YK 53(075.8) BOR BBK 22. BYTHKOB E. H., KOHJIPATBEB A.C. DH3HKA; Yue6. nocodue: B 3 Ku. Ku.2. SaekTpoaMHamuka, OntHka. — M.: DA3MATJIMT, 2004 — 336 c. — ISBN 5-9221- 0108-0 (KH. 2). YueSunx mpuuunuatsuo Howoro Tuna, [locaegowarersHocrs itoxKeuiia coorReT- eTpyer sorimeckoil erpyicrype pHHIH Kaxk HayKIt 1 Orparxkeer coppemenniie TeHAeUL ee npertogaanua, Marepran pasvesen Ha oGa3aTeabHbli H AONOTMNTEABHEA, "10 MO3B0- JIaeT CTPONTL Npoulece OGyeIIHIA ¢ YYeTOM HHAMHAYATLILIX cHocOGHOCTell yuaMLXer, BKsMOYAA OpraHHIAUNO HX caMOcTORTeABHON pAGOTHI, BAAN CHY KAT KAK [IA MOY YCHHA HOBBIX SHAHN, TAK H ALTA PasBHTHA HaBbIKOB HceAeLOBATEATBCKOMl jJeATETBHOCTH. Flia ysauuxea wxoa, rumnasuii, amuces ¢ yrayGacHHbiM Hsy4enuem usuKo-Mare~ MATHYECKUX AUCUIIIINK, @ TAKE AIH HOAFOTOBKH K KOHKYPCHBIM IKSAMEHAM BYSBI. Hn. 252. Peuensen rst: npodeccop BH. Huxoraes, npenouaparens MJL. udbwan YueGnoe w3aanne BYTHKOB Eecenut Heanoous KOHPATBEB Anexcanop Cepeecsut OBHKA Kunra 2. JaekTposHHamuka. OntTHKka Peaantop ZLA. Mupmowa Oneparopui naGopa # Kopperropit: JLT: Buixariooa, AK. Pozarios Ospopmaenne oGa0%KKH AIO. Anexunot SIP Ne 071930 or 06.07.99. Hoznucano 8 nesare 16.02.01, Dopwar 60x 90/16. bymara ocerHas. [ears odjcertian Yeu. nes. 2, 21,0. Ya-wsa st, 23,1, 3axas No Maxareascxas pupa «(Dirsuxo-marenaruyeckas surrepatypay MALIK «Hayxa/Murrepnepuoanxan 117997, Mocksa, FIpodicorostias, 90 Eemait: fiziat@maik.ru, inpsiww Ormevarano ¢ roropbix suranosHTHBoB 8 OPT! «HsanoncKaa oGacrnas runorpadiwy 153008, r. Mpariono, yn. TumorparpcKas, 6. E-mail: 091-018@adminet.ivanovo.ru ISBN 5-9271-0110-2 ISBN 5-9221-0108-0 (Ku. 2) © OH3MALIMI, 2001, 2004OFNABNIEHME Bueyenne |. BIIEKTPOCTATHKA . §1 x §3. & §5. § 6. Qnextpusecenit sapax, 3axon Kyztona SueKiphacesnii sapsur (11). Qutexiprsanm rest (12). Tpowoammast a tngiten t= puxu (12). Saxon Kystona (13). Eavnenor sapaa (15). Oaemcrrapupii scx pusiecksli saps (16). Sakon coxpanenms ssreKrpsteckoro sapsia (17). Duaekrpuseckoe nose. HanpsKeNHOCTh NOI 6. Masuozelicrone 1 Garaxogeticrone (19). Hanpaxenmocn, oncktpyecKoro rons (20). Fp cynepnoanmunt (22). Jinan xanpsxennocrit (23). TeopemaTayeca . 2... ee ee Torox nanpsoxennocrit (25). Tost cummerpranprx ucrounmkon (27). Teopema Paycea w reomerpust cbianueckoro npocrpanerna (20) Tlorenumas axexrpocrarHHeckoro ross. DHeprHst CHCTeMBI 8Aps10B Tlorenumassuas sxeprus (31). Horennuan snexrpuueckoro nosis (31). Toren- Tuan noms ToweMHOn sapsza (32). TIpannun cynepnossnin jus moTeHtHAA (33). PaGora 9exrpueckoro noas. Hanpsxxenne (33). Skeunorenumanbule nosepxnoctn (34). Cassb HanpsxennocrH H norenumasia (35). Ineprus cuc- tempi sapsqon (35). Brion chopmysnr p=kg/r (38). O Mogemm TouedoTo sapaga (38). Hanpsxennocts Kak rpaguent norenunasa (39). Pacuer 9u1eKTPHUCCKHX MONA TIpowosenikH B OCKTPHUCCKOM MONE 2 HanpsrKennocts nos BHYTPH MpOBOAHHKA (49). LpoBosHMKH Hu 3aKOH Kys10- na (49). HanpsxkenHocts tots H nlonepxHocTast muioTHOcTs sapsiqoB (50) Pacupeseacnne sapsyiuw uo uosepxHocin upouuynMKa (i). Pacupexesrenme sapsjoB na niosepxnoctn (54). Oneprua sapsza BoansH mposommmKka (54). Oueprua cueremnt Toes sapaton M mponosmKon (55). Eme 0 merore wa06paxcemuit (57). Cubi 6 seKnpocrarnueckom mone... 2... beeen eee inom » oxwopoxnow nioxe (59). Snepri suo. vo oNeuIe none (60) uno » neosnopoxnom none (61). Tunom x nose roueunoro aapsia (62) Crum, yelicrayiomue wa nponoqunK (63). Auextpocraruuerkoe jane une (64). W mT 19 24 31 39 49 594 OPJABJEHME § 8. Kouzencaropst. Suexrpoemkocrh ... . . . Tipumepst xouzencaropor (65). Egunuust emxocru (66). SuexrpoemKocrs uF reomerpua Kongencaropa (67). ExKocr mocKora Korencaropa (67). FM xoers cchepuueckoro Komencatopa (68). Fakocth yemunennon nporonniKa (68). Kowencatop ¢ ananexrpuxom (68). Jtiasekrprueckas nponmiaemoct (69). Barapen Kontencaropos (69). Hone BuyrpH H Bue Kouencatopa (71). 3apaa Ha BHeMTHeM NOBepXHOCTH OOksamKH (71). TLr0cKWit KOHeHCATOD ¢ 9K- panom (73). © ueprus onexrpuueckoro nowt... ss. Aueprua ruiockoro KoRencatopa (75). Queprus Koencaropa (76). TLior- HOCTS 9HeprHit QTeKTPHHECKOrO Noss (76). IneprHist sapsvKeHHOTO mapa (77) CoScrsentias sHeprHst ToueUHOTO sapsuta (77). CoScrBeHHAd 9HEDrHs 1DOBOA- nua (79). Sueprerwueckue rpenpailenns & Koutenicaropax (79). Vsmenenne ouepran H paGora HcrounnKa (82). Konencatop c amoaeKrpuxom (83) UW. NOCTOSHHbIM SNEKTPHYECKUM TOK § 10. Xapaxrepricrnkn suiexrpHueckoro ToKa. 3aKoH OMA... TLxornoere roKa (86). Cura roxa (87). Equa cum roxa (88). Heiiermus, puekrpuueckoro ToKa (88). 3aKoH Oma (89). Ognopoaubie 1 us0rponBIe porojwnKu (00). Vyemuoe conporunnenue (00). 3axon Ova jx oHOpoy Horo yaacrka (91), Conporunrenie 1 ero enum: (91), 3arucumocrs compo- Tunienus or rewneparyps (92). Bost-anepnas xapakrenucruxa (93). JIM HeiiMbIe M HeTHHeHiMbIe ABeHMs B QTeKTPHUECKHX UeTIsIx (94). ThaddbepenuHA- asibHoe conporumsienne (94) § LL. Coesuienne npovonunkos p osiekrpuseckie MeN ee AKnuRAneHTHOe conporunneHUe nen (05). Tlocnenonatemnoe coenuneHue (95). Tlapanneapnoe coeaunenne (96). IksuBanentupie cxembi (96). Pacuer mocrosoit cxembi (98). M3mepenmsa 8 ssekrpHueckux uensx (99), Hvar aia ammepmerpa (100). JLoGanourioe conpormpenne su BombrMerpa (100). Mocr Yurcroua (101). § 12. 3axon Oma us HeoxHopoaHoii wert Konraxrnas pasnocrs norenmasion (105). Tox » neoaoponiom yuacrKe Hem (106). 3amknyras neoaHoponHast ner (107). IaeKrporBroKymtast crt (108). QULC » pasnerx uerownmKax (109). Buyrpennee conpotupaenne HcrounHKa roxa (109). Hpocreiimas samkuyras uenb (109). Cocrapnas sHeuisis Werth (110). Hanpsxenne Ha Herounmke ToKa (112). Mamepenne JIC (113). § 13. Pacuer enefi moctosHHore TOKA | ee Tlocaexobarenoe coenMHeHHe HCrouHHKOB ToKAa (115). TlapasiestbHoe co- emMHeHHe HcrouHHkos ToKa (116). Bceraa 1 HY>KeH Bropoli HcTOUHHK? (116). Tipasuaia Kupxrodba (117). panera pacuera corkubtx ueneit (119). Tpamep pacuera (119). § 14. PaGora u Mommoct nocrosHHore TOKA |. axon Jbkoys—Jlena (122). 3apsaka axxymyssropa (124). PaGora nerou uuka toKa (125). Onpenenenne QTC (125). Moumocrs 4 KIL ncrounnKa 65 15 86 86 5 105 14 122OPJABJEHME § 16. ‘toKa (126). Mone croponumx cut (128). PaSora ui rersiora B npoHsBOsbHOI emu (129). Marnuruoe nose nocTosHHOTO TOKa . . . . . Moaykuns MararHoro non (130), Eunanua saruurioi naaykunn (131). Marmruue cuaosue aun (131). axon buo—Canapa—Jlanaaca (131). Tose kpyronoro oka (133). Teopema o nuapkyasitim (134). Tose 8 conenowe (135). Tose & Toponransuoi Karymke (136). Tone siyrpH nponoannKa c TokoM (137). Maruitubiii norox (138). Marnitioe nose zBrokyuteroest sapsita (138). O notenmnaste MarautHoro moss (140). Marnntaptit Momert KpyToBoro toKa (140). Jleficrsne MarnMrHoro Hons Ha TBOKyMHECS sapsAB |... Cuna Amnepa (143). Baanmogeticrse apyx napasierbubrx ToKoB (144). To: Has MarHuTHasd CHuIa, jelicrByioulad Ha TOK (145). Eawnuua cub ToKa — ammep (146). Mexanmueckas paGora n Marariom rione (146). Cita Jopenua (147). Ceoiicrsa cusp Jlopenua (148). J[ewxenme sapsxKeHnpix vacrH B oueKTpHUeCKOM 1 MaTHITTHOM Tioasx (148). Lluktorpomat uactora (150). ME. OHPRIPOMAIHMIMOE NOME 2 2 28 8 $17. § 20. ‘ABEHME QCKTPOMAPHHTHOM MHJIVKUMH 6 ee Muayxaronusnit rox (154). Saxon Jlema (156). UC uy eepow! i ¢ anekrpuueckoe none (157). Cura Jopenna Kak npiauna croponned cunt (158). SHC wmayxus 1 paGora cum Jopenna (158). Mexmouenna ua npaniina notoKa (161). Sanenue camomnryerm (162). Matyxtamnoers (162) HaGmoaenme caonmaykunn (163). Camonniykunst — axasor wmepun (163). Eauniua nnaykrusnocra (164). Muavetipnocts costenousa (164). Buxpesnie Tox (164). . INeKTPHHECKHE MANIA! HOCTOSHHOTO OKA 6 Moyen sex rprmeckoii samt (166). Tumnt atexrpumecku mar (168) Venonus paSorm anexrpormuratens (168). Maxcuma reas (170). KIUL npuraresia (170). ). DHeprnst MAPHUTHOTO MONE. ee Onnrr no oSnapyskenmo oueprint MarmsrHoro Hoan (173). Pacuer oneprist MarunrHoro nos (172). OGresuas niorHcrs sHeprimt MaruierHorO Host (174) Marnurias mpormmaemocrs nemectsa (174), O npupore Marmurints crotiers nemecrna (175). Ocuosp! reopun 9eKTPOMAFHUTHOLO MO. Ornocirenbnati xapaxrep ostcKTpiticcKoro Ht MartusTHoro Moxcit (176). IacKr Ppimeckoe 1 Marmrnoe noma B pagierx cucremax orcueta (177). Mmapranrer onexrpomarnimioro not (178). Hamenmomeeca oxexrpuieckoe none KaK ucrounMk MarnuTHore mona (179). O6odmenne Teopemal o uupKysuE Mar- HurHoro ont (181). Tok cmemenua (181). Yparnenus Maxcrenna (182). Tayccona chcrema enuniu (182). SueKxrpoaunamiueckas nocrosuast (183). Ocuosubie chopmy.xbi & raycconoii cucreme (184). 