PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA (UNWERSITY OF THE CIIY OF MANILA) NT RAMLUIROS, MANILA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECKNOLOGY CEOTECANICAL ENGINEERING | - SOIL MECHANICS (LEQ) CW 0424-3 LECTURES AND NOTES COMPILATION SUBMITTED BY: soll LOUIE B. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING MAUOR \N CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 2020-01018 CFOR EDUCATIONAL. PURPO SES ONLY) SUBMITTED To: ENGR JEFRAN BILO FRESNIDO PROFESSOR JANUARY 20, 2024GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING A BRANCH OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT INVOLVES NATURAL MATERIALS FOUND CLOSE TOTHE SURFACE OF WE EAT. DEALS WITH SOIL AS IT 1S_AN IMPORTANT CONTIRIBUTORY FACTOR TON SUITABILITY AND STABILITY IN CONSTRUCTING THE FOUNDATION OF A STRUCTURE SOL AN! UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL COMPOSED OF GOLID PARTICLES wit VOIDS ON EMFTY SPACES PRODUCED BY DISINTEGRATION OF ROCKS, A. COARSE AGCRECATES PARTICLES RETAINED ON AE ui SIEVE + CRAVEL. CONSISTS OF ROO FRAGMENTS MORE OR LESS ROUNDED BY WATER, ACTION OR ABRASION. “SAND. CONSISTS OF PARTICLES OF ROCK AND HARD MATETHALS . IT IS MOST EXTENSIVELY USED CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. B. FINE AGGREGATES PARTICLES PASSING ON Sam SIEVE ° ST ASSEDIMENT MATERIAL WITH AN INTERMEDIATE SIZE BETWEEN SAND AND CLAY Clay THE FINEST OF ALL SQIL PARTICLES, MEASURING FEWER THAN 0.02, we SIZE. PROTERTIES OF SOIL ‘THREE (3) PHASES OF SOIL ELEMENT VOLUME WEIGTH TOTAL VOLUME VA. Ae WAr0 Ve VstW = VAtVutys Vy | ww WATER, v TOTAL WEIGHT we Ww Ws L ve ‘SOUNDS BASIC FORMULA! UNIT WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCE, ¥s> Gey SFECIFIC GIAVITY OF SUBSTANCE » WEIGHT OF WATER, Walt Yy Vo Gs * Ve /Yw WEIGHT OP SUBSTANCE, Ws* Ve\is+ GsYualls rsVOLUME FELATIONSHIN'S: 1. VOID KANO, C* Ww/VS 2. POROSITY, Ws W/V OR We €/71E) 8 DEGREE OF \CATURATION 5 * Via WW A.A CONTENT, Oe *Va/Vv Om Ge HS NOTE O¢< aed) WEIGHT RELATIONSHIRS 1. MOISTURE CONTENT, Mew Ww/Ws- 2, UNIT WEIGHT» MOIST UNIT WEIGHT, BULK UNIT WEIGHT, Yu W/Y, Nme(CoASO/ (Ate) Um? (Colt ME)! are) 3 DRY UNM WEIGHT, Yor WS/V, COW/(HC), 45ATURATED UNIT DEICHT . Ysat® (ACTIu/nee) (Ym )/G4mey, ws= W/(4MO TOR SATURATED SOILS, S#1 1 Wr Vos FOR DRY SOILS , S*O AND MC-O 5 SUBMERGED OR BUOYANT UNIT WEIGHT, — G. ZERO AIR VOID UNIT WEIGHT . SzAv Ye Vout Vw, V8 (0A) te ‘“Ysat © G Yul) GMC FOR ZERO AIR VOID SOILS, S*1, Varo CRIICAL RYORAULIC GRADIENT (TOR QUICKSAND CONDITION) ier Ye GDI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN , G, MCS AND E ones SeRELATE DENSITY ON DENSITY INDEX $5 USED TO INDICATE THE IN-SITU DENSENESS On LOOSTNESS OF GraMULart SOUS. Drs (Emax -C) /(Cmax- Crin) Der (CV amia)- CWNADY/ ((1/ amin) - (17 Yar’ UDESCNATON OF GRANULATT SOILS D.C) VERY LOOSE a6 Loose 15-33 MEDIUM DENSE. 