Date: 20thJuly 2020

SLIDE NO. 01

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422)

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 02

Week-09

Lecture-02

Stability Checks and Proportioning of Retaining Wall

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 03

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Sliding
The horizontal component of all forces acting on a retaining wall tends
to push the wall in a horizontal direction. The retaining wall base must
be wide enough to resist the sliding of the wall. This resistance
generated due to the friction between concrete and soil. The
coefficients of friction 𝜇 that may be adopted for different types of soil
are as follows:

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 04

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Sliding

• Coarse-grained soils without silt, 𝜇 = 0.55

• Coarse-grained soils with silt, 𝜇 = 0.45
• Silt, 𝜇 = 0.35
• Sound rock, 𝜇 = 0.60

The total frictional force, F, on the base to resist the sliding effect is

F = 𝜇R + Hp

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 05

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Sliding

where
𝜇 = coefficient of friction
R = vertical force acting on base
Hp = passive resisting force

The factor of safety against sliding is

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 06

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Sliding
The factor of safety against sliding should not be less than 1.5 if the
passive resistance Hp is neglected and should not be less than 2.0 if Hp
is taken into consideration.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 07

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Overturning
The horizontal component of the active pressure, Ha, tends to overturn
the retaining wall about the point zero on the toe (Fig. 14.7). The
overturning moment is equal to M0 = Hah/3. The weight of the
concrete and soil tends to develop a balancing moment, or righting
moment, to resist the overturning moment.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 08

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Overturning

Figure 14.7 Overturning of a cantilever retaining wall.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 09

Stability of Wall
• Factor of Safety against Overturning
The balancing moment is equal to

The factor of safety against overturning is

This factor of safety should not be less than 2.0.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 10

Stability of Wall
• RA should act in the middle one third of the base length
The resultant of all forces acting on the retaining wall, RA, intersects the
base at point C (Fig. 14.7). In general, point C does not coincide with
the center of the base, L, thus causing eccentric loading on the footing.
It is desirable to keep point C within the middle one third length of the
wall to get the whole footing under compression.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 11

Proportions Of Retaining Walls

The design of a retaining wall begins with a trial section and

approximate dimensions. The assumed section is then checked for
stability and structural adequacy. The following rules may be used to
determine the approximate sizes of the different parts of a cantilever
retaining wall.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 12

Proportions Of Retaining Walls

• Height of Wall

The overall height of the wall is equal to the difference in elevation required
plus 3 to 4ft, which is the estimated frost penetration depth in northern
states.
• Thickness of Stem
The stem base thickness may be estimated as 1/12 to 1/10 of the height h.
The thickness at the top of the stem may be assumed to be 8 to 12 in.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 13

Proportions Of Retaining Walls

• Thickness of Stem (Conti…)

Because retaining walls are designed for active earth pressure, causing
a small deflection of the wall, it is advisable to provide the face of the
wall with a batter (taper) of ¼ in. per foot of height, h, to compensate
for the forward deflection. For short walls up to 10ft high, a constant
thickness may be adopted.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 14

Proportions Of Retaining Walls

• Length of Base
An initial estimate for the length of the base of 2/5 to 2/3 of the wall height, h, may
be adopted.
• Thickness of Base

The base thickness below the stem is estimated as the same thickness of the
stem at its base, that is, 1/12 to 1/10 of the wall height. A minimum thickness of
about 12 in is recommended. The wall base may be of uniform thickness or
tapered to the ends of the toe and heel, where the bending moment is 0.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20thJuly 2020
SLIDE NO. 15

Proportions Of Retaining Walls

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi