Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

4 ridhksl l¾udka;
4'1 ridhksl l¾udka;hl M,odhS;dj
• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh fõ.j;a lrñka fõ.j;a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla we;s lr .ekSug we;s jQ keUqrej
ksid" ridhksl úoHd ±kqu uyd mßudK ksIamdokhka i`oyd fhdod .ekSug keUqre úh'

ridhksl l¾udka; j¾. ridhksl l¾udka; i|yd ksoiqka

1. uQ,sl ridhksl øjH
2. Ôj úoHd;aul ridhksl øjH
3. úfYaIs; ridhksl øjH
4. mdßfNda.sl ridhksl øjH
nyqwjhúl j¾." ldnksl iy wldnksl
ridhksl øjH" fmdfydr j¾." bkaOk
msßmyÿjg wh;a jk ridhksl øjH
úgñka j¾." fnfy;a j¾." tkaihsu" fm%daàk
j¾." lDñkdYl
;Ska; j¾." msßisÿldrl" W;afm%arl"
j¾Kldrl" m¾fhaIKd.dr i|yd Ndú;hg
.efkk øjH
inka" fiaÿïldrl" we,jqïldrl" rEm,djKH
i|yd Ndú;hg .efkk ridhksl øjH

• n,Yla;shla Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wuqøjH (Inputs) ridhksl mßKdukhlg (Production

Process) Ndckh fldg kj .=Kdx. we;s øjH (Outputs) ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ridhksl
l¾udka;hla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

• wuqøjH jYfhka jdhQka" Lksc iïm;a" f,day j¾." f;,a" c,h iy w¾O ksñ ridhksl øjH
Ndú;hg .kq ,nhs'
• úúO M, f,i ie,lsh yels oE i|yd ksoiqka f,ig ¨Kq" fldiaála fidavd" fidavd wEIa"
i,a*shqßla (sulfuric) wï,h" fmdiamßla (phosphoric) wï,h" khsÜßla (nitric) wï,h" ghsfÜkshï
vfhdlaihsâ hkdÈh ±laúh yels h'
• ridhksl l¾udka; wdY%s; j ridhksl úm¾hdihla isÿùu tys m%Odku ,laIKhls'

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• f,dalfha m%Odk ridhksl l¾udka; iy tajdfha fhoSï

wefudakshd ksIamdokh (NH3)

➢ iDcqj u fmdfydr ksIamdokhg fhdod.ekSu

➢ wefudakshï i,af*aÜ [(NH4)2SO4] yd
➢ wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü [NH4NO3] f,ig
➢ hqßhd [NH2CONH2]
➢ khsg%cka wvx.= fmdfydr ksmoùug
➢ khsá%la wï,h ksmoùug yd
➢ j¾Kl ksmoùug
➢ khsf,daka nyqwjhúl ksmoùug – vhsweóka
➢ YS;ldrlhla f,ig yd
➢ mú;%ldrl f,ig

i,a*shqßla wï, ksIamdokh (H2SO4)

➢ fmdiaf*aÜ fmdfydr ksmoùfï wuqøjHhla f,i

➢ negß weisâ
➢ b,aukhsÜ Lkscfhka ghsfÜkshï vfhdlaihsâ ksmoùug
➢ jdfka ;yvqj, u;=msg msßisÿ lsÍug
➢ lvodis l¾udka;fha § úrxckh ioyd fhdod .kq ,nk laf,darska vfhdlaihsâ
[ClO2] ksmoùug

fldaiaála fidavd (NaOH)

➢ lvodis l¾udka;fha §
➢ lmq frÈj,g m%Ndjla u;= lsÍug
➢ fmfg%da,shï l¾udka;fha§ úúO ldnksl ixfhda. msßmyÿ lsÍfï § ksoyia jk
lgql .kaOhla we;s vhsyhsârcka i,a*hsÜ ^H2S) yd u¾lemagka bj;a lsÍug
➢ inka ksIamdokh i|yd o uQ,sl wuqøjHhla f,i

khsá%la wï, (HNO3)