35-70 DENSE 10-85 VERY DENSE 85-100 CONSSTENCY THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE DEGREE OF ANENESS (69. SOFT, MEDIUM, FARM , OR HARD) OF SOILS GREATLY ATTECTED BY THE WATER CONTENT OF THE SOIL. ATTENEERS UMITS (FOUR BASIC STATES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF SOIL) ISTURE CONTENT INCREASING DESCRIMION OF SO\L BASED ON UGUIDITY INDEX use SEMISOUD STATE: RIGH STRENGTH , BRITTLE GUDDEN) FRACTURE. IS wWPECTED Od 21 PLASTIC STATE: INTERMIDIATE \STRENGTH , SOIL DEFORMS LIKE A PLASTIC MATERIAL uy LIGUID STATE: LOW STRENGTH . SOIL DEFORMS LIKE A VISCOUS FLUID JA. LIQUID LIMIT, LL MOISTURE CONTENT REQUINED TO CLOSE A DISTANCE A LONG THE BOTTOM OF THE CROOVE AT 25 BLOWS USING THE LIGUID LIMIT DEVICE OF CASCACRANDE APPARATUS. USING CASSAGRANDE APPATIATUS, THE LESSER THE WATER CONTENT OF SOIL, GREATER NO. OF FLOW, GREATER WATER CONTENT, LESS NO. OF BLOWS soos, THE MOSTURE CONTENT OF THE SOIL, IN PENCENT AND THE CORRESPONDING NUMBER OF BLOWS ARE PLOTTED ON THE VEMILOGARITHMIC SCALE, THE LINE CONNECTING THE POINTS |S REFERREDTO AS THE FLOW CURVE - THE MOISTURE CONTENT CORMESPONDING TO N= 25 , CIVES THE UGuID LIMIT OF SOIL To oan THE LIQUID LIMIT AT N75 , APPLY MV/3/4 IN YQUI CALCULATOR . Me Me To CET LIQUID LMIT AT Ne 25, Mc2s: 257 TAKE NOTE THAT LIMITS ONLY BETWEEN THE NO. 25 BLOWS. THE CLOFE OF THE RLOWLINE |S DEFINED AS THE FLOW INDEX Fe (Mei Mex) 109 (Nenad OR TAKE THE DERIVATIVE OF THE EQUATION OF HE LINE YF ATBInx 10 GI WE VALUE OF A AND B. 60 TO REGRESSION Wo wot OF O7EN wr FOETHE A UAE Ge Sotbou Me seco WHEN ALLOWED TO DROP FROM A FOSITION OF Pont OF CONTACT THE SOIL SURFACE BY CONE PENETRATION TEST i eM i) ptPLasiic UMIT THE MOISTURE CONTENT WHEREIN A SOIL STARTS TO CRUMBLE WHEN ROLLED INTO WB In @ THREAD. ASHRINKACE. UMIT, SL THE MOISTURE CONTENT AT WHICH THE VOLUME OF THE SOIL MASS CEASES TO GOIL SHRINKS AS MOISTUNE 1S GRADUALLY LOST FTIOM {T- WITH CONTINUING LOSS OF MOISTURE. A STAGE OF EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED AT WHICH LOSS OF MOISTURE WILL RESULT NO FURTHER VOLUME CNANGES- SLs Mumia. i-v2) Aa ms we SHRINKAGE RIO, SR* Pdwy/ Atater ” M2 /Vi~ul SFECITIC GRAVITY OF SOULS, &* T PLASTICITY CHART DEALS WITH THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PLASTICITY INDEX TO THE LIQUID LIMIT OF A WIDE VARIETY OF NATURAL MOILS. ASICITY INDEX. LAUD Limit THE USE Or A LINE AND TWE U LINE AS SUCCESTED THAT