4

UNT
Water Losses

CONTENTS
4-2P to 4 4P
Part-l Water Losses; Filtration, Seepaye
and Evaporation Losses
4-4P to 4-7P
Part-2 Pollution/Contamination of
Water Quality Due to Agricultural
Practices i.e., Fertilizer and
Pesticides

Part-3 SelfPurification of Surface Water ....... 4-7P to 4-9P

4-9P to 4-15P
Part-4 Sources of Agricultural
Water Pollution
Part-5 : Pollutants Dispersion in .. 4-15P to 4-19P
Ground Water

4-1P (OE-Sem-7)
 6 5. 4 7. 6 5. 4.
3. 1.
2 Answer Que4.2. 3. ItisA 2. Answer1 Que4.1. 4-2P(OE-Sen-7)
downward the If
flux Ground condition.
1fThe Seepage Seepage
Itcanal, It
the For andIfside ofdiverted Insizeand of ofgaseous
Itis solarEvaporation
the is depends summer
canal Long Water
bed necessary a
cana hence,
water bed given slope surfacecontinuous
anaturaland
water material variesloss is Explain Ifthe and into radiation state Answer Losses:
material the evaporation
side body.
onsenson, water Describe
table ofdepthwater main
table to depthslope,
the phenomenon.
erature,
and the is
seepage
ofis of prevent most the canal spread of canal. on its Type Filtration,
farther
position
comprises thespatially these process
water transfer the
dominant water
of flow.
canal seepage water loss is wind and
willfrum seepage flatter, areaof losses evaporation
Questions-Answers
spread will Rate bodies of Medium
also isa due velocity, process into
conversion PART-1
Seepage
be heavy
ground, process may
more. affectas dominant toloss
losses canalin be
canal of
the
soil, different area more. then evaporation
go because
relative atmosphere loss Answer and
seepage to by is water
of depend and
then seepage
loss save up of
thenfactor
which water. more, it of
hydraulic sprend to water Bvaporation
soilcostly is offalling water.
theupon a 7%
hunidity Type
loss. deciding water function depends
types of from
in
irrigation losses area
gradient depth the this Questions
and of liquid
seepage is of
upon incident form. Losses LOSSes
Water
less.
willbe lost will of will of total air,
hydraulic water side
causink water. be be climatie
nature state
in more slope water
loss. the less. rave
in to

4 3. 1 9 8
m iv. iü iü AnswerprocesS. Oue WaterSoiandl
ofevaporation.
Atmospheric
Pressure isHigher point Similarly, Difference:
Pressure
Vapour The evaporation.
The
Temperature: The directly
quantity Water
Following Seepage with Eora
increase Quality
Experimental TheWater:Hence AtmosphericIt
pressure is : thWinde
saturation Thevapourpressure Thetemperature. 4.3depends
.
is,
of rate rate higher temperature rate
salt therefore, lOSS
Effect Surface progress newly
incontent
evaporation the the pressure
of of at of
onlost on loss
of vapour the the ure Explain Conservation
Engincering
sult water
difference,evaporation air. thewhich the emission through side constructed
:The rate extent the also of
studies
content temperature, Area:
in difficult of liquid of various
slope time,
water is vapour.
greater pressure at
the molecules the depends
show likely more which ofits
of water evaporation
in air Evaporation and siltation
to very therefore nolecules factor various earthen
water affects assess the surface depth
that to the atmolecules leave greater andd uporn
much rmovement the
the the decrease its evaporation the from aftect reduces
of
depends
water the from exposed affecting flow. wetted channel,
rate rate effect related is air is
with enter surface the water a the
of of liquid above surface seepage
of separately rate evaporation surface seepage
evaporation
evaporation.increasing to
air temperature on the to
stored,
above the fuctors
affecting
factors
other the water depends of water it phenomenon loss.
difference evaporation. at1nosphere. area
the affect therefore, 43P(OE-Sem-7)loss
and depends is of
decreases pressure. water. on a process: which is
the evaporation very
at the function
greater between
the rate depends and in
onvapour high.
with dew turn
the the
of of
 Theno 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3 2 Answer L
1
agrieultural Write
Que4.4. HP(OESem-7)
ThecontainingExcess disposal
residualIntensive
production ngricultural
pollutjon,
water
It substances
Increasing toxicof
while pestickdes
Ris1ng The
activities withWater fresh In
duton raintall also occurs over Long
Pollution/Contamination the
pesticides nbiity high
nitrate
mainincreasing
weeds, nutrientsnitrate of patterns,lavaries nd Pollution Answer water, case
nitrogen human use
techniques levels
to pesticide
agricultural has practice
pestsbelong unpredietalbly support concentrations an Practicesie, when seaof
causingchemical of
impact of dverse wwe from short Type
and and nitrates ie., otherwater,
and slope,
noil use Agricultureof
to animal and plant waterfertilizers fertilizer note und
diseases phosphorus a surface high dent contributes impact Questions-Answers PART-Z conditions the
categury fertilizers the ntify, and and on Medium
threatenpollutants
nitratewasteintensity over
Fertilizer of evaporation
in charartertl animal
phosphorus on
Intensification : Water
time it water and pollution
and
crops, of flowswater becomes substantially are
concentrations onin and the pestieides pesticides. Answer and
Quality
chenicals along quality farming affertilizer
Jand wiareade alife are same, is
quality quality.
in nitrates, of 2
result
Pesticides. Due to
withwhen ffieult surface of water Type 3E
used and and and
to of agricultural and to less
runoffinto in in indirect
phosphorus,
water
indiMcriminate
leachingpesticide 8 to its waters drinking allied quality Questions Agriculturot as
worldwide groundwater. the
governed controlsources Water
emissiuns ivestock
comnar lObsEs
nearby and pehoites reduce
activites due
of water,
soil the ure and
to by t

