drama that
employs slapstick humor
 mainly comedic
 characterized by absurd
conditions or situations and
ardent actions
Melodrama
 characterized by the characters’
exaggerated emotions in
various situations
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Dialogue
 refers to the characters’ speech
and is considered the lifeblood
of drama
 the audience get to understand
the story, not only by the
characters’ actions but also by
their speech

Forms of Dialogue

Dialogue
 the conversations of two or
more characters onstage
Monologue
 a long speech given by one
character that can be heard by
or directed to other characters
who are also onstage
Soliloquy
 the speech of a character who
is alone onstage
 portrayed as though the
character is talking to himself or
herself, or to the audience, and
the words cannot be heard by
the other characters
Aside
 a remark that a character
makes that is meant only for the
audience to hear
 other characters onstage do not
hear asides
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Unit 4 - Lesson 1 Genre Different Genres of Popular

Fiction Fiction

Vocabulary Words Adventure

 focuses on action and
1. grope (verb) - to search for adventure as its main themes.
something blindly  the usual conflict for this genre
When he entered the is man vs. nature.
house, he tried to grope for the Classic examples:
light switch. o J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of
2. famished (adjective) - very the Rings
hungry o Mark Twain’s The
When I got home from work, I
Adventures of Huckleberry
was feeling famished.
Finn and The Adventures of
3. wretchedness (noun) - the
Tom Sawyer
state of being dejected or
o Herman Melville’s Moby
distressed
Dick
The wretchedness of
Fantasy
the family aroused our
 the plot, setting, and theme
sympathy.
showcase magic
4. tedious (adjective) - tiresome
because of dullness and length  characters may include
The employee got tired mythological/neo-mythological
because of the tedious task. beings
5. boding (noun) - a prediction Popular examples:
He felt a little uneasy o J.K. Rowling’s Harry
with the bodings of disaster. Potter series
o Rick Riordan’s Percy
Genre Fiction Jackson series.
 focuses more on emotions Historical
 evokes the readers’ feelings  set in a significant or a
 focuses on entertaining the recognizable point in history
reader  some characters may be
 characterized by lengthy historical figures
dialogues, identifiable  the dialogues, setting, plot, etc.
characters, and fast-paced are fictional
plots  usually has political undertones
Popular examples:
A book does not necessarily o Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of
have to belong to one specific genre; it a Geisha
can belong to different genres bmulti- o Markus Zusak’s The Book
genre). Thief
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Horror
 triggers the reader’s fear
 has an atmosphere of dread Science Fiction
throughout the story  involves science and
 author strategies range from technology as the basis of its
the supernatural to elements
psychological  most take place in the future
Classic examples: Classic examples:
o Mary Shelley’s o H.G. Wells’s The War of the
Frankenstein Worlds and The Time
o Bram Stoker’s Dracula Machine

Mystery or Detective H. Young Adult

 involves mysteries/crimes that  specifically written for readers
remain unsolved until twelve to seventeen years old
conclusion  involve characters who are in
elements include: the said age range
o a character who A recent example includes John
struggles to solve the Green’s The Fault in Our Stars
mystery
o good characterization
o motivation to solve a
mystery or crime
A classic example of mystery
fiction is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s
Sherlock Holmes series.