THE SURINKACE. UNIT OP THE SOL CAN BE UETERMINED IP THE PLACTCITY INDEX AND LIGUID UMIT OF THE SOIL ARE GIVEN. peSOIL COMPACTION TAS THE DENSIFICATION OF SOIL RY REMOVAL OF AUT WHicit REQUIRES MECHA NICAL ENERCY. YS NECESSARY TO INPROVE TRE STENT ANT) BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL Vi DESCRIBES THE PARAMETERS WHICH CONTROL THE ENCINEERING BEWAVIOR OF THE son. TRE MOISTURE CONTENT AT WHICH THE MAXIMUM ORY UNIT WELCHT 16 AYTAINED $ CALLED CPTMUM MOSTURE CONTENT. EFFECIS OF COMPACTION OF SOIL \. INCREASES SHEAR STRENGTH 2. DECREASES UNDESIRABLE SETLEMENT 3. DECREASES PERMEABILITY 4. INCREASES SLOFE STABILITY RELATIVE COMPACTION ORC + (Ya/Ymax) 100 WITH RC 2 95, OX! Yo REO Re To (Re) *'00 Ro: Yn! Yomax \SOIL COMPACTION. APPARATUS |. STANDARD COMPACTION APPARATUS THE SOIL (tS COMPACTED IN A MOLD TWAT HAC A VOLE 4A GE (1/30 443) NOTES - IN Son COMPACTION OF BORROW PIT AND COMPACT FILL , THE DRY WEIGHT OF THE 2 CONDITIONS 1S EQUAL. ANd CBornou) * Wa Commcen) TRE INCREASE IN THE MAXIMUM ORY UNIT WEIGHT (6 ADOMPANIED By A DECREASE IN THE OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT . JeoARATUS PSNESTS OF A ASS OM PLASTIC JAR FILLED WITH UNIFORM DRY OTTAWA SSAND WITH A METAL CONTE ATTACHED TO TIS TOP AR OTTAWASANID 3. RUBBER BALLOON APTARATUS SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE SAND CONE APPARATUS, HOMEVER, THE VOLUME OF THE ROLE 1S DETERMINED BY INTRODICING 10 \T A RUSKER BALOOM FILLED WITA WATER FROM A CALIBRATED VESSEL. FROM WHICH THE VOLUME CAN BE READ DIRECTLY. SUTABLUTY NUMBER, \S BASED ON THE CRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BACKFILL MATERIAL AT CONTROLS THE RATE OF COMPACTION. THE SUITABLITY NUMBEN CAVES AN INDEX FOR THE QUALITY OF THE BACKFILL, IABTERIAL - TRE SMALLER THE Gu, THE MORE DESIRABLIE THE BACKFILL MATERIAL Is - Sik 7 [gy Ds” WHERE ,Dso = AVERAGE STAIN SIZE TANCE OF Sw FANNG AC BACKFILL 0-10 EXCELLENT 10-20 cop 20-0 FAI D2 POOR 250 UNSUITABLE.ASOIL PINITTICLE CLASSIFICATION CHAI SIZH Conte) ORGANIZATION GRAVEL SAND swt cups USDA 200 20.00% 0.05 001 “0 MIT 72.00 2.0.06 004 MOOR 70.004 AASINIO 611% 2.00 007% Gorm O08 40.002 USCS ASTM. M2 ATS 47% OOTF PINE CLAY AMD SIG Z O07 PARTICUE SIZE TASTRABUTION. CURVE: CINCH CIEVEE AMALYSVE ) CAL BE UST? 19 DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING FCN (A) PAIVAMETLSS J EMTCIVE SIZE (Did) + DIAMETETT CORTEESVONIING 10.10% Purr ZUNIFORMITY COPFFIQENT (C0)! baee/Dio 3. CORFRENT OF CRADIATION OK CORTRIAENT Of CuRVA\UTE (65 Cer (P30 ¥AD60)( P10) 4. SORTING COEFRCIENT (50) ver [Ds Ds CLASSIEMTION OF SOIL A. USDA (U.S. DEPATIMENT OF AGRICULTURE) B. AASHTO (AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HICAWAY AND -TVA\SPO RTA - TION OFFICIALS) ROMP INDEX: UDETETMINES THE GUALITY OF SOIL ESPECIALLY TOR HICIWAY SUBCRADE MATERIAL UF IT 1S EXCELLENT OR CO0D TO USE CL = Cfaoo - 39)(0.24 O.009(LL-40) J4 0-01 (Tae0 - 1401-10) + v PARTIALLY Gl TOK UL VARMIAL Gl TOR eI WHERE foo + PENCENT PASSING OF NO. 200 SIEVE. RULES IN WE DETERMINATION OF CRUE INDEX: \ IF Gl YIELDS ANECATIVE VALUF, WI 16 TAKEN AS 0. 2. Gl IS ROUNDED OFF 10 THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER, 3. THENE 1S NO UPPER UMIT FOR GL 4 AWE G OF SOILS BELONGING TO Aha, A-(-b, ADA, A2°5, AND A315 0 5. WHEN CALCULATING THE Gl FOR A-2.G AND AW2-7, Ust PARTIAL dt psC. USCS CUNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, |. COARSE GRAINED 4OILS GRAVELY AND SANDY IN NATURE WITH LESS THAN 50% PASSING THE NO.12 SIEVE. THE GROUP SYMBOLS START WITH THE PRERX OF EITHER G ORS. 2. FNE GAAINED SOILS WITH 50% QR MORE PASSING THROUGH THE NO. 200 SIEVE. THE CROUP SYANBOLS START With THE PREAX M,C, 0. FOR PROPER CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TOTHIS. SYSTEM, SOME OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION MUS] BE KNOWN: 1. PERCEN! OF GRAVEL: THAT IS, THE FRACTION PASSING THE 76.2 “Mmm SIEVE AND RETAINED ON THE NO. 4 SIEVE (47S unm OTENING) 2. PERCENT OF SAND: THAT 1S, THE FRACTION PASSING FROM THE NO.4- SIEVE (4.75 mm OPENING) AND RETAINED ON THE NO. 260 (0.075mm OPENING. 3. PERCENT OF SUT AND CLAY: THA Is, THE FRACTION FINER THAN THE NO. 200 SIEVE (.0.075mnm OPENING! 4. UNIFORMITY COEFROENT (cu) ANDTHE CORPROENT OF GRATAATION (C2) 5. UGUID LIM AND FLASTICTY \NDEX OF THE PORTION OF SOIL PASSING THE NO. 40 SIEVE.PERMEABILITY A MATERIAL THAT IS PERMEABLE IF MT CONTAINS CONMMUOUE VOIDS. BERNOULLI ENERGY EQUATION TOTAL WEAD, Ts V* 29 Pez IF BERNOULUS EQUATION [¢ APPLIED TO THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH A, POROUS SOIL MEDIUM, THE TERM CONTAINING YELOCTY HEAD CAN BE NECIECED BECAUSE THE SEEPACE VELOCITY (Ss SMALL. THUS, “TOTAL HEAD, ae te z 1 TRE BEAD LOSS BETWEEN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF WATER THRU SOIL \s ALWAYS PERPENDI CULAR TO 1 CROSS SECTIONAL AREA. THE BEAD LOSS CAN BE EXPRESSED AS OR IN A NON DIRECTIONAL FORM AS i+ Ah L WHERE € 1S HYDRAUUC GRADIENT AND L \c TRE PASTANCE BETWEEN FONTS A AND 8.DARCY'S LAW DARCY'S LAW COVERNS THE FLOW OF WATER THROUCH SOLS. T STATES THaT THE AVERACT FLOW VELOXITY THROUGH SOIL IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE GRADIENT OF THE TOTAL HEAD. Voti Veki \SEEPACE VELOCITY © Vse V/0 THE FLOW OF WATER IS G=KiA DETERMINING THE