➢ wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü fmdfydr ksmoùug

➢ rdc wï,h iE§ug ^ùÿre NdKav msßisÿ lsßugg iy r;%ka l¾udka;fha§
fhdod.kS&
➢ g%hskhsfg%dfgd¨úka ^TNT) yd
➢ g%hskhsfg%d.a,siÍka ^TNG) jeks iafmdaGl ksmoùug
➢ uq,øjH y÷kd.ekSfï mÍlaId i|yd

yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h (HCl)

➢ PVC iy .ï j¾. ksIamdokfha§

➢ idudkH fïi ÆKq msßisÿ lsÍfï l%shdjg
➢ wmc,h msßmyÿ lsÍfï§ iy ta i|yd fhdok ridhksl øjH ksmoùug'

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• f,dalfha ridhksl l¾udka; wdY%fhka ,efnk m%Odk ksIamdÈ; jkqfha nyqwjhúl iy ma,diaála
j¾. jk w;r tajd uq¿ ksIamdokfhka 80% muK fõ' uq¿ ksIamdokfhka 6% muK fmdfydr ksIamdok
f,i ie,flk w;r fï i|yd fmdiaf*ag" wefudakshd iy fmdgEIa hk ridhksl øjH wvx.= fõ'

• Y%S ,xldfõ we;af;a ridhksl l¾udka; lsysmhls' fndrf;,a msßmyÿ lsÍu" firñla NdKav yd
msÕka .fvd,a" ¨Kq" isfuka;s" ùÿre" inka ksIamdokh bka iuyrls'

• fnda., yd lyg.y m;,a wdY%s;j ,nd.kakd ñksrka iDcqju wmkhkh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
• tmamdj, wemghsÜ ksêh fgdka ñ,shk yegla muK fõ hehs weia;fïka;= lr we;'
• ue.akghsÜ yd ,sfudkhsÜ f,ig hlv f,dayh wka;¾.; Lksc ,xldfõ we;'
• óg wu;rj uhsld" yqkq.,a" fvd,uhsÜ" is,sld" fm,aiamd¾" b,aukhsÜ yd rEghs,a jeks ld¾ñlj
m%fhdackj;a Lksc wm rfgys we;'

• Y%S ,xldj Lksc iïm;aj,ska wkQk rgla jqjo l¾udka; i|yd wjYH ;dlaIKsl oekqu yd m%d.aOkh
my< uÜgul mj;S' tneúka b;du;a wvq uqo,lg wm i;= Lksc iïm;a wuqøjH f,ig wmkhkh
lsÍu §¾> ld,hl isg isÿfõ' wm i;= Lksc iïm;a ms<sn`o ukd wOHhkh iy t;=<ska f.dvke`.sh
yels ridhksl l¾udka; .ek is; fhduq lsÍu wm i;= j.lSula fuka u ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet

• ridhksl øjH fndfyda úg úIodhl fyda udrdka;sl úIodhl úh yels ksid ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
ukdj ie,iqï lsÍu" iqmÍlaIdldÍj wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdu jvd;a ie,ls,su;a úhhq;= lreKq
fõ'
• ridhksl ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk ixfhda. yd ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk ixfhda. u.ska
wys;lr n,mEï we;s úh yels neúka fuu ixfhda. .nvd lsÍu yd mßyrKh i|yd úêu;a l%u
wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'
• hï ridhksl ixfhda.hla ms<sn| ish¨ ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=re MSDS [Material Safety Data Sheet]
m;%sldj ;=< wvx.= fõ'

MSDS m;%sldjla ;=< wvx.= oE j,ska lsysmhla

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• fldaiaála fidavd i|yd MSDS f;dr;=re m;%sldjla

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• ridhksl ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk wuqøjH ixfhda.j, ixhq;sh" ixY=oaO;dj yd fN!;sl
.=Kdx. ^j¾Kh" >k;ajh jeks& ksr;=rej mÍlAId l<hq;=h'
➢ m%Odk wruqK jkafka wjika ksIamdokfha ;;a;ajh Wiia f,i mj;ajd.ekSuhs'
➢ ksoiqka f,i úfhdackh úhyels wuqøjH we;akï tajd m%;sl%shd i|yd WÑ;o hkak
oek.ekSug mÍlAId l<hq;=h'
• wuqøjH ñY% lsÍfï § ñY% lrk wkqmd; yd ñY% lrk wkqms<sfj< b;d jeo.;a fõ'
➢ ksoiqkla f,ig HCl ksIamdokfha § H2 yd Cl2 ksis wkqmd;hg ñY% fkdl< úg § b;sß
jk H2 m%udKh iE§ we;s HCl j,ska fjka lsÍu m%dfhda.slj ÿIalr fõ'
➢ tfiau hï m%;sl%shdjla fõ.j;a yd wêl ;dmodhl kï tu m%;sl%shl úYd, m%udKhla
tljr ñY% lsÍu ksid wêl ;dm m%udKhla flá ld,hla ;=< ckkh ùu fya;=fjka
msmsÍï fyda .sks .ekSï we;s úh yel'
➢ ixfhda.hla jrlg iaj,amhla f,iska m%;sl%shdj isÿ jk udOHhg tla lsÍu fujeks
wk;=re j<lajd .ekSfï tla Wml%uhla fõ'

5M ixl,amh
• ridhksl l¾udka;hla id¾:l j mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd n,mdk uQ,sl idOl rdYshla we;' fïjd
iïm;a f,i ie,lsh yel'
• fuu iïm;a 5 M ixl,amh f,i mq¿,aj y`ÿkajd § we;'

➢ ñksia n,h ^Man Power&

➢ wuqøjH ^Materials&
➢ uqo,a ^Money&
➢ l%ufõoh ^Method&
➢ hka;% ^Machines&

ñksia iïm; (Man Power)

• ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wjYH idOl w;ßka b;d jeo.;a idOlh udkj iïm;hs'
• udkj n,Yla;sh$udkj iïm; iuia; ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs'
• fï ksid udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ^Human Resource Management& jeo.;a wx.hls'
• ukao h;a wfkla ish¨ u iïm;a ksis f,i mßyrKh lrñka l¾udka;hla id¾:l;ajh i|yd
f.k hdug fidnd oyu yd wkd.; mrïmrdj .ek hym;a wdl,amhla ;sîu w;HjYHh'

wuqøjH (Material)

• ridhksl l¾udka;hl ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aulNdjh ta i|yd Ndú;hg .efkk wuqøjH u; r|d

mj;S'
• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< wuqøjH iq,Nj mej;Su ksIamdok l%shdj,sh fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hdug
fya;= fõ'
• ksoiqkla f,i Lksc iïm;a ksêhla i,ld ne,Sfï § tu ksêfha ridhksl ixhq;sh tu fhdað;
l¾udka;hg WÑ;o hkak ±k.; hq;= fõ'
• hlv ksiaidrKfha § tu hlv ksêfha wvx.= fmdia*ria m%;sY;h jeo.;a idOlhls'
• ;j o tu wuqøjH ksêfha msysàu" tkï l¾udka;Yd,djg iómfha o hk j. i,ld ne,sh hq;= fõ'
túg wuqøjH m%jdykhg .; jk ld,h iy msßjeh wvq lr f.k ksIamdokh ld¾hlaIuj isÿ l<
yels h'
• wuqøjH f,i fhdod .kq ,nk iajdNdúl iïm;a ie,l+ úg"
➢ úYd, jYfhka ,nd .; yelsùu"
➢ by< ixY=oaO;djlska hq;= ùu"
➢ myiqfjka <`.d úh yels ia:dkhl msyà
s u hk lreKq jeo.;a fõ'

• m%Odk ridhksl l¾udka; i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk wuqøjH mqk¾ckkSh jk yd mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk
wuqøjH f,i j¾. l< yelsh'