Romance
 focuses on romantic love
 has two main elements:
o a central love story
o an emotionally satisfying
optimistic ending
 most are told in the point of
view of the female protagonist
Classic examples:
o Jane Austen’s Pride and
Prejudice, Sense and
Sensibility, and Emma
o Charlotte Bronte’s Jane
Eyre
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Unit 4 - Lesson 2
New and Emerging Literary
Genres
Vocabulary Words
1. outskirt (noun) - border or
section or areas that form the
edge
Their office is in the outskirts of
Manila.
2. sprawling (adjective) -
reaching over a wide or large
area
The old man lives in a
beautiful house in this
sprawling suburb.
3. menagerie (noun) - a varied
mixture
The room is filled with a
menagerie of old furniture
items.
4. budgerigar (noun) - a small
light green and yellow bird that
is kept as a pet
We often see the
strange lady feeding a
budgerigar outside her home.
5. hedge (noun) - a boundary that
is made of a thick row of shrubs
or small trees
He made sure to put a
hedge around his property to
protect it.
New and emerging literary
genres are works written by authors
that deviate from traditional writing
methods. Often, these works are
related to other genres.
A. Fan Fiction
 also called fanfic
 popular on social media for fans
of shows, movies, etc.
 got its name from its creators:
the fans
 websites that feature fan fiction:
Wattpad, FanFiction, Quotev,
Kindle Worlds, and Archive of
Our Own
B. Flash Fiction
 stories or narratives that
have approximately 1,000
words or fewer
 has minimal or complete lack of
exposition
 uses deliberate, purposeful,
and inventive language and
rhythm
 Abdon Balde Jr. is a famous
flash fiction writer who won the
31st National Book Awards for
his collection of flash fiction
entitled Kislap.
C. Metafiction or “fiction about a
fiction”
 The author/narrator/protagonist
directly speaks to the reader.
 The reader also plays a part in
the story.
 example: Umberto Eco’s The
Name of the Rose
D. Slipstream or “the fiction of
strangeness”
 a nonrealistic fiction (elements
of the surreal and anti-reality)
 crosses science fiction, fantasy,
mainstream literary fiction
 examples: Kelly Link’s Stranger
Things Happen, Neil Gaiman’s
Neverwhere, and Haruki
 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
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Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird
Chronicle
Unit 4 - Lesson 3
Electronic Literature
Vocabulary Words
1. paperback (noun) - a book
having a cover made of thick
paper
My favorite book will be
published in paperback next
month.
2. hypertext (noun) - text
displayed on the screen
enabling access to other
information through clicking
To access the other
document, you need to click the
hypertext link.
3. digital (adjective) - relating to
computer technology
Digital images are
easier to edit.
4. kinetic (adjective) - producing
or involving movement
Kinetic poetry
classified under electronic
literature.
5. HTML (noun) - hypertext
markup language; a manner of
marking text to make it appear
on the Internet
Can you name one
program for generating HTML?
Electronic literature or e-lit
 the collective term for literary
works with important literary
aspects that take advantage
of the capabilities and
contexts provided by
computers
Kinds of Electronic Literature
A. Digital Fiction
 read from a computer, tablet, or
smartphone
 can be app-based or web-
based
 contain hyperlinks, sound
effects, mini games, or moving
images
Two types of digital fiction:
1. Hypertext fiction
o nonlinear and reader-
centered
o the readers are
provided with different
links in the story
o in some hypertext
works, the readers can
add their own version of
the story
is o an example is Douglas
Cooper’s Delirium
2. Interactive fiction
o an adventure story in a
software-simulated
environment, usually a
video game (role-
playing game or RPG),
where the reader or the
player controls how the
story will develop
o has multiple story lines
and endings may vary
o an example of this is 80
Days, an adventure
game based on Jules
Verne’s Around the
World in Eighty Days.
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 the layout or how the

words/lines/verses are
placed or shown is as
important as the content

B. Digital Poetry  examples of include Lewis

o can be accessed through a Carroll’s “The Mouse’s
computer, tablet, or smartphone Tale,” George Herbert’s
o available on the Internet; “Easter Wings,” and Eugen
sometimes as digital video/films Gomringer’s “Silence.”
5. Kinetic poetry
Five types of digital poetry:  uses kinesthesia, a literary
1. Hypertext poetry device that describes the
 links to another page, which action or movement of a
describes/elaborates on person or an object
ideas  writers use technology for a
 some link sounds, visual more visual expression of
images, and other poems their works and employ the
 an example is the hypertext use of kinetic typography or
version of T.S. Eliot’s “The moving text for an elaborate
Love Song of J. Alfred expression of an emotion or
Prufrock.” thought
2. Interactive poetry  an example of this type of
 allows readers to contribute poetry is by an Australian
to the content or form of a group called 313RGB,
poem where one stands in front of
 readers can collaborate to the screen and “moves”
create a poem or interact words with the use of one’s
with it hands.
 an example is JABBER:
The Jabberwocky Engine, a
site that creates neologisms
(invented words or phrases)
3. Code poetry
 written in programming
language format (C++,
Java, HTML) that is not, in
reality, executable
 an example is Kenny
Brown’s “Creation?”
4. Visual or concrete poetry
 uses visual presentation to
enhance the meaning of the
poem
 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
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Unit 4 - Lesson 4
 a famous example is the
Graphic Literature historical fiction Rurouni
Vocabulary Words Kenshin, written and illustrated
by Nobuhiro Watsuki.
1. undertone (noun) - a particular
but not obvious characteristic Graphic novels
The short narrative has  popular examples are Alan
a political undertone. Moore (V for Vendetta and
2. contentious (adjective) - Watchmen) and Neil Gaiman
causing disagreement or (The Sandman)
argument  Filipino examples include Pablo
Total log ban is a Fabregas (Filipino Heroes
contentious subject. League), Adam David/Mervin
3. periodical (noun) - a Malonzo (Ang Subersibo)
newspaper or magazine that is
published regularly Comic strips
My uncle subscribes to  periodicals released in serial
some periodicals dealing with format
sports.  often short humorous or
4. humorous (adjective) - funny adventure stories
My nephew has a  famous Filipino cartoonists
penchant for humorous films. include Apolonio “Pol” Medina
5. manga (noun) - Japanese Jr. (Pugad Baboy) and Jess
comic books Abrera (A. Lipin and Pinoy
Most kids today like to Nga!)
read Japanese manga.

Graphic literature, also called

sequential storytelling
 literature in the form of comics
 the term “graphic literature” has
come to encompass not just
works of fiction but also
autobiographical narratives,
nonfiction, and even poetry
 comes in different genres, like
horror, historical fiction,
romance, science fiction, etc.

Japanese manga
 an example of graphic literature
that has many followers
 created in Japan and/or written
in Japanese