130 143 154 154 166 172 1766 OPJABJEHME § 21. KeasncrauMonapuie steieHust B 1eKTPHYeCKHX Wersx Vexonus Krasncrammonapvocr (186). Hens ¢ akruminim comporumennen. (186). Emxocrnoe conporuanenne (187). Vinyktupioe conpormnrenne (188). asospie casurn (189). Mpouecc sapsKu Konmencatopa (190). Hudxbepenun- autbHOe ypaBHeHHe mpouecca (191). IkcroneHuMaTHas saBHCHMOCTb (191). Tponece paspsaxn xontencatopa (192). Tox 6 nen ¢ muayKTHBHOcTEO (193). IV. MEPEMEHHbIM SIEKTPHYECKUH TOK .... . § 22. Henn nepeenioro toKa. 3aKon OMA ee Tipamoyrommanie uamy ment ® RC-nenouxe (195). Cumycouamnoe nanpsKke- nue B RC-uenouxe (196). Bextopupie anarpammer (197). Tocnenosaterpnas RLC-uenb (198). Pesonanc nanpsxenuit (200). Napassembuas RLC-nenb (200). Pesonanc Toxon (201). 3axon Oma (202). § 23. Padora m Momiocr nepemenmoro ToKa. Hepenaa 9s1ekrpoonepritnt Mrnonenas mommocts (204). Cpenuss mommocrs. Jleiiersyiomme sHaverst (205). THorepn 6 amnnsx meperas (205). Ywerpmenne noreph (207). Brico- KOBONBTHBIE HHH Tepenan (207). Tpancopwatop (207). Pexsm xoxocTO- ro xosa (209). Tpaniccbopmarop nox Harpyskoit (209). Beinpswienne nepe- MenHoro ToKa (210). § 24. Tpexcbasnorii Tox. InextpHuEcKHE MamMHED MepeMeHHOTO TOK’ Coeqnnenns 3nesn0i 1 tpeyrompunKom (213). Bextoprore anarpamnnt (214). Moueatb cHHxPOHHOrO H ACHHXPoHHOTO ABHraTesIei (215). Bpamaroureecs Mal HHTHOE TOse (217). ¥V. SEKTPOMATHMTHDBIE KOSIEBAHMA WH BOSIHDI............. § 25. KoseOarenbupit KonTyp se Ananorust MeKiy MexaHMuecKHMH HM QaeKTpOMarHMTHEMH KoseGanHaMH (220). Suepris KoneGanusli (221). CoGersenuas wacrora (221). Ammutryaa a nauasbuas (basa (221). Inepreruueckue npespamenus (222). Ypasnenue j10 xoneGannit B KoNType (223). SatyxauHe QseKTpOMArHHTTHDIX KOseGAHHi (224). AMmccumannst oHeprHt KoreGaHM (225). BpeMst %KUSHM KONeGaHHMH (225). Tounive pemenne (226). Koutyp des conporumrennis ¢ HeH3GeKHEIME TOTEps- ant (229). KosieGarenpupiii KouTyp © nesmHeyinIMH axemenramn (231). § 26. Bomyaxenmpie KoreSanns 6 KoUType. Pesouanic 6... ee es Ypannenve BbInyKICHHBIX KoeSANHH B KOHTYpe (233). YcranonmBmneca xoneGannst some (233). Pesonancumit xontyp (234). Pesouancnnie xpn- pore (235). THMECKHE UPERPAMCHH Up BDINY ANEHMDIA ROACGAHEA (236). Toromaenias momuocrs (237) § 27. Hesaryxaromure anexrpomarnurine KoxeGantts AsroxoseGannt (241). Mexannucenat Mosc as1OKoueGarebHOA CHELEMbL (240). asonaa Tpackropua (241). Ammityga yeranopuBunXes aproKonc6a nusit (242). Yeroismocts aproKoaeGannit (242). Mpeyesbabiit mmk1 (242) Daexrpomarnmume anroxone6anns (243). Tapamerpuueckuit peaouanc (243) Tlopor napamerpuseckoro pesonanca (244). Tapawerpiueckstii pesonanc 1 BbIHY:KIeHHBIe KoeGanHs (244). PenaKcauMonnble KoneGanusa (246) 185 195 195 204 212 220 220 232 230OPJABJEHME § 28 ‘QuekrpoMArHUTHDIe BOIL... Tiperckasanme onexrpomarnuranix nom (248). Orxpurretii nn6parop (248) Auextpuueckoe 4 MarmuTHoe not nAGpatopa (250). Onwrrs Pepna (250) Mexanmam vanyuerus anexrpomarnuranix nom (251). Vanyuerne