2. 1. B. 8, 7. 6 Whenthe 6. 4. 3 2 1.Aniwer Another s0 11 andCd

degradation, Oue4.5.
Halflives
oxidisation).
photolysis ortisthe without
ofmolecules
Degradation : waterWaterprofile,Also, Water ethylene. und The water
It
pores permanently.
temporarily
When Wateror toxic life streams
Suspended and 1rthese
animals their
and Pesticides
a
conditions,affecting crops, can LoggingWater 1
chemical plant resultis inalso domestic
to by Conservation
Engineering
rapid Water
logging
onmaking logring as
there reducing
process having the it logging quatic
(T50) by the roots phaseair is Is happenshould is Write polluting products
leading arestntion of crop sediment fat
cause
substance biotic surface, is eonstrainta too animals) posesolubility
by to
serious then fail oxygen is organisms.
root
ordinarily. much short asunlight,
are meanswhich see when simply agent entera serious
hazard
weak to to
used the
meaning the restricted,
Anaerobic and zone. resulting
in a asrespire water and
(biodegradahility)chemical water it desth in the noteon
damagingdam
from and the health
to
the as does and an the water the nonthr
measures
environment. ns increase in agricuiture water
the bione
on it either of nornal an
saturation from
substance could not eutn table area, huards
tne huave t
agricultural amulation
eale
die ofsbo supply
water spawning eLPlanta. system,
of surface. ie in rises the
the or to or conditions
prevail, the is to
a be fall, soil of sediment
that
load animals they living
stability abiotic iscontinuing
AKTUlogging
characterized excess
broken levels of theto
air is
aoil becoming
grounds
and in
unable fields may
non-target
means in
of the extent
with 2021-22, systems
46P(OESem-7)
and down and
(includingreach
prohlem carbon impairs
persistence soil, that towater,
(hydrolysis, to hne
so1ltrianaerohic e absurb organiss
by chemical
Marks non-target because
smaller excexs
adversely dioxide a
decline the aquatic enters inhumang
even either
aoil the 10 of
46P (OE-Sem-7)
Water Losses Wand Water Conservation Engineening
4-7P (OE-Sem-7)
1rrigatio could result in water
are the causes of water
logging ? degate drainage, poor irngationlogging if there is over irrigation.
Que 4.6. What
drainnges.
anagement, obstruction of natural
Answer
Following are the causes of water logging: PART-3
1. Physiography Self Purification of Surface Water.
patterns of a place coulä
i The topography, slope, shape and drainage
cause water logging
the speed of surface runn Questions-Answers
iL In other wurds, physiography determines
to drain surface water,
and the time it takes for the soil Long Answer Type and Mediun Auswer Type Questions
and fat
ii For instance, low-lying areas such as valleys, depressions
xperience more water logging naturally since surface flows
he lowlanls resulting in natural swamps and otlher
waterkved lands. Oue4.7. What is the self-purification ability of water body ?
iv. In such areas, water
wat eunnot easily move under the influence of gravity,
Thaking it accumulnte over time. Answer
SelfPurification: It is a natural process of purifying as the ability ofa
2 Heavy Rainfall und Flooding:
body of waterer tto rid itself of pollutants
i Weather is another natural cause of water logging, meaning that areas
facing constant or prolonged rainfall will tend to becone water logged. Flowing water can clean itself. Physical, chem and biological proesses
chemical
abilitvof water.
either temporarily ur permanently. are all purts of the self-purification
i Heavy and consistent rains make the water table rise, resulting in water Dilution, sedimentation, filtering, and aeration are physical processes.
logging oxidation und reduetion;
The most important chemical processes are adsorption,
3. (eg, absorption,
3 Soil Type : Heavy clay soils like black cotton soils, und soils prone to other accompanying processes help
surface sealing, hold moisture lor long periods, meaning they becomne congulation, complexation, etc.)
water logged easily, nmineralization (the decomposition
The biological processes are primarilyelements)
4. and ssimilation (uptake
4. Geology : ofdead organic substances to iasic
i Ân impervious stratum below the top soül obstructs the infiltration of of substances in food chains).
raunfall, causing a false water table or perched water table. purifieation of
Que 4.8. What are the affecting factors of self
ü Areas with shallow soils, ahardpan close to the surface, and those with
high water tables are also likely to become water logged, especially if water bodies?
they are subjected to heavy rainfall.
5. Seepage Inflows: Answer
affecting factor of self purification of
water
Factors :Following are the
i Interflows and seepage fron nearby water bodies like lakes, shallow
aquifers, canals, and rivers could cause water logging. bodies
Temperature: while
Furthernore, subsoil flows from upper regions ta lower areas could als0
result in water logging. temperature concentration of dissolved oxvgen is low
At higher
chemical nctivities is high
the rate ofbiological andanaerobic
6. Excessive Irrigation and Poor Drainuge System lead to condition, the pollution is heavy.
i This is aman-made cause of water lugging and if irrigation is not well h This is likely to
planned, drainage prolblems could further worsen the problem. Turbulence : surface of the
helps in brenking the
body ofwaterreaeration atn:osphere.
turbulence in the fron the
ü occurring
Irrigation adds extra water to the soil profile, over and above the naturally The helps in rapid
rainfall. stream or lake and
46P (OE-Sem-7) Water LaNSes aad Water Conservation Engineering
-9POESem
i Too much of turbulence scours the bottom sediment and stops alva antually they will again settie out, but not
before
the waters itto whiehtheir ptew
teereased t have ncebs
growth. the turbidity of
3 Hydrography : Lntroduced. they bren
Hydrography affects the velocity and surfoce expase ofthe river-stream Filtration :
iü High velocity caes turbulence and rapid aeration, while surface expans targe bits of debris wash along a streanm bed, they often lodge n
will atso have the same effect. aor stones where they renain caught until high waters auhthe
4 Dissolved Oxygen: The larger the amount of dissolved oxygen prelent inte the nmain strean ugain
in water the better and earlier is the self purification process. Small bits of organic matter or norgunic clays and other
5 Rate of Reaeration: be filtered out by pebbles or rocks along tle stream bed sedituents aY
i The rate at which dssolved oxygen is restored willeonsiderably govern Ae water percolates from the surface downward inta
the self purification process. guifers, filtration of amuch more sophusticatud tye0eurs undfk
enil layers are deep and fine enough, removal of suspended materialis
The greater is this rate, the quicker will self-purification.
Cssentially complete by the time water enters the agufer.
Que 4.9. Explain the physical process of self purification of Many streams interchange freely with the alluvial aguifers underneath
hem. s0 the filtered water may re-enter the stream at sone point
surface water.
downstream.
Answer Gas Transfer:
Following are the various mnthods for self purification of surface: The transfer of gases into and out of water is an important part of the
1. Dilution natural purification process.
i Dilution was considered as the most economical means of waste water The replenishment of oxygen lost to bacterial degradatinn of organic
disposal. WAste isaccomplished by tbe transfer of oxygen from the air inta th
water
ii In this method relatively amall quantities of waste are daschurged into
large bodies af water. Cenversely, gases evolved in tihe water by chemical and buolog:cal
i Although dilution is a powerful adjunct to self-cleaning mechanism of processes muy be transferred from the water to the atmasphere.
surface waters, its succesa depends upon discharging relatively small
quaDtities of waste into large bodies of water. PART-4
