B5xEK Fluids 1

5. Aerodynamics
5.5 Finite-wing effects

5.5a Finite-wing effects on lift

 Aerofoil (2D Wing)

Wall Infinite Wing

Wall

Flush with the vertical side walls of the tunnel

2
 Finite Wing (3D)

Finite Wing

Wing tip Wing tip

3
 Finite Wing

reduces pressure difference across the wing near the tips

à less lift than from similar section further inboard

4
 Infinite vs Finite Wing
Infinite wing:
"
𝐿 = 𝑐! 𝜌 𝒄 𝑈# (N/m)
#

‘area’ = chord length

Finite wing:

"
𝐿 = 𝐶! 𝜌 𝑺 𝑈 # (N)
#

‘area’ = wing area

5
 Elliptical Lift distribution
l Easiest when expressing lift through circulation
– at each section of the wing: 𝐿 = −𝜌𝑈 ∫ Γ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
– Wing span b = 2s (ie, s is distance of wing tip to centre)
" $
– Elliptical lift distribution: Γ 𝑧 = Γ! 1 −
#
– Integrate z from – s to +s or z’ := z/s from –1 to +1
#
𝜋𝑠
𝐿 = −𝜌𝑈Γ! 𝑠 ( 1 − 𝑧 $ % 𝑑𝑧 $ = −𝜌𝑈Γ!
2
"#
We also know that −𝜌𝑈Γ! is the 2D lift in the centre,
(
– also expressed as −𝜌𝑈Γ! = 𝑐%,$' 𝜌𝑐𝑈 $ .
$
– Also s/2 = b/4 and bc = S (span x chord = wing area)
𝜋 1 1
𝐿 = 𝑐&,%( 𝜌 𝑏𝑐 𝑈 = 𝐶),*( 𝜌 𝑆 𝑈 %
%
4 2 2
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 Infinite vs Finite Wing

Best case is 𝜋
‘elliptical wing’: 𝑎 = 𝑎*
4

𝛼$%&!!,#( < 𝛼$%&!!,)(

7
 Three Configurations of High-lift Devices

No deployment of high-lift devices

• No or little acceleration or climb

Partially deployed
• Acceleration and climb
• High lift
• Low drag
• Maximum thrust
• Essentially
Ø adding camber,
Ø chord length
Ø Flap

Fully extended
• Deceleration
• Very high lift
• High drag
• No thrust (idle)
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