oem pyiourero sapsita (254). Sueprus oeKtpoMaruMTHo! woHDI (254), ToroK. HePrHH_dseKTPOMArHHTHOH BosbI (255). TosspHsanHa oseKTPOMArHHTHbIX Bonn (256). Umnysmc soanpt 4 pasnenve ceera (258). . Caoficrna H mpHMeHeHHs ICKTPOMATHHITHBIX BOK... ss. Awanasonpl paavosos (260). Pacnpocrpanenue pamvosonn (260). Tone cbe- puveckoii nosmbr (260). Tips pannocassn (262). AmmmrymHast MoaysIs~ nus (263). Yacrorasiit cneKtp Momysnponannoro cHrnasta (264). Peamsnocts GoKonbix yactor (264). Jlerekruponanne (265). Pannocsash (266). Hosioca TponycKanns H HaGuparesbHocTs (266). PasswuNBIe MpeycransIcHHs MOY: powanHoro KoneGaHHs (267). LIpHMep 13 akycrHKH (268). VI. ONTHKA . 1. eee § 30. $31. § 34. Cuer kak oaeKrpomarniribie Bomb. Marepibepenmat . Rigumntii crew orruaeckuii juariaaon (269). Korepeurunie 1 neKkorepenrinie somunr (269). Murepepenums cxera (270). Cxema ura (271). Hisrepde- penuMonbre notocbt (272). 3epKasa Ppeneas (273). Mnrepdepomerp Maii- xembcoua (275). Mudppaxuns cera eee Tipu Proitenca—pestens 276). Som Dpeneaa (77). IHudppaxuns @penens Ha Kpyrsom ommeperHn (278). Hucbpaxuns Dpenens ua KpyrIOM sexe. THario Aparo—TTyaccona (279). Paccrosnus, 1a KOTOpDIX CKaSbIBAeT- ca amebpaxuins (280). Huadbpaxunis Ppaynroepa (280) . Cekrpanbubie npuGops1. JLuppakusonnas pemerka . Pasnoxenne nayuenus » cnexrp (284). Jucpaxuns cuera Ha pemerke (285). Taapipie Maxcumymet (285), Pacnpesexenme amdparuposasmero cpeta m0 MAKCHMYMaM pasHbIx nopsaKOB (287). Paspeumaiomas cnocodHocT peurerkit (288). Ilean KoneuHoft umpntt 8 onbtre FOura (289). . TIpormkermbie Hcrounikn cpeta 2. Scenes Pos aucbpakunn B teneckone (292). Paspemenue rexeckona (293). 3neaanprit unrtepdepomerp (294). Murepdepentina HeMovoxpomaTHueckoro cBeTa Tipocteiimas Mone HemMonoxpomaruueckoro ucrounma (298). Kaprina or cays G@waKux cnekrpansutx muni (298). Ormrre ¢ KnaauMonoxpowariae- exum cnerom (299). JLnina 1 apes KorepentHocra (300). Bpewst Koreperr- HocrH H upusa crekrpa (301). . Dusnueckwe npwriusibt romorpadun ss beeen eee Bonuas nactunka (304). Doxycupyromee selicrane aousofi nacrunKn (304). Tostorpaviwa Toweaore HeTouniKa cnera (305). Tonorpanma camKHono oGpexta (306), 248 259 269 269 276 284 291 298 303OPJABJEHME § 36. §37 Teomerpnueckas onmka . 2. ee Tloxagarens npenommenus cpexst (308). Baxonnt reoMerpumeckoii onnicu. (308). TIpamuuin Piofirenca 1 saKonpt reomerpu4eckolt ontukn (310). Orpa~ 2KCHHE Hi MPETOMTEHHE Ha HCKPHBIEHHO! oBepxHocTH (311). HTeHCHBHOCTS OTPAXeHHOTO H MpetOMsIeHHOTO cBera (312). Ecrecrnenmbti cner (312). To- JIPHGAUNA cBeTA HH Orpaxennn (312). Hpuauun Depa (313). MaoGparxe- He B mu0cKoM sepkaste (313). Hpumusn Depma um copwyaa amuse (314). oxycuoe paccrosune snus (316). AGeppanun (316). Onrnueckne npHGopsi, popmupyioume Hs0GpaxKeHHE Feomerpsueckas ontuka 1 nosHonpre cnoficrsa cnera (319). Kamepa-obcxypa (319). Lomouentpuueckue 