iv. Growth in population and industrial activity, with incroaaes in water Sourses off Agricultural Water Pollution.
aenhna and wisteWater quantities, precludes tbe use ofmany streams
u orim or poorly trented wastewaters.
Sedimentation and Re-suspension : Questions-Answes
1 Settling out or sedimentation is nature's metbod of removing suspended Questions
tercourse, and most large solids will settle out readily Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
in quieseent water.
iü Particles in the colloidal size range canstay in mspension for long peniods
of time, though eventually most ofthese will also settle out. ?2
ii Re-suspension of'soids is cormmon in times of flooding or heavy runoff. Que 4.10.What are the effects of agrieultural pollution
iv. In such cases, increased turbulence maYf re s tormerly Answer
deposited along nornally quieseent areur stream nod carry them Following are thevrious eflects
for considerable distances downstream. Effects of Agricultural Pollution :
of agricultural pollution:
1 Health-Related Issues pollution in water and lakes.
Agricultural pollution is the main source of
 Water Losses Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
4410P(OE-Sem-7) 411P (OE-Sem-7)
into s)2 chemicals are part of pesticides and other d.ferent
that
Chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides make their way chemicalscan cause long-lasting kinds of
groundwater that ends up in drinking water. is can gradually alter the soil
damage to the sonl.
Health-related problems may occur as it contributes to a blue babe And reduces soil fertility. microbiai activities and soil chemistry
ii
syndrome which causes death in infants. 4 eevery year millons
agents, metals and toxins from farm equipment cauue and offertile
be
fertilizers, pesticides.
soils are lost due to the ue of sypthetic
iv. OL. degreasing
de
8when they get into drinking water. Iherbicides eombined with other farm practices.
health problema v
6. Air Pollution :
2 Efect on Aquatie Animals:
Agricultural process also leads to air pollution.
i Fertilizers, manure, waste, and Ammonia turn into nitrate and Vany machines such s tractars or harvestes used for tiling. hat
phosphates, and when washed into nearby water bodies, the production g. narvesting.
of algae gets enhanced that reduces the amount of oxygen present i and other farm activities emit harmful greenhouse gases) CO, by
water, which results in the death of many aquatic animals. combusting fossil fuel, which, in turn, can lead to glohal warmine.
Moreover, farm animals and fertilized sojls ermit la
ii Again, bacteria and parasites from animal waste can get into drinking ts of caron
water, which can pose serious health hazards for various marine lif nd nitrogen-based compounds such as nitrogen oxides and a
and animals. Thus, the oxygen levels are likely to decline, which can that qualify as the potential greenhouse guses and methane, considered
As one of the most harmful greenhouse gases
cause the death of fishes and other water animals.
3 Eutruphication:
iN Besides, some soil biochemical processes naturally emit nmerous
greenhoLSe
i Eutrophication is the dense growth of plant life and algae on the water 7. Bjodiversity Loss:
surface, causing high incidences of algal blooms. to big
An ecosvstem is quite sensitive to small changes thut may lead
i n case of excessive use of fertilizars and pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorous
And other chemical nutrients get wushed into nearby surface waters by effects in the natural ecosystem.
rain or irrigation and lead to the eutrophication of rivers nd lakes by The persistent use of chemical products in agricultural production
supporting the produetion of algae. degrades and destroys the soils and waters, afferts animals, plants, and
i Eutrophication extensively depletes the oxygen disSolved in water, which wildlife, gradually altering the ecosystems which support biodiversity.
cun adversely affect the aquatic aystem by killing fsh and other aquatic Furthermore, the use of pesticides can kill beneficial insects,
nicroorganisns, birds and some rare smnll species like butterilies,
es which
biotas.
iv It is also linked to an inereased incidence of parulytic shellfish poisoning have far-reaching effects on biodiversity.
n humans, lending to death the ecDsystem, plunts will be adversely
iv. If these insects vanish from responsible for the fertilization ofcrops
ADeerease in Crop Yields: affected as these insects are
i The excesive use of fertilizers and pesticides combined with other 8 Water Pollution :
problem caused by agricultural pollution.
ngrochemicals control invasive pests, weeds, and diseases and produce
large crop yields. i Water pollution is another big inappropriate water
operations and practices such as
ü. However, the positive effects of these substances last for acertain time ü. Agricultural operatoas alylead to water pollution fron surlace
since the soil is likely to suffer in the long-tern from the excessive use mabssfure
runofl, Don to
and groundwatet
of these toxic chemical elements. and pesticides, muay haraful substunces
ii. The excessive use offertilizers
ivers and eventually the groundwater l
ii Since they remain in the soil for years, in the long run, crop yields are reach waterways and ground waters and
reduced, and the soil loses the optimal echaracteristics to produce crop d contamination of
due to agricultural pollution, depreciute water quality.
sedimentation equally contaunate the water, making
iv, They have the potential of contaminating watern and plants and kills V. Soil erosionand
increasing its turb.dity.
soil nmicroorganisns as well as boneficial insBects, are negatively
Soil Pollution and Depletion of Soil Fertility : t dirty,and wildlife. humans, animals and agquatieic life
and stav healtby.
5.
V. Inturn. plants. water to survive
The agricultural pallution contaminates soil that leads to soil pollution atfected since
eneed clen drinking
and depletion of soi!l fertility by killing soit micro
orgunisn1s
 nd Water Conservation Engineern
4-12POESem-7) Water Losses Sail and
4-13P (OE-Sem-7)
Planting grasses, trees and fenges alo
9. Efcets on Animals : tho esbordersbeof water bodies, Thesrdges ofa field that )lhes on
on animals
Agricultural pollution can nlsu have adverse effecta affot.d
Can avoided by hltering out aet as buflers, and nutnent
nutrients before ruaching the
iü Since animals consume parts of the crop yield, they are heavily roundwater
the consumption of th lction in tillage of the fieds in order to reduce
by pesticides and can even die from runoffs, soil compation
contamunated crops. and erosi0n.
10, Effeets on Plants: Ainmal or cattle waste 18 a big
Agricultural pollution can even change the dynamics of the whnl, management of these pollutants iscause
crucial,of agricultural pollution The
ecosvstem ait becomes a problem for pnrts of the local plants aince Several manure treatment processes need to follow.
in
nvasive speeies could impact the pupulation of native species he adverse impact of manure on the low, wich aim to reduce
adverse way
th Change in Agrieultural Pructice :etvironmental systera.
i These invasive species cAn carry pests and diseases which can har
Many farms are moving back to traditional +
local ecosystem. from local water bodies und oreunie lnure, direct irrigution
n Since the local species are not able to deal with some of the peste
in check
Fkeeping pest populatians
biodiversity may be reduced
Butfor the process of agricultural pollution to be fully
The local native plants can also be atected by the use of geneticlly has to be a complete shift in the way agriculture is reigned in, there
modafied organistns in the formof crupsleading to genetic contam1nation practiced
V. This could aiso lead to the extinction ofnative species Due 4.12. What ure the causes of agrieultural pollutign ?
Que 4.11. How to reduce ngricultural pollution ?
Answer