RYDRAUUC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL: A. CONSTANT WEAD TEST {5 USED FOR COARSE GRAINED SOILS Qe V/t > AV K= VL/tAW & FALUNC HEAD TEST CVARIABLE HEAD) I$ USED FOR FINE CRAMED SOLS. tw ts tt Asai og ex QS KIA ks feb ln en TEMPERATURE CORRECTION fre 2.42 -O.475 iNT RELATIONSHIPS FOR HYDRAULIC CONDICIIVITY- GRANULAR SOILS A. BAZEN'S FOR MULA CTOR FAIRLY UNIFORM SAND) K Compset)= <(Dio)* B. CASSAGRANDE FORMULA (TOR ANE TO MEDIUM CLEAN SAND) Kr 1.4e* Koss C- KOZENY- CARMAN EQUATION KG ee te D. SAMARASINKE, HUANG, AND PRINEUH Ks Ca (CY/(Ite)) fpotg’ /TQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCIAY IN STRATIFIED SOIL PARALLEL FLOW. Kxcems Kili 4 Koa tt KWAN W otha +. AW NORMAL FLOW cea): Hy Wa 4... 4 HN ky a Kn AQUIFERS THE STRATUM OF SOIL IN WHICH WATER FROM THE UNDERGROUND Is PRESENT: PERMEABLITY TEGT FROM PLUMBING WELLS A. WELL IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER UNPERLAIN By AN IMPERMEABLE UYth k= _G Iv ) ‘T (w?- Wn?) PERMEABILITY TEST FROM PUMPING WELLS, & WELL IN A CONFINED AQUIFER UNDERLAIN BY AN IMPERMEABLE LAYER Ke ow ‘ae (22-21) TRANMISSIBILUITY OF THE AQUIFER gm {f) In m/s OR Te Khaaurer 2-2) prFLOW NETS A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF A TLOW MELD THAT SATIGITES LAPLACE'S EQUATION AND COMPRISES OF NETWORK OF TLOW LIES AND TOUIPOTENTIAL LUNES FLOW LUNES \s_TWE PATH FOLLOWED BY A PARTICLE OF WATER ASN MOVES THYOUGH A ASATURATED SOIL MASS EQUIRCTENTIAL UNE 1S A LINE CONNECTING POINTS OF BQUAL POTENTIAL ENERGY. \SEEPACE THROUGH ANISTRONC SOIL: > ikxkz AUN Wa SEEPACE THROU ISOTROPIC. SOIL! ge kK ANNE Nd ADOTIONAL: PRESSURE BEAD AT THE EQUIPOTENTAL LINE \nany poner * Wursrrean - «4 CAN) WHETE Di WEAD UPSIREAM - HEAD Dowhl SIREAM, Na “WHEN THE POINT Is NOT LYING ON THE TQUIPOTENTIAL LINE, PO \NTERPOLATION THAT IS BY AVERACING THE BETWEEN THAT POINT OF INTEREST Tate neae jrASTRESSES IN SOIL, VERTICAL STRESSES: CINTERGRANULAR STRESS) OR EFFECTIVE STRESS. Per Pr- Pw PORE WATER PRESSURE Ali= Yuh TOTAL stRESS AT fe 1 Au STRESS IN SOIL WITHOUT SEEPAGE: SUROWARCE, 4,008) AT POT Az Pre mbar i‘ fu>0 he Pre er pl Yun “IBF w Av PONT 8B: Morn WC « 7 Are Mur hs Ymlvtg Pur duhs Pes Pr Pad AT POINT C+ Pre VeowPeha + Yom W2 + Ymhit Por Yuh PE” Pr- Pu HYORAUUC GRADIENT Gela/te = Ww 12, STEPACE FORCE E,UW2 , Feiyy mealiins vo ke y WITH SEEPAGE : PreA: pr Yon Zt Yah PB: Ae Sortet yum pas Ww (att th) Pa ayy CHEER) Pe rT Aw Way freEFFECT OF CAPILLARY RISE 10 SOIL STRESS THE DEGREE OF SATURATION 1S ABOUT 100% UP 10 A WEIeHT Inv BEYOND THE HECHT bi, WATER CAN OCCUPY ONLY THE SMALLER VOIDS. HENGE, THE DECREE OF SATURATION IS LESS THAN 100% APPROXIMATE. WEIGHT OF