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University of Groningen

Measurement and analysis of capital, productivity and economic growth


Erumban, Abdul Azeez

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
it. Please check the document version below.

Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:
2008

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):


Erumban, A. A. (2008). Measurement and analysis of capital, productivity and economic growth. [Thesis
fully internal (DIV), University of Groningen]. PrintPartners Ipskamp B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands.

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