4 acturmaTHueckne ny4KH styuert (320). Ccpepuse- cxoe sepkasio (322). Junge (323). Poroannapar (326). TIpockunonnssit annapar 326). fipnGupor jor vnsyaannorx naduoncnnit (327). Jiyna (323). Muxpockon (328). Hopmanpnoe yseansenne teneckona (330). Hexaxenne nepenextupnr s OGveMmocTn Hg0GpaaKerma (332). Hopmanptoe ynemrierme 1 anbpaxunonnsiii mpexer (333). O pemenm aaran (334). Ocuopst dboromer- pum (334) 308 318B okpyxxaromen Hac Makpockommueckom Mupe Ree paanooSpaane ReTpe- MaIOMMEXes CHL, KPOMe Cu TaTOTeHUS, MpercTaRrseT COGoit MpomBreHMe omeKktpomarnuTmrx naanmogelicrnnii, Mpa nzyuerntm saKoron mMexann CTH, KOTOpHIe NOSBOAMOT TREPALIM Team COXpaHaTD cBOIO GopMy pasMepsl 1 OOHapy2XuBaloT ce6a Np HX JecopMaunH. Cubl ynpyrocrn NIPeNATCTBYIOT H3MCHEHMIO OGPeMa XMAKOCTel MH CKATHIO raz0B. BCTpe- YaJHCb MbI MC CHAM TPeHHs, MPOABACHHA KOTOPHIX B OKPy2xaromleM HaC MHpe YpesBbYAlIHO MHOFOOOpAasHbI M OTHIOAb HE CBOASTCH TObKO K TOPMOXEHHIO ABHKEHHA TBEPABIX TEI, %*KHAKOCTEH M Ta3zOB. Bee 91M CHAM, HECMOTPs Ha BHCWIHMe pa3siuuMs ux nposRAcHHii, — Ganakne poacrnenuuKH: Bce OHM UMeIOT OGuLyIO cbuaNHecKyi0 NpUpoay, o6uice MpoucxoxaACHHe — 9TO dACKTpoMarHuTHEIC cHau. Baarogapa QICKIPUMaLHMTHUMY B3aNMUACHUIBMY MbL MUM BHAcID, HOU LEEL — OaHO M3 ero nposBeHHii. [axe CaMa XH3Hb GbI1a Obl HEBO3MOXKHA Ges 9THX CHI: BCE IIPOHCXOAMIee B KHBOM MaTepHH B KOHEYHOM cueTe OGyc- JOBJICHO 9CKTPOMATHHTHBIMH B3aHMOreiICTBHAMH. B oramune of 91¢KTpOMarHHTHBIX CHI WeiCTBUe sepHbIX HW rTpaBuTa- UMOHHBIX CHAI B MIPHPoOAe CYLICCTBCHHO TObKO 1160 B OUCH MauIbIX, 1460 B ovens Gombumx MacurTa6ax. ITH CHIBI NposBAMOTCS B ATOMHBIX spax HB KOCMH4eCKHX OpeKTax. Ho m TaM BeTMKa Po. 91eKTPOMATHHTHEIX cua, Tourn HCBO3MOAHO YKASATH ABACHHC, KOTOPOC HC SpLI0 Spl CBAZAHO © ACHCIBHEM gueKrpomarHMtHblx cil. A 410 KacaeTea CrpocHna aueKT- POHHOM 060.104KH ATOMOR, CLETCHHA ATOMOB B MOJIEKYJIbI H KPHCTAIbL, MOBEACHHA ATOMOB B XKHAKOCTAX HM Ta3AX, OIEKTPOHOB M HOHOB B T1a3- Me — 3H€Cb BCE ONPEACAAETCA MCKAIOUHTEbHO 9/1CKTPOMarHHTHBIMH CH- aamu. Mnaue rosops, om oTrBeuaior 3a BCe CbusMUeCKHe M XHMHYeCKHe cROiIcTRA ReMeCTRA, OT ATOMA AO KURO KAETKH. Tipu nepronquannuom auaxomerne c chuauxott au ye ReTpouamucK ¢ CaMBIMH pa3Hoo6pasHbIMH MpostB1eHMAMM 91eKTPOMATHUTHEIX B3aMMO- ACHCTBHIi B IIPHpOsAC HB TCXHHKC. ITO mperx AC BCCTO DICKTpOCTaTHYCCKOC BSAMMOACHCTBHE HEHOABHAKHDIX 3APHAOB, WICK TPHYECKHIt TOK, 3ak/O4a- OWMCA B HANpaBsCHHOM ABHAKEHHH 3apsqOB, MarHHTHOE Mowe, cosqaBa- €MO€ 9AEKTPHYCCKMM TOKOM, B CBOIO O4eperb AelICTBYIOMee Ha MpoBor- HHKH C TOKOM, ABWKYIIMECA 3apsAbI MH MarHHTHBIe CTpeaKH. TecHas CBaI3b MEXKAY IACKTPHYCCTBOM HM MarHeTH3MOM sIpKO OGHapy- oKuRAeT CeOd RB ARNCHHM ANeKTPOMATHUTHON WALYKTIMH: H3MeHsOMeect MATHUTHOE MOC MOXET BbIZHIBAT TOK B NPOROAHUKE, TAK KAK MpH W3-10 BBEALHME. MCHCHHM MarHHTHOTO NOs BOSHUKACT 91cKTpHUccKoe Mose. 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Tpocreiime oxcnepumentsi, B KOTOpLIX Ha Kaue CTBCHHOM YPOBHC MOryT 6bITb OGHAPyACHDI ONMCAHHBIC 3aKOHOMCPHOCTH BSAMMOACHCTBUA JACKTPHYECKMX SAPAAOB, MSBECTHDI CLUE CO BpeEMcH Puc. 1. Jnexrpocraruueckas MaumuHa Puc. 2. Lipocremmun aeKtpockon B. Mpankanna (sTopas nososuna XVIII Beka). Cymecrsyor pasxpie cnoco6s STCKTpUsaLMM Ter, T.c. MpeBpawleHUa 27eKTpHUeCcKH HeliT- PaAbHBIX Tes B 3apsrKeHHBIe. B uacrHOCTM, 9TO BO3MOXKHO MyTeM Tpe- Ha Tes Opyr o Apyra (97eKTpH3zauMsa TpeHHeM). PagfeneHve SICKTPUUECKHX 3APSIOR MPOTHRONOAOXHHX 3HAKOR RO3- MOXHO H MYTeM O1eKTPHZANNH Yepes BAMAHHE, Ges HeNocpeaCTBeHHOTO KOHTAKTA MCxKAY TeAaMH (QACKTpHUCcKAd HHAyKyHA). 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B paBHOBCCHH M3-3a BsaHMHOTO OTTas- KMBaHMA CBOGUANDIC SapaAb PaCHOJATAOTEA Ha BHELUNEI HOBEPXHOCTH TIpOBOAHHKa.§ 1 OUEKIPHYECKHM SAPA)L SAKOH KYJOHA 13, oO SS \ & i i i 10 I 0, puc. 5a), M npH npuTsxeHHM (g,42 <0, puc. 56) orux sapsmoB. Buipaxenue aaa cum F,,, aciicrryiomei Ha sapsa g, co cTopoHst gy, uoayuaerea us (2) uepecranoBKoit unaeKcos 1m 2m HaxoMMTCH B TIOAHOM COOTBETCTBHH C TpeTbHM 3aKOHOM Hprwroxa: Pa =—P§ 1 OUEKIPHYECKMM 3APAJL. SAKOH KYJOHA 15 KOTOPOMy YAOBACTBOPACT BSAMMOCHICTBUC HCMOABU-KHDIX OTHOCHTEADHO Apyr apyra QaeKTpHyeckux sapaqos. Touxocrs, KoTOpad MOXeT GbITh AOCTHTHYTA B OMBITAX ¢ KPYTHLTBHBI- MH RecaMH, CpaRHUTebHO Hereaka, Hama y6exneHHOCTs B TOM, UTO saxon KyaoHa TOuHO onceIBaeT oneKTpocTaTIMecKoe BaAHMoAciiCTBHe, OcHonana Ha GoaDMIOM KoaMCCTBC MOATBCP>KAAIOMUIX cro APYTHX OKC HepaMeHiaibHbIX aaHMpIX. 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B Tax Haapipaemoli cucreme CTC9 (a6comoruas onexrpo- craTwueckaa cucTema), nocrpoenuoii 1a Tpex ocuopinix eaMax — AIMHbI, BPCMCHH HM MaCCbI, — CAMHMUAa SACKTPH4CCKOrO sapsga ABAACT- Ca uponssouHoi, Ona seiGupaerca Ha OCHOBe 3akoHa KyjoHa aK, 4rO- 6bt KoodppuuMeHT & B HEM Gb paBeH eaMHMUe. Takaa eMHMUA 3apsza HasbIBAeTCA a6cOOMHO aneKmpocmamuueckoi edUHUKe. ‘ITO TAKOI 3apsq, KoTopplii elicrByeT B BaKYYMe Ha paBHbIit eMy saps, yAaeH- HbIii Ha paccTosHMe OAWH CaHTHMeTP, C CHIOli, paBHOli OAHOI AMHe. Paamepnocrh 3apaa Bp cucreme CTC ycranasaupaetcs us chopmy- amt (1) np & dim g = dim V Fr? = (MLT~*L?)!? = M!?23?7-!, (3) @opmy.ia, BbIpaxkaioulasd 3aKoH Kysiona, B cucteme CTC umeer Bua F laid Igat (4)16 1, QUEKTPOCTATHKA, B MeaayHapoguoii cucreme eguHuu (CM) B uncae CeMH OCHOBHBIX equnuy, curypupyeT eAMHMa CHB oeKTpHUeCKOrO TOKA — aM- nep (A). Ora eaMHHUa ycTaHaBJMBAeTCA Ha OCHOBe MarHHTHOTO B3aH- MoneitcrRus ToKOR, Oo uem 6yzeT noApoSHO paccKazaHO NpH u3yueHHU MarHHTHoro noast ToKa. Eamnua sapsaa — xyzon (Ka) — spasercs HMpoHsBOAHO! HM BLIpaxacTcA UCPC3 ABC OCHOBHLIC CAHHMML — CHILL roRa n Bpemcnn. To onpeacicnmo oann Kyson — g10 Sapa, upoxo- AauMii 34 OAHY CeKyHAY Yepes NonepeuHoe