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mqk¾ckkSh wuqøjH ^ Sustainable Resources&

• mdßißl iu;=,s;;djh wdrlaId lrk CIh ùug ,la fkdjk wuqøjH mqk¾ckkSh jk wuqøjH kï
fõ'
Wod #
• NH3 ksIamdokhg wjYH N2 jdhqj ,nd .kafka jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h øjlr ,efnk øj ñY%Kfha jQ N2
yd O2 Nd.sl wdijkh u.ska fjka lsÍfuka h'
• túg NH3 ys N2 kej; jdhq f.da,hg N2 pl%h Tiafia tla fõ'
• fï ksid NH3 ksIamdokhg fhdod .kq ,nk N2 jdhqf.da, jd;fhka ,nd .ekSu isÿ jqj;a th CIh
ùug ,la fkdfõ'
• tu ksid NH3 ksIamdokhg ,nd .kakd N2 mqk¾ckkSh jk m%Njhla f,i ye|skaúh yel'

mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk wuqøjH (Unsustainable Resources)

• mdßißl iu;=,s;;djh wdrlaId fkdlrk CIh jk wuqøjH mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk wuqøjH kï fõ'
Wod #
• NH3 ksIamdokhg wjYH H2 jdhqj m%Odk jYfhkau ,nd.kafka kema;d keue;s fmfg%da,shï
yhsfv%dldnkh fyda N+ñ jdhqj f,ig fmdf<dj ;=< ksê.; ù we;s óf;aka ^ CH4 & Wmfhda.S
lrf.kh'
kema;d fyda óf;aka → yhsv%cka + ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ
• b;d §¾> ld,hla Tiafia fmdf<dj ;=< isÿ jQ úm¾hdi j<ska fuu fmfg%da,shï ixfhda. ks¾udKh
ù we;s neúka fuu ixfhda. mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk ixfhda. f,i ye|skaúh yel'
• mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk wuqøjH fjkqjg mqk¾ckkh jk wuq øjH weiqfrka ksIamdok ls%hdj,s isÿlsÍu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu §¾> ld,Skj jevodhS fõ'
• ksoiqkla f,i NH3 ksIamdokhg wjYH H2 jdhqj ,nd.ekSu" ysre t<sh u.ska c, wKq LKavkh
lr ,nd.ekSu ms<sn| m¾fhaIK oelaúh yel'

• yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda. u.ska yhsv%cka ,nd .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i tu ixfhda. ;=< ;snQ ldnka
wjidkfha CO2 f,ig jdhQf.da,hg tlaj th jdhqf.da,Sh CO2 uÜgu by<hdu flfrys we;s
iïnkaO;dj ksid f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä lsÍu flfrys yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda. u.ska H2 ksmoùu
odhl fõ'

uqo,a (Money)

• jHdmdr f,dalfha .kqfokq lrkq ,nk fmdÿ udOHh uqo,a ^Money& ksid l¾udka;hla wdrïN
lsÍug;a" th mj;ajd f.k hdug;a w;HjYH uQ,sl idOlhla f,i uqo,a ie,lsh yel'

l%ufõoh (Method)