Annwer
Causes of Agricultural Pollution : Following are the causes of
ngricultural pollution:
Following are the measures to reduce agriculture pollution: 1 Pesticides and Fertilizers :
1 Government Regulations: i To begin with, the earliest source of pollution hus been
i Keeping gricultural pollution in check is umuch harder than it seema. fertilizers.
pesticides and
or te arns to tecome clean once ngain, levels of water, soil. and i. Once they have been sprayed, it does not disappenr
on have to be kept in check it mixes with the
completely, Some of
water and seeps into the ground.
i Over the last decade or sO, governments have becone stricter
about i The rest is absorbed by the plant itself As a result, the local streams thuat
enforcing regulations,
are supplied water from the ground become contaminated, as do the
2 Awareness of Farmers t animals that eat these cropa and plants
i Farmers often unknowingly cause harm to the environmental system. 2 Contaminated Water
ou e taugnt that the excessive uso of fertilizerand pesticides i Contaminated water used for iTigation is one further source of pollution.
hict whole ecosve
on the
uL Thuse i. Jocal
This happens due to the disposal ofindustrial and agrieultural waste in
lle trers knowletge and awareness, agricultural bodies of water.
mitigated toacertain degree,
iv They nust know ii A aresult, the crops are exjwsed to water, which has small amounts of
a mereury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium dissolved in it.
Applying the right quantity of pestieides and fertilizers that
to get a reasonable
crop yield,
are necessary iy The process of agricultural pollution becomes harder to fight when such
b. Using cover crons to r water poisons livestock and causes crop failure.
over, thus Drevuntinte Rround when the artua) haurvest 18 3 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation :
erosion and Joss of waterways
i The soil is comprised ofmany layers, and it is only the topmost layer that
can support farming or grazing.
 Enein
Water Loasey
Cad and Water Cotiservation +15P(OESem-7)
414P(OE-Sem-7) fand Management:
open for erosion an
urairg pratices, this soil is lett Bor lapd management nlso leads to an irreversibhle decline in soi fertility.
ii Due to inetcaent each yrar
leads to declining fertility depositd afound land management is crucial for keeping agrieultural pollution
roded by watet er wind, all this sol has to be nunimum level
Whether he othet fore farmers should have the awareness ofhow their actions can
to build upin arens such a
fesulting sedimentation cnuses the soil imp
the environnent.
Process of
rivers, strrams, ditches and surrounding E Imovement c aquatic
ExceRs Nutrients :
agncultural pollutien prevents fertile
the naturam
area
animals and nutrients to
other The nure and fertilizers Usually contain e chemcal nutrients,
rinlly phosphorus and nitrogen, and cause nutrient pollution from
4 Pests and Weeds:
the natural species in a certain anau Wrieultural sources.
1 Growing exotic crops and reducing Excess nutrients can have trugic consequences on water qunlity and the
bAE become the norm for grc
Survival ofaquatic life.
ing to the process af agricultural pollution
However, t 3 p t h e native population has to deal with When these nutrients are washed into the water systens, e.g, rivers,
fighting
, pests, and weeds that it is not capable of Jakes, streams or oceans during rainy periods, it alters the marine and
Asaresult, the invasve species destroy the local vegetation and wildlie freshwater nutrient cycies and as an outcome the species conposition
i
altering Uhn ecoystem permanently. ofthe respctive ecosystems.
e is eutr
IV. This is especially the case with Genetically Modified Foods (GMF), whirh ter dissolved oxYeen, snd in conwaence
tion

out the existing species in quence, can

Can kll fsh anddother
othet
create plant and anifnal speies that can wipe aguatic ife.
a natter of years
& Hevy Metals :
PART-s
i.The LHe of furtilizors, maaure and other organic wastes containing
Pollutants Dispersion in Ground Water.
heavy Inetaslation oftbese beavy netals in the sail. lead can also lead
Farming techniques like irrigation can also lead to an aceumulationaf Questions-Answers
seleuu
iii When these substances wnsbed int0 waterWayh or leach into
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
groundwater eources or get absorbed by plants and are eventually
consumed by animuis and humans affocting their heath or even causing
premature death