ceucHMe NpOBOAHUKa, B KOTOPOM MOAepKMBACTCA MOCTOAHHDIM BICKTPHYECKHA TOK CHOI oaMH amnep: 1Ka=1A-le=1A-c. (5) B oaexrpoamHamuKke noKasnipaerca, uT0 Mexay KyaloHOM HW a6co- sloTHOii OICKTPOCTATHUCCKO! CANHMUCH sapsaA HMCCTCA cACAYIOMICE CO ornomenne: 1Ka = 3-109 en. CTC. (6) Tlockonpky 8 CM eaunuua 3apaaa ycraHopsena He3aBHCHMo OT 3a- xona Kyaona, xoadpuuent k 8 (1) yxxe He pasen equnuye. Ero npu- uato sanucisaty B puae k= 1/(Asceg), rae ey — WeKoTOpas pasmepniaa NOCTOSHHA, HasbIBAeMad g1eKmpuuecKol nocmosnnol. BoiparxkeHne quis 3aKoHa Kysona B CM umeer Bua 1 layl-lagl Wey PS F . (7) 3uauenne onekrpwueckoit MocTosHHOi ¢, MOxHO HaiiTH C MOMOLIbIO coornomcrna (6) meaxay KyaoHom m cannmyeit sapaga CTC9. Tycrp HMCETCA ABA TOUCUHBIX sapsma g,=4,=1 Ka, yaaqenHpix Ha pac- crosHue r= | m. Torga cormacno cbopmy.te (4) cua B3anMogciicTBHa panna 10°)? " —s7 aun = 9-10" H. ae 7 C apyroit cropoupi, cornacno (7), ora ae cua pabna 11 Km Ka pw Orcioza ¥o 4009-109) 2-H Qaemenrapuvii szexrpHyeckuit sapan. B npupore omeKrpwueckne 3APAAbl CYMIECTBYIOT TOADKO B BHC 3apAAKCHHDIX YACTHL, KOTOpIC ycqosHo cuMTawTcn npocteiimmm win gaeMeHTapHpimu. Haanune QACKTPHYECKOFO 3apsa — HEOTBEMACMOE CBONCTBO HEKOTOPbIX 971e- MEHTAPHBIX YaCTHU. HOCHTEASMM OTPHUATEAHBIX SapsATOB ABAMIOTCA§ 1 OUEKIPHYECKMM 3APAJL. SAKOH KYJOHA 17 QEKMPOHbl, TOMOKUTCAHBIX 3apsJ0B — nNpomonol. Sapsq BCex npo- TOHOB OJMHAKOB M paBeH MHHMMaJIbHOMY BCTpeyalouleMyca B MpHpo- ae 3apaaqy — TaK Ha3bIBACMOMY 2leMeHMAaPHOMY JleKMpUUeCKOMY sapsidy e: e¢=1,6-107!9 Ka. Rapan rcex ane TpoHOR TAK Ke ANMHAKOR ono afcamorTHoit Renu He pape o1eMeHTapHoMy oeKTpHuecKomy 3apsay. Atom .11060r0 971e- MEIITA COAEPKUT CTOMKO 2%E QACKTPOHOB B oeKTPOIMOl: OGoAOUKeE, CKOJKO MPOTOHOB HAXOAMTCA BELO spe, H NOTOMY aTOM OeKTpPH4ECKH Heiirpancn. Heiirpaabubimu GyayT MoneKy.bI MH MaKpOCKOMM4eCKHe Tena, NO- CTPOCHHbI€ U3 aTOMOB. BesKuii Mpouecc 91CKTPH3aLMH TeA CBa3aH C PasqeACHHeM IACKTPHYCCKHX 3ap7IOB, KONA Ha OAHOM M3 Tea (HAM Ya- CTH Tea) NOABATeTCH H36KITOK MOAOXKUTEABHBIX 3apAJOB. a Ha IpyToM (wam apyroit uactu tena) — wa6KToK oTpunatensunx aapsjoR. O6mee MHCAO NOAOXKUTEABHBIX H OTPUUATCABHBIX 3apsqOB NpH 9TOM COxpaHst- erca, sapaabi ToALKO nepepacnpeaeamorca Mexkay Tenamu, Kak npapu- AO, SCKTPH3AUMA CBAZAHA C MepeHOCOM IAeKTPOHOB, Macca KOTOpDIX upesspiuaiino Maia (m,*% 10-*° Kr), Togromy MoxHO nepeHecrH Ha MAKPOCKONHUECKOE TEIO MM yOpaTb C HETO OrpoMHOe UHCAO a7eKTPO- HoB 6€3 3aMCTHOTO U3MCHCHUA Cro MaCCbI, COOGLIMB Tey DH 9TOM 3Ha- UMTCAbHBIM DACKTPHYCCKM 3apsa. 3akou COXPA4HEHHA JIEKTPHYECKOTO 34psAia. Coxpanenne QJICKTPH- ueckoro 3apsija MpeacTaBsseT coGoH BaxKHeMLIee M3BECTHOe M3 OMbITA CTO CBOHCTBO: B H30MPOBaHHOH cucTeMe asrecOpauuccKas| CyMMa 3apsi- HOB BCeX Ted OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOM. 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