• ridhksl l¾udka;hla i,ld ne,Sfï § fndfyda ÿrg isÿjkafka ridhksl m%;sl%shd tlla fyda
lsysmhla m%;sl%shd l=àrh ;=< isÿ ù kj M,hla ,nd §u fõ'
• fuys § u,lv lEug tfrysj idok ,o WmlrK Ndú; lrk w;r tajd by< WIaK;ajhg fyda
mSvkhg wkql+, jk wkaoug idod we;'
• ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla isÿùug wjYH m%;sl%shl Yla;sh W;afm%arl Ndú;fhka hï;dla ÿrlg wvqlr
.; yels neúka l¾udka; i|yd fndfyda úg W;afm%arl Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• fuys § ,efnk jdish kï m%;sl%shdj wjidkfha kej; W;afm%arl ckkh ùuhs'
• iqÿiq l%ufõohla Ndú;fhka W;afm%arl yd M, fjka lr .kq ,efí'
• fuys § iEfok M,j, .=Kd;aulNdjh ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd wÈhr lsysmhl § M, úYaf,aIKh lrkq
,efí'
• kshñ; iïu;hkag wkql+,j ksmojkq ,enQ M," ksñ NdKav f,i;a wfklajd m¨ÿ jQ NdKav f,i;a
j¾. fldg wod< wxY fj; fhduq lrkq ,efí'
• fuu l%shdj,sfha§ ckkh jk w;sf¾l M, o" wmøjH o" mdúÉÑ lrk ,o c,h o wmú;% jQ c,h o
ksoyfia mßirhg tla lsÍu isÿ fkdl< hq;= hs' w

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• msßisÿ c,h ;rula ÿrg fyda msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. l¾udka;Yd,dj wdrïN lsÍug
fmr i,ld ne,sh hq;= hs'
• ;j o msg lrk wmøjH ;j;a l¾udka;hka i|yd wuqøjHhla f,i Ndú; lsÍfuka isÿjk mßir
¥IKh wju lr .; yels h'
• tl u ksIamdok l%shdj,sh tlsfklg fjkia wdldr ^Methods& lsysmhlska isÿ l< yelsh'
• thska jvd;a iqÿiq l%uh f;dard .ekSfï § Ôú;"foam< yd mdßißl ydkSka isÿ fkdjk f,ig;a" n,
Yla;sh" c,h yd wuqøjH ^Materials& kdia;sh wju jk wdldrhg;a" m%;sls%hd fkdl< øjH
m%;splS%lrKh lsÍu" wvq ksIamdok msßjehla hgf;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh isÿ l< yels wdldrh
ms<sn|j;a wjOdkh fhduq úhhq;=h'

hka;% ^Machines&

• l¾udka;Yd,dj, l%shdldß;ajh i|yd fndfyda úg hka;% iQ;% Wmfhda.s lr .kq ,efí'

• ridhksl l¾udka;hla i|yd Ndú; lrk ,o l%ufõo wkqj" Ndú; l< hq;= hkaf;%damlrK fjkia
fõ'
• hka;% Ndú;fha § ksIamdok l%shdj,sh fõ.j;a f,i Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hq;= j isÿùu fuys§
±lsh yels m%Odk jdish fõ'
• ;j o ksñ NdKavj, .=Kd;aulNdjh by< hk w;r ñksia Y%uh Ndú;fha§ isÿjk w;miq ùu o wju
lr .; yels h'
• kuq;a hka;% iQ;% mßyrKfha§ fiajl msßig jk myiqj iy ta i|yd wjYH jk n,Yla;sh o
w¨;ajeähd i|yd úhou iy kùlrK msßjeh o ie,lsh hq;= fõ'
• ;j o ridhksl l¾udka;j, § ñksia isrerg wys;lr jk ridhksl øjH fndfyduhla Ndú; fõ'
• hka;% iQ;% Ndú;hg .ekSfuka ridhksl øjH u.ska ñksia isrerg jk ydksh ;rula ÿrg fyda u`.
yrjd .; yels h'
• ksoiqkla f,i .;a l< kHIaál Yla;sh ckkh jk l¾udka;Yd,dj, fndfyda ld¾h isÿ lrkqfha
hka;% iQ;% wdOdrfhks'
• ukao h;a l%shdj,sh b;d ixfõ§ ksIamdok yd by< ksrjoH;djlska úh hq;= neúks'