Heavy metaln can cause crop failure and poison livestock from Quo 4.13.What are the solutionto reduce groundwater pollution?
Organie Contaminantu .
Answer
i Manures and bio Nclids fre:
requently contain nutrients., including nitrogen. Following are the solution to reduce groundwater pollution:
carbon, urid phosphoru, 1. Legislation :
iL Furthernore, because they are industrially processed, they may
have within them
cotaminants such as personal also L There are federal laws in most countries that help in protecting the
and pharmaceuticals care pruducts(PHP quality of groundwater.
üi These produets have betn feund in human and Safe drinking and clean water regulations ahould enture t otection
animal bodes and ar
beleved to have negative health impactn on wildlife, of drinking water by establishing measures for them
nnimals, and standards
iv.
Agricultural pollution becomes even harder to manage with
of organic contaminanta such typ
 Water Conservation
4-16P(OE-Sem-7) Water lOgse Soil and
Fngineering 417P(OFSem-7T)
2 The U'se of Water Cleaning Systems
|Deseribe tthe effeets of
that dis gue 4.14. groundwater pollution.
i Point-of-use treatment systems should be installed in outlets
water for hunan consumption. Ansrer
The techniques used include chemical disinfection, boiling,
sola. erfects of Groundwater P'ollution Folluwing ire the efferts of
i activated charcoul
distiliation, filtration, ozone water disinfection, Kround water pollution
absurption, arnd ultriviolet disinfection. Health Issues :
l Arsenic Rertaval Filters (ARFR) are usually istalled to remove arenie Contaminated groundwater has detrinental effeets on bealth
compounds present. eas where septic tanks installation is not set up corTectly, the
i. Maintenance of these filters is essential to ensure that the drinkine n waste may contaminute the water sour
Water is uiwa_s safe hunia
Groundwater Remediation is also another management technique KAste may contain hepatitis causing bacteria that may lead to
hledauage to the liver.
vi. The biological treatment techiques employed are bioaLgmentation.
bioslurping, bioventing, phytorenedution, and biosparging it may cauæ dysentery whuch leak to severe diarrhea, dehydration
in Nofne cases death.
Vü, Chemjcals techniques such as jau exchange, ozone gas injection, Additiopal health problems include poisoning that tnsy bea result ofhe
Imembrane sepuration, and chemien! precipitation can also be used ENe of excessive pesticides and fertilizers or natural chemicals
Pruper Management of the Sources of Pollution :
The cheuicals leach into water sources and po~son them Drinking
L The landflls should be designed with proper clay and leachates, The water from such a source may lead to serious health effecte
muntenance slould be done rvgularly Affects Economic Growth:
L The location of the lanáfill should also be fir from groundwater areas.
Purtier, any hazrdous.wastes should not lie dumped in the landfill Cuntamination of gruundwater sources renders the ata incapabae of
and unimal life.
BLstaining plant, human,
depreciates,
ound aturage tanke The population in the, area reduces and the land value
Lo coInpiywth theet regulatiotis and pelkcies to avoilcontanination or Another effect is that it leads to less stability in industries rely ing on
groundwater to produce ther goods.
even iuwsita.
outsource for
Therefore, the industries in affected areas will have to
iv. Aeontainmient device that ats as aleak back up should be put in place water frum other regions which may turn out to be expensave
and any unused underground tanks should be rensoved.
down due to the poor quality of
V. Underground pipelines inatallation should be designed prufessionally. N. In addition, they may be forced to close
Insections should be done regularly and causes of corroston or leakages water.
noted should be resolved imnediately. Impacts on the Environment and Eeoxystem :
4 Recycling : ntal chunges.
Groundwater pollution can leadof tocertain
devastating eninntia)
nutrientsthat a for
i Most landfills in various countries have a recycling plant nearby. One such alteration is the loss
Therefore, used petroleun produets shotuld be taken to such places. self-sustenance ofthe ecosystem
water bodies, alteration of the aquntic
i Apart frorn oil, other reeyclable materials such as plastic, bottle, und Also, when the pollutants mix with
paper Wiustes can mha be taken to Ticycling plants. ccosystem may als90 OCEur.
as a result of tao
Aquatic unimals such as fishes may die off quickly
he sate stould provide desigrated reeycling pick up areas in places uL
many contaminants in theewater bodies. affected.
iv. Together with other envi contaminated water may also be
ntal organizutions, the state can mobliz iv. Animals nd plants using c aquifers and once the
people to piurticipato in the recy substances accumulate with time in the unsuitable for haan
Toxic render the groundwuter
Ihey can do this by hotdin
comniunities on the inportance of recycling.campigns and educating prime spreaas 1
and animal
 Water Io Sodand Wuter Conserviation Engneering
4-19P(OE-Sem-7)
+18P(OESem-7)
on ground Selid Waste:
senous especialy in people who rely
i The effects are er Developmental Group estimated that in deveicping countries
during drought period. nximately 0.3 to 0.6 kg personday of waste is relensed into the
Erplain the vurious causes of Eroundwater polluti ground.
Que d15, be other hand., in developed countries, 0,7 to L8 kg
person/day is
relensed.
Answer Folowing are the causes
Causes of Groundwater Polutioa The chemicala frorn these substances are leached into the grouradwater
ground water pollutaun 4hrough precipitation and surtace runoff
he wastes caaleachate nd d taken to landills. If thelandfs
1 Natural Soureest
Naturaily occurrink s u b a i e n
found in the soila and rocks cun b Jack aclay icals from the wastes will leach
groundwater.
dissalved in water causng con and posea threat o the
radionuclides, fluorides, nanes eultural Chemicals :
1ese subetances are eulfates, iron, Agricult
chlorides, ana ar uftons of ugricultural ehemicals guch as fertiliers and peaticides
the caving rnaterinls in the soil ny seepin undergroud Mallonsdworldwide to increane crop production
rand move wËth it as particles Otber institutions such as the golfcourses also use these chemicals
2 Septie Systems : ssive use of these chenicala can lead to contamination of
Arow the world, se ptic systems are the min cause of yollutiop of ndwater
uuderground water.
Chemicals such as pestieides are known to remain in the ground fot
i The polutants are outiow from privies, septic tank, aud the cesslls vears and when diluted with the ranwater thy seap deeper into the
Additionally, improperly designed and lenking septic systems releae roundwater.
contaminuits such us nitrates, oils, bacteri chemicals, detergenta,and
viruen into uderground water. Injection wells :
0v. Coaunereinl septie tanks pone hatrichloroethape.
even er threat because they i They have various uNeE ranging from eolection uf itormwaterta disposal
of industrial and eomnereial ellluents.
release organie
When not properly regulated, hazardous chenicats can be disposed of
frun injection wells.
oil, vaint thinners
mphotagrsplic chemicals.
medcives i i n e l n m For this reason, if not praperly located, regulated, and desined; they
gurden chemicaln ahould not be dispoerd into septic tanks or directly can cause contamination of groundwater.
into the environment as they cause serious contamination,
L These chemicals should be disposed f with the help of a VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
licensed
harardous waste harjler.
4 Petroleum Producta: Folowing guentions are very important. These questiona
Peiroleunm atorage tanka are either located underground or above may be asked in your SESSIONALS as Lrell as
UNTVERSITY EXAMINATION.
i Also, the transportatio
underground ueunwthPtroleun products is minly done
ii. Leakages from these substances can lead 1. Explain the various affeting factors of evuporation process.
Ank Refer Q. 4.3, Unit-4
aimated that t6,00 chetnicallcontamination of water.
mtrucks, stora
continers,and train spllages especialy whenntrn
he chemtieala nplled become tr rring oil,
2. Write a short note on : water logging snd
ehemical
diluted with water and seepipto the degradation.
ay cause
greundwater eontamination. ground Ans Refer Q.4.5, Unit-4.
4-20 P (OE-Sem-7)
Water Losses
Q.3. What are the affecting factors of self purification of w
bodies ?
Ans. Refer Q. 4.8, Unit-4.
Q.4. What are the effects of agricultural pollution ?
Ans. Refer Q. 4.10, Unit-4.
9.5. What are the solutions to reduce groundwater polluti
Ans. Refer Q. 4.13, Unit-4.
Q.6. Explain the various causes of groundwater pollution.
Ane, Refer Q.4.15, Unit-4.

D u a n t

Serie
 5UNIT
Planned Utilization of
Water Resources

CONTENTS
Part-l : Need of Planned
Utilization.......
of Water Resources
5-2P to 5 4P

Part-2 : Economics of Water 54P to 5-6P

Resources Utilization
Part-3 : Flood Plain Zones... 5-6P to 5-8P
Management
Part-4 : Modifying the Flood 5-8P to 5-9P

Part-5 Reducing Susceptibility 5-9P to 5-10P

to Damage

Part-6 Reduce the Impact of Flooding ...5-10P to 5-12P

5-1 P (OE-Sem-7)
 Planned Utilization of Water Resource Saitand Water Conseryvation
5-2P(OESem-7)

Fronthe bottom up or the

Engineering 6-3P OE Sem-7)

PART-1
2
Top Down Approach: grass-roots approsch.
A
Woter resources proteskuonals pre pare
Need of Planned Utilization of Water Resources. lopment pluns witn alterrnativeintegrated. ultinur
purpose "raster
TBAnagement options. structural and pon-strurtural
Questians-Answers eis dominance of professionals and
gtakeholders. little participation
of
Long Answer Type and AMedium Answer Type Questions Ahis approach, one or more institutions have the
sbility and authority
to develop and implement the plan
erer,
nowadays, since public have active partiripaticn in pla1ning
Que 5.1.Why planning and management of water resources are management activities, top-down approsches
approz are becoming less
necesSAT desirable or acceptable.
Approach :
Answer B. Boltom Up
thisapproach there is active participation ofinterested stakealder
Planning and management of water resourees systems are essential those affected by the management of the water and land resourees
due to following factors:
1. Severity of the adverse consequences of drought,floods and excesstve HPuns are being created from the bottom up rather than top dnWn.
pollution. These can lead to : Top down approach plana do not take into consideration the concerns of
sffected local stakeholders.
Too little water due to groWing urbanization, additional wate Baltom up appronch ensures cooperation and commitnent from
irements etc. Measureses should be
taken to reduce the demand during scarcity times stnkeholders.
o much
much water rddue to increased lood frequencies and also increas goals and priorities will be comnon mang all stakeholders by
ents due to inereased economic development on river
quirements taking care of iaws and regulations und by identifying multiple
floodolains. alternatives and performance criteria.
mezsures of
iü Polluted water due to both industrial and household discharges. Vi. Tradeoffs are made between conficting gonls or
performance.
2 Degrudation of aquatic and ripuriun systems due to river training and
management of
reclamation of fioodplains for urban and industrial development, poor Qne 5.3. Explain the aspeets of planning and
efluents, eteydue to dischanges of pesticides, fertilizers and wastewater Waler resaurce.

3. While port development sdeeper rivers, narrowing the river for

e the fo
food level. Answer
shipping purposes wll inere
4. River bank erosion nd egradation of river bed upstream of the Aspects of Planning and Management
reservoirs may increase the looding riak6. A Technical Aspects: resources in the
5. Sediment aceumulation in the reservoir due to poor water qunlity 1 It is frst necessary to identify the cha°hetensnd rier
raintall, te t i n e invoives
basin, including the land, theTechnical nspects of
Que 5.2.What are the approaches for planning and nanagement lows and the groundwater and econoric activities at iwaerina
useleovers
of water resources ? 2 redictingchanges in land
and river basin levels. and to be
benefits ofany measures being
Answer dEstimation of the costs and water resource incuding engibeeritng
the basin's
Approaches : Two approaches which lead to un integrated plan and Laken to manage structure
management poliey are: structures, canals, diversion ofalternative marvgement strategies und
1 From the top down or the command and control approach. Tdentification and schedules for implementing those mcanurs
evaluation
time
als0 alternative
 Sailand Water Conservation Engieering OF-Sem.7
-5P(OE
Planned Utilization of Water Resoure
54POE-Sem-7) decisions such as whether toto lease
ANpects :
s coputersor update existingones.parchase oftice space, invest in
r ptozar
B. Econoie and Financial house or outsourCe the customer serie customer service i
ater should be treated as an economic
commodiy to extract th
to gunerate
maximum benefits as well asoperation Que 5.5.
Descrribethe principles of
eparneat
the investments and of the And maint enance of the system, engineering economics.
long as n freo commodity. Answer
2 Water had been trented for cost incurred,
Revenues rocovered are far below
the capital The Seven Prineiples :
3.
process IS needed to recover bofthe seven printipies of engheering econo mics
4 Pinancial couponent of any plunningrepair and operation costs, nioves youa step
construction eosts, uuntenance, thit
dloper toward making an econonics-related ecision.
viablity is viewed as aconstrajnt Te frst two
5 In management policies, financml hncuresuit in
principles- makinga list of alternatives and jdentifring
iferences between each alternative-set up
must be satisfied; not as an ojctive wseequity or other nun-monetary
the thought process
reduction in economic eficiency, he next three principles Tocus on evaluation criterin, Thee include
3. otablishing consiatent evaluation eriteria, developing comnon
objectives.
C. Institutional Aspeets : orrnance nieasurement and considering all relevant moDetary und
enabling environment non-monetary criteria.
1. Successful proect implementation needs an
are
2 Nataonal, provincial and local policies, legislation and institutions The final two principles focus un analyris Thuse iachude weighing risks
crucial for implementation oftbe decisions, Against potential rewards and prformance monitanng.
is
3. The role of the guvernment is crucial since water .
Develop 1ne hanl choice lderision) is among
i Nota property right alternat lkernatives need
ent analysis.
be identified nad then defined for
Aresource that often rrquires large investnent to develop and Rubsequen
# Pocus on the Differences: Only the differences in experted future
Amedium that can impulse external effect hes arnong the alternatives are Televant to their cumparisun and
The main causes offailure of water resources development pruject are should be considered in the decision.
ofa sound ecunotnic evalustion
insufieient institutional setting and Lack itt Uee a Consistent Viewpoint : The prospective auteomes of the
and impleruentation.
alternatives, economic and other, should be consistently developed frum
defined viewpoint (perspective).
unit o:
iv. Use a Common Unit of Measure : Using a commun
PART-2

