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Chemical Reaction & Equation
Chemical Reaction & Equation
Change of Colour
There are some reactions in which there is a colour change.
For example :
When red lead oxide is heated, yellow lead monoxide is formed.
Formation of precipitate
When silver nitrate solution is mixed with a solution of sodium chloride, white precipitate of silver
chloride is formed.
When potassium iodide solution is added to solution of lead nitrate, yellow precipitate of lead
iodide is formed.
Energy Changes
When coal (or carbon) is bumt, heat and light are produced.
When a small quantity of water is added to quicklime, a large amount of heat is evolved.
This reaction takes place when lime is added to water for preparting the lime suspension which is
used for whitewashing.
Limestone (CaCO3) is burnt to obtain lime (or quicklime). In this reaction, heat is absorbed.
Combinations Reactions
(a) Combination reactions involving two elements
(i)
(ii)
In all the above reactions, two elements combine to form a single new compound and are, therefore
combinations reactions. These reactions are also called synthesis reactions.
(b) Combination reactions involving an element and a compound
(i) Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide
(ii) Nitric oxide combines with oxygen at room temperature to form brown fumes of nitrogen
dioxide (NO2)
(i)
(ii)
(c) Photodecompostion Reactions
Displacement Reactions
The chemical reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms
in the molecule is replaced by another atom or a group of
atoms are called displacement reactions.
Let AL be any molecule
and X be the displacing group, then the displacement reaction
may be written as :
X +A- L X - L+A
Here A is the leaving group.
These reactions are generally found to occur in the solution.
The elements involved may be metals or non-metals, i.e.
a more active metal may displace a less active metal or
a more active nonmetal may displace a less active non-metal from its compound.
Before we take up examples of displacement reactions, it is important to understand the relative
reactivities of metals.
Reaction 1
When an iron nail is dipped in a copper sulphate solution, it gets coated with copper.
Reaction 2
Ex. 1
Ex. 2
In this duble displacement reaction, Cl- ions and OH- ions have displaced each other to form insoluble
aluminium hydroxide and ammonium chloride solution.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
(a) Exothemic Reaction
The chemical reactions in which formation of products is accompanied by evolution of heat are
known as exothermic reaction.
In such cases, the sign “ + Heat” is written alongwith the products i.e.
Rection - Products + Heat
Examples :-
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Reduction
(a) There is addition of hydrogen to a substance.
Example
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(b) there is removal of oxygen from a substance
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
Redox Reactions
Generally, oxidation and reduction reaction takes palce simultaneously because in a chemical reac-
tion, one atom, ion or molecule of a substance loses electron while another atom, ion or molecule
gains electron. In this way oxidation of one substance while reduction of another substance takes
place. Thus such reactions are known as Redox reactions.
Example
(1) (2)
Corrosion
The process of slowly eating up of the metals due to attack of atompheric gases such as oxygen,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water vapour etc. on the surface of the metals so as to convert
the metal into oxide, carbonate, sulphide etc. is known as corrosion.
Rusting of Iron
The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (i.e. loses lustre and becomes dull) on exposure to air. This is due to
the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide (Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S present in the air.
Rencidity
Example :-
1. Rancidity can be prevented by adding anti-oxidants to foods containing fats and oils.
Ex. BHA (Butylated Hydroxy-Anisole) and BHT (Butylated Hydroxy-Toluene).
2. Rancidity can be prevented by packaging fat and oile containing foods in nitorgen gas.
3. Rencidity can be retarded by keeping food in refrigerator.
4. Rancidity can be retarded by storing food in air-tight containers.
5. Rancidity can be retarded by storing foods away from light.