5S ixl,amh

• mqrd;k ksIamdok ls%hdj,Ska ^ù f.dú;ek" lu;a lghq;=& ukdj isÿ lsÍug fhdod .;a wdpdrO¾uj,
u kj úldYkh" 5S ixl,amh f,ig fhdod .kS'
• jev ìula ksis f,i ixúOdkh lsÍfï oS kQ;k 5S ixl,am m%fhdackj;a fõ'
• cmdkfha Ndú; lrk 5S ixl,amh j¾;udkfha § ,xldfõ fndfyda wdh;kj,o Ndú; fõ' fuu
l%ufõofha wjia:d my i|yd Ndú; jk cmka jpkj, uq,a wl=re S jk ksid fuu ixl,amh 5S
f,i y`ÿkajhs'

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cmka jpkh bx.%Sis jpkh f;areu

Seiri Sort wkjYH foa bj;a lr j¾. lsÍu
Seiton Stabilize wjYH iEu fohlau ms<sfj<lg
ia:dk.; lsÍu
Seiso Shine msßisÿ lsÍu iy mßlaId lsÍu
Seiketsu Standardize iïu;hla we;s lr .ekSu
Shitsuke Sustain by; ;;a;aj mj;ajdf.k hdu

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M,odhs;dj (Productivity)
• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § iïm;a (Resources / Input) iemhSu iy ld¾hlaIu f,i tAjd Ndú; lsÍu
M,odhs;dj f,i ir,j ye¢kaúh yels h'
• l¾udka; Yd,dfõ l%shdj,sh fldgia lsysmhlg fnod" fiajlhska Tjqkf a .a yelshdj wkqj j¾.
fldg ta ta fldgiaj,g wkqhqla; lsÍu Tjqkf a .ka ld¾hlaIu f,i fiajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd jeo.;a
fõ'

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4'2 ridhksl l¾udka;hl§ m%;sl%shd l=àrh ^Reaction chamber& iy ;;a;aj

ksismßÈ hdukh

• ridhksl ksIamdok ls%hdj,shl b;du;a jeo.;a u ls%hdj jk ridhksl úm¾hdi isÿjk tallh
jkafka m%;sls%hd l=àrh hs'
• m%;sls%hd l=àrh ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg wod< ridhksl m%;sls%hd isÿ lsÍug iqÿiq WIaK;aj " mSvk iy
pH w.hka jeks ;SrKd;aul idOl mj;ajdf.k hdyels wdldrhg tu ;;aj j,g Tfrd;a;= fok
wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr we;'
• m%;sl%shd l=àrh wdY%s; j wuqøjH ixfhda. /f.k hk k< moaO;s" m%Odk M,h fuka u w;=re M,
bj;a lsÍfï k< moaO;s yd ;dm yqjudre lsÍu yd m%;sl%shd ñY%Kh ñY% lrñka taldldr ixhq;shla
m%;sl%shd udOH ;=< mj;ajd .ekSu wdosh i|yd úfYaIs; ñY%K Wml%u wdosh fhdod we;'

• ridhksl l¾udka; wdY%s;j uQ,sl l%shd f,ig ±lsh yels ridhksl mßj¾;k i|yd ksoiqka
lsysmhla'

➢ ;dm úfhdackh ^yqkq.,a ms<siaiSu&

➢ WodiSklrKh ^inka ksIamdokfha § jeämqr we;s fldaiaála WodiSk lsÍu&
➢ iefmdkSlrKh ^inka ksIamdokfha §&
➢ TlaislrKh ^i,a*shqßla yd khsg%la wï, ksIamdokh&
➢ yhsv%ckSlrKh ^ud.Íka ksIamdokh&
➢ úoHq;a úÉfþokh ^fldaiaála fidavd ksmoùu&
• ridhksl l¾udka; wdY%s;j jQ uQ,sl l%shd f,ig ±lsh yels fN!;sl fjkia ùï lsysmhla'
➢ ;dm yqjudre lsÍu ^WIaK;ajh fjkia fõ&
➢ fmdïm lsÍu ^.uH;dj fjkia fõ&
➢ weUÍu$l=vqlsÍu u.ska wxY=j, úYd,;ajh wvq lsÍu
➢ fmÍu
➢ úh<Su ^jhkh fjkia fõ&
➢ flakaødmirKh ^>k;ajh wkqj ia;r fjkia fõ&
➢ ñY% lsÍu
➢ wdijkh
➢ iaMálSlrKh
➢ ;ekam;a ùu
➢ jdIamSlrKh