Eeonomtcs of Waler Resources Utilization. neeSurement to enumerate as many of the prospective

ot
outromes as
possible will make easier the annlysis And comparison
Ceider ARelevant Critern ud aitermative
aestiopH-Answe :Seiettl nteria).
(decision making) requires the use of a triter
d Make Uncertaunty tris inherent in projecticg (or
Long Answor Type and Medium Apwee Tyne Ouestions Exptet:rte slternat:ves and should t
Patitatibk nalysis aud eomparison
Que 5.4. What is Foginering Beonumics ? Mention its importance vil RevisitYour Decisions : Imuroved decision making results frnm a
projected outcomies
adaplive uroceNs: to the extent practacable, the initialcornpared
alternative should be subsequently with atua
Answer of the selected
rerults achieved
1. Ennneering economics principles focus ad used to rnake an
ocr
economics-based decison neot n k Explain the beneft-cost ratio and present
worth methed.
Que 5.6.
2 Enginoering economics plays an important role for business owners
because it helps identify the steps required to make well-thought out
 Water
PlannedUtilization of Water Resoure Sodand -Conservation Eagineering
56P (OESem-7)
Oue G.7.Whattare the
t
strategies for flood plain
-7POFSem-7)
Answer
Ratio Method :
Answer
management ?
A Benefit -Costhtin of the present worth of beefits an
BC ratio, est It can be expressea ta Flood Plain Management Strategies :
the presnt Strategy l:Modify human susceptibility to food damae
LR/Q+) nduee disruptionby avoiding hazardous, uneconoic or unwie use of
1
BC) Ratio 56.11 floodpiains.
Tools Include:
Penulating floodplain use by using oning codes to stoer develo
2 The steps to be fotlowed for choosing the best alternative are: away from hazardous areas or natural ureas deserine mest
Cleuate the RC value for each alternative Ir sets of mutualle dablishing rules for developirng sub divisins, and rigrauly
Retain all aiternatives with B/C>land reject the rest. followinE
Cxclusive alternatives are involved then go to steps (iii), (iv) and (). building, health and sanitary codex
Rank the set of mutualy ecasing Sstablishing development and redvelopent poucies on the design and
eeemental cust and increm
abet ternative above the least costly alternative, lecation of public services, utilitis and eritical Faciltis
iv. Chose the ore costly alternative of the incremental WO>1.Otherwie Acquiring in a foodplain in order to preserve upen space ad
choose the less costls altornative permanently relocate building
. Repeat the analysis for all alternatives in the order of rank Slevating or lood proofung w buildings und retrofittingexisting unes.
B. Preent Prepuring people and property for flooding tlrough forecasting, warning
wotenefft- cost) for each year is computed
systems and emergency plans
and discounted to the present with using the present worth factor. Restoring and preserving the natural resources und functions
Their sun is the Net Present Value (NPV),
NPV= T(P/1+i)-C tioodplans
e ur chooing the best alternitive nre: Strategy 2 : Modify the Impuct of Flooding :
1 Assist intividunls nd cotnunities tuprepare for, respunsi to and recover
ü Retain those alternatives with NPVs0 and reject the rest, If there is
uny mutually exclusive nlternative, then proceed to steps (iiit and (iv irod
Otherwise, stop 2 Tools
ude
im Choose the one with greatest NPV from the set of mutually excluNivO i Providing information and edication ta ässist self.help und pritction
alternatives, measures.

iv. Ifina set of mutunlly exelusive alternatives, some have benefits that Following flood emergency mesures during a food to protect peuple
nnd but ire approximately equal, then choose the one and property
Redocing the finnncial impact of flooding through disaster assistance,
fluod insurance and tax adjustmentu.
PART-3
Flood Plain Zones NManagement.
Preparing post-flood recovery plans hra pirg sto help pecple rebuild
ure fonds
sndimplement mitigation meaures to pr
C. Strategy 3 : Modify Flooding Itself :
Develop projects that control floodwater.
Questiona-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Tools Include: upsiream from
Type Questions Huilding dams and reservoirs that store excess water
developed aroas
 Planned U'tilization of Water Resom Conservation
Soilandd Water
5-8P (OE-Sem-7) ourees
Engitering
i Buildingdikes, levecs td loodwalls to kecpwater awuy frum developed
areas. Answer -9PIOFSemT)
it Altering channels to make them niore efficient, so ovrbank loi. aditional strategy of
will be less frequent.
oifyng foods reljes uom the cor
t dums, dikes, levees, floudyatt ; chaanel alterstions, tictlen
v. Diverting high Aows around developed areas. diverxions and spillways, and lund treatnent
tre
ee touls permit changes in the
measures. hieh:
V. Treating Jand to bold as much rain as posaible where it falls, so it Can
infiltrate the soil instead of running off 2 ood: in the time of rise and d o t t in the peak stare of
Vì. Storing excess runoff with on-site detention measures. fooded; in the velocity and depth of londthe eztent of the area
Waters, and cocsequently in
he amount of debris, sediment, and pollutants
v. Protecting inland developruent with shureline protectionmmeLsures that
accouit for the natural movement of shorene features. while the effectiveness of these tools in protee that fooda carry
viä. Controlling runoT from areas under development outside the floodplaun lives has been demonstrated repeatedly Property and savirg
woodification strategy is neither practical nor desirable
iancg upon a fd
D. Strategy 4: Preserve and Restore Natural Resources :
.tood modification (structurall measures acting alope lea
maintaining foodnlainaniretstinhistüng and
nenvironm tural state
feod loNs putential within the remainng oodalain and add taresduai
are but potentially devastating danagus frutu
2 Tools Inelude: structural fare or fm
uncontrolled flows of major storas
i Poodplain, wetands apd cotal bur
rtnd use regulatios .rtaless accomnpanied by apprapriate nen-structural DEasures. the
Fuch as zning, can be used to steer development away from nensitive
or
natural areas. Btruturou a o atalse nRe ofsecurity ad eugc ura
h i e r e e P a t e uses oftheir land
ü. Development and redevelopment policies on the design and locatinn of
public services, utilities and criticul facilities. B Ror u rd tse reguatiora and oter apprupriate
boud acconipany the implementation of
m Land acquisition; open space preservation; permaneit relocation of structural mensure.
buildings; restaration of Auod plains and wetlands, And
hatural funetions and habitats
preservation of
iv. Information and education to make people aware of natural flood plain PART:5
resourceH and functions and huw to protect them, Redueing Susceptibltty to Damage.
Fax adjustments to pravide afinancial initiative for preserving lands or
Vi. B e a c h u r a lstate,
tand dune building to protect inland development by Questions
maintaining the natur Tiood prutection features.
Long Aniwer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
PART-4
Modifying the Flood.
Que 6.9, Write short notes on modify susceptibility to flood
damege and disruption.