CAPILLARY RISE CBY HAZEN) Ua CE xD0) SOIL FULLY SATURATED By CAPILLARY AISE A= Yul SOIL PARTIALLY SATURATED BY CAPILLARY RICE pu - S Yuh COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL THE INCREASE IN STRESS CAUSED GY FOUNDATION AND OTHER LOADS COMPRESSES A SOL LAYER, CAISES OF COMPRESS'ON \; COMPACTION \S THE INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS OF REDUQNG THE VOuME VOIDS DUE TO EXPULSION OF PORE AIR. 2. CONSOLIDATION I$ A TIME DEPENDENT PROCESS OF REDUCING THE VOLUME VOIDS DUE TO EXPULSION OF FORE WATER AND PLASTIC ADNICIMENT OF SOIL SOLIDS. SETLEMENT \S DEFINED AS THE DEFORMATION OF SOIL DUE TO VERTICAL STRESSES PRIMARY CONSOLIDARON SETTLEMENT GENERAL FORMULA: = S_Ae Ht OR S: Gore cot! Corl PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY: = ce) 1 fo+ Ar : és ) 9 | pe PRIMARY CONSDUDATION OF OVER CONSOLIDATED CLAY CASE 1 (fot AP) 2 fe SEG ror AP] ("ih 9 FRA | (forar) 7 Se HS) gf RT, WO || Po+ar] a AP eal) EF tool OAT jpSTRESSES 1N SQ\L MASS eee STRESS BLOCK: A 5 NORMAL STRESS DEPENDS ON THE [fin ol COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE BLOCK q g G SHEAR STRESS DEPENDS ON THE. ROTATIONAL CAPABILITY OF THE BLOCK. {T A ACTS PARALLEL TO THE CTOSS- SECTIONAL Dp ANEA NOWRS CIRCLE THE MAIN PURPOSE OF MORES, CIRCLE is TO DETERMINE THE STRESSES ON ANY PLANE! INCLINATION ON THE BLOCK SOIL MASS. STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL, * BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS AP + 32s ee 2TKS °DUE TO UNIFORM OR LINE LOAD AP-_2qz7t oy NORMAL STRESS OG NORWALFORE AREA OF SPECIMEN SHEAR STRESS Ts NESSTING SHEAR FORCE Wee oe SEO froSSHEAT STRESS KSTRENGTH OF SOIL, TT AS THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE PER UNIT WEIGHT AREA THAT THE SOIL MASS CAN OFFER TO RESIST FAILURE ANDSLIDING ALONG ANY PLANE INSIDE tT MOHR- COULOMB. FAILURE CRITERIA Tee Ct Otong FORMULAS 6-454 0 2 T=: Ron 26 RL (G- 0) SING Teds i403 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ACIVE EARTH PRESSURT COEFFICIENT, ka THE RATIO BETWEEN LATERAL AND VERTICAL EFFECIVE STRESSES WHEN AN EARTH RETAINING SIRUCURE MOVES AWAY (BY ASMALL AMOUNT) FROM A RETAINED SOIL. PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, Kp THE RATIO BEUEEN LATERAL AND VERTICAL SOIL STRESSES WHEN AN EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE. 1§ FORCED ACAINGT A SOIL MAGS VERTICAL EARTH TRESSUME, Py poe LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, At Por KY EARTH PRESCURE FORCE, F Fe V2 ky UNM WEICHT, ow a STO“WHITE (3) CATEGORIES CF LATETAL EARN PRE SSUITE 1 AT REST SO PRESSURE WHICH CAUSES NO WALL MOVEMENT 2. ACTIVE - SOIL PRESSURE WHICH CAUSES WALL TO MOVE AWAY FROM SIL 3. PASSIVE-SOIL PRESSURE WHICH CAUSES WALL TOWARD SOIL. AT RECT CONDITION Pr= Koh AU REST EARTH PRESSURE COBFACIENT FOR NORMAL CONSOLIDATION: SACKY, 1044: Kor Oh oy. Ge r+dng MASSARSCH, 1979: ko= 0.44 +0. 4291 SHERIF, FANG, AND SHERIF, 198 Ko>(l) ‘Join FOR OVER CONSOUDAON > Ka =(I-sing) ER ACTIVE SOtL CONDON: PASSIVE SOIL CONDON: Par Katy Pe «Kp Yh RANKINE'S THEORY, 1857 ACIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFRCENT Kos COs [esi COL -COe WHEN £0; Kar 1-sing & COSE + FCOSaT= cos*D Trsing FASSWWE EARTH PRESMIRE COEPRCIENT Kee Cos Ficowl + Lowi cog WHEN B=0+ Kp> 1ising OLE Tet copay T= Sing To PASSIVE. EO) 7COULOMBSS THEORY , 1957 ACTIVE EARTW PRESSURE COEFFICIENT WHEN, C0, B-¢) kar RTE Hor SB (8-8 [iy Super eee Kar Sn |, Sina BY sin CHAE) | Wing PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFRCIENT Ker —__sin*(atg@) WHEN 0, 0 Sin*B sin (Bg) | ~ Sin (Ors SACO +1) Cia Si . See (A+5) Sin (6) c sing SLOPE STABILITY ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRITION CANGLE OF REROSE) , THE MAXIMUM SLOPE FOR CUTS IN COHESIONLESS (DRAINED) TWO TYPES OF SLOFES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION. ‘NATURAL SLOPE PEOPLE RAYE MO CONTRIBUTION TO IN¢ TXISTENSE 2 MANMADE SLOPE POOPLE RAVE CONTRIRUMON TD (TS EXISTENSE SLOPE FAILURE OccuRS WHEN THE TE TENDING TO CASE Rus DES THE RESISMNG FORCE. bees tele CLASSIFICATION OF SLOPE FAILURE 1. CREEP- SLOW SOIL MOVEMENT ZL SUDE- RAPID MOVEMENT OF INTACT OR NEARLY IN TACT SOIL MASSEc. 3. FALL: ROCK Of SO\LTHAT DETACHES PROM A NEARLY VERTICAL SLOPE AND DESCENDS MANLY Af 4. MUD FLOW- SOFT CORESIVE SLOPE FAILURE BY LATERAL SERAFACIOR OF SATETY WITH RESPEC TO STRENGTH Sqr LE. Ct Gland W cat otandd WITH RESPECT TO CONESION: TSer £ Cc WITH RESPEC TOFMICTION: Sr tang tandd RELATIONSHIP OF Ss, FS, AND FSO’ FS? FSue FS" FSO WHEN FS*1, THE SLOPE 16 AT IMPENDING FAILURE TYPES OF SLOPE FAURE: (ACCORDING TD SOL TYPE) 1. PURELY COWESWE SOILS DEFENDS SOLELY ON CONESION. THEREFORE & *O 2 PURELY FRICTIONAL SLOPE 3. COHESIVE FRICTIONAL SLOPE. Tecrorong AL INFINITE SLOPES. NORMAL STRESS O Sitcos *B SHEAR STRESS aa Te HSM Booch FS: RESISTING /ACUIAL = (Fe trax FACTOR OF SAPETY AGAINST SLIDING NO FORE WATER PRESSURE CWITHOUT SEERAGE) For Cy. ing - HCos3/4 Jan AP TST He CREMOAL DEPT Mer Hot COS* 6 (ran 4-tan ¢) SSEEPAGE 1S PRESENT OM ax Sornae rane * ‘Bi hm me frePARTIALLY SATURATION ON SOUL FSse Cc, (ort: Wh) ton You has’ ton 6 or tons B PMITE SLOPES Pe Fest Pe “wsnd RecA Fe Neng Bo tt tang tons CATAL ANGLE OF SUP PLANE’ So: Bad 2 G4. 1- cus (4-04) yR 4 Sng cosgd WG + STHOLT/ NUMBER STABLY FACTOR “h