Ouestions-Answers Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium
Answer Type Qucstions 1 The strategy to modify susceptibility to flood damnge and
disruptian
consists of actions to avoid dangerous, uneconomi, e
inWise use of the loodplain Responsibility for implementing
Que 5.8.Write short note on : rests largely with the non-federal e
modify Dooding. 2 ThesO actions include restr ns in the mode and the tune af day and
means of access, in the pattern
or season of occupuncy, in the ways and
 abd Water Conservation
5-10PIOE-Sem-T) Planned Utlization of Water ReMsurce5
wal
Costa looding has been.n
Engçieering 5-11 P(OE Sem-7)
densitv ard elevatcn ofstructures and in the
charncter oftheir materist. Aefences, such as aguressed in Europe and the
sea walls, each Ameriea
erc With
tivenes, sohubility, corrodiblity), in the slhane iourisument, and barrier
fuilkdbrs and their coatents;, and in thr appurtenant farilites ike is another method of foorpotection.n, A dike
and andncaping of the grounds. ang floods compared to otberm jwers the risk of
3. The strategy may also nece ssitate changes in the interdependencie seYer it is better to combine dikes help prevent dae
hetween floodplains and surrounding areas not subject to loodine to reduce the risk of a collapsed dike iood costrol methot
especialy interdependencies regarding utilities and comnerce
4 Impiementing "tool" for these sctions include land use regulatine How to reduce the impact of floodingat your
develapeient and redevelupnentp c e r hotne
edness and response plans,
preparedne Warning Answer
P vour Gutters: Following are the methods of
3. Land treatment meagures, although discussed laterin the strategy to reduce iapactaf
looding
"pod1fy flooding." can nlso function to modify susceptibility to food
damngr. Maintain water eranie rouna your prujerty by ensuring gutters ad
downspu
are
debris so that rainw ater draits etficiently
6. Differont tools nuay be more sutatie to developed or underdeveloped from
floodplains or to more urban or rural areas. Parrels strategically placed beneath downspeuts can also heip to
2
runoff fron roofa
collect
PART-6
Jdentily Trouble Spots uround your Home:
Reduce the Lmpact of Flooding. took for places where wuter pols or tolects. During hevy rains, sse
if
there are areas where drainge is nn is5e,
Queations-Answers Constder altering your yard's existing grading toensre that :
slopes away from the foundalion und carries water awy frm
rum your
home.
Long Answer Type nd Medium Answer Type Questions
Diggin trenchesorinstalling drains canbelp facilitate runod und áirect
water away fron your home and otber baildings.
Que 5.10.What are the methods of controlling the floods? C. Seal Cracks in the Foundation :
Ensure any fssures in hasement walls or the foundatior of your home
Answer are completely sealed with reliable household waterproofng substances
Method of Control of Flood :Following are the methods of controlling like rnertar, masonry caulk or hydraulic cersent
2. Thir nay help to reduce water infillration during minor food events.
1. Thee pethods include nlantir
extrawater, terracing D. Connider Inatalling Fiood Vents Floot vents allow 1o0dwter to
hillsides to sBow tumw dokilltoein
made channela to divert floodwater)
construetion affloodways (man
waler presure from bulding up ani damaging the found ation or wals.
2 0ther techniques inelude the construction of levees, dikes, dums, Install a Sump Pump
Teservoirs or reteatien ponds to holdextra water durig times of flooding
3 In many countries, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. This will direct groundwater away from your home and prevent
basement looding
4 Defences such s levees, bunds, reseroirs, and weirs are
rivers from bursting their bnks.
used to prevert Storms often lead to the loss of electricity, so be sure that you hive
lose
5. attery buckup that will keep your sump pump aperatng you
When these detences tal, emergeney easures such as sandbags or power in your home.
inflatable tubes are used
 Resourcoe o wOn and water
floors method.
cor pressure-treated
walls imporiant.
questions
These
like of ?home
Water wooden of as economics.
management
materials construction worth
VERY well
QUESTIONS
IMPORTANT
of about your
PlannedUtilization as EXAMINATION.
UNIVERSITY present
concrete,
damage-resistant SESSIONALS engineering at
forget
Flooring: and flooding
the
and
basements,liketor planning
used
materials ratio
of
Damage-Resistant very of impact
flood be your principles
cost
surfaces.
also are of
likeuse water-resistant in aspects benefit theUnit-5.
questions Unit-5. Unit-5. Unit-5.
instead can
areas asked reduce
rubber board the 5.3, the5.5, the
5.6, 5.11,
5-12
(0E-Sem-7)
P flood-prone be Describe
resource.
Explain
Flood andor cement Following
may Q. Q. Explain
Q. to Q.
Similarly,
carpeting
vinyl Refer Refer Refer HowRefer
ceiling.
Use tile, and
In Q.1. Ans. Q.2.Ans: Q.3.Ans, Q.4.Ans:
F.
2.