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

• we;eï m%;sl%shd fõ.j;a lsÍug W;afm%arl fhdod .kq ,efí'

• W;afm%arlh >khla kï W;afm%arlfha jeä mDIaG j¾.M,hla we;s wdldrhg th ilid
we;'
• m%;sl%shl tu mDIaGh iuÕ .eàug we;s bv lv jeä jk wdldrhg m%;sl%shd udOH th
yryd .,d hEug mSvkhla fhdod we;'
• W;afm%arl iuÕu W;afm%arl l%shdldß;ajh jeä lsÍug W;afm%arl j¾Ol fhdod .kq ,nk
wjia:d o we;'
• m%;sl%shd ñY%Kfha m%;sl%shd wjYH m%udKhg isÿ ù we;s ±hs fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'
• fï i|yd m%;sl%shd ñY%Kfhka ksheÈ ,ndf.k fN!;sl .=K fyda ridhksl .=K mÍlaIdlr n,hs'
ksoiqka f,ig
➢ >k;ajh"
➢ úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj"
➢ ÿiai%dù;dj"
➢ jdIam fkdjk ixrpl m%;sY;h'

ñY% lsÍu (Mixing)

• m%;sls%hd l=àrh ;=< jQ m%;sls%hdj isÿ jk udOH ixhq;sh mj;ajd .ekSug WIaK;ajh taldldrj uq`M
udOHh mqrdu mj;ajd .ekSug ñY% lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh b;d jeo.;a wx.hla fõ'
• tfia u ñY% lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skf q ha ta i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk tallfha
(Impeller) iajNdjh u;hs'
• tys iajNdjh yd yevh ;SrKh lsÍfï § m%;sls%hd udOHfha ÿiai%dù .=Kh" m%;sls%hd l=àrfha úYd,;ajh
jeo.;a idOl fõ'
• úúO yevhkaf.ka hq;a ñY% lsÍfï tall lsysmhla'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh hdukh lsÍu

• wêl ;dmodhl m%;sl%shdjla isÿ fõ kï ld¾hlaIu ;dmh bj;a lsÍï l%ufõohla fkdue;s úfgl
§ fyda tu hdka;%Kh ksis f,ig isÿ fkdfõ kï m%;sl%shd l=àrfha WIaK;ajh by< f.dia msmsÍula
isÿ úh yels h'
• m%;sl%shd YS>;
% dj fjkia ùu" w;=re m%;sl%shd isÿ ùfï m%jK;djla mej;Su wdoS fya;= ksid ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh wdY%s;j o .eg¨ we;s úh yel'
• tfia u ndysßka ;dmh imhd r;a lrk wjia:djl § r;a lsÍu ksis f,ig hdukh fkdjQ wjia:djl
WIaK;ajh by< f.dia wuqøjH kdia;s ùu yd m%idrKh ksid msmsÍu jeks w,dN ydks isÿúh yels
h'
• fuu ksid m%;sl%shd l=àrfha WIaK;ajh uekSug úúO ia:dk wdY%s;j ixfõol
• ^WIaK;ajudk& iúlr ;sîu jeo.;a h'
• ;dmh iemhSug wjYH kï ;dmh ckkh lrk tall ^Heating element& ;sìh hq;= h'
• tfia u m%;sl%shd ñY%Kh isis,a lrk wjia:djl § tys jQ ;dmh bj;a lsÍu yd ;dmh wjYH fjk;a
ia:dkhlg tu bj;a l< ;dmh /f.k hdu u`.ska ;dm Yla;sh i|yd msßjeh wvq lr.; yels h'
• fï i|yd fhdod we;s YS; c,h .,d hk k, moaO;shlska iukaú; isis,k tallhla Ndú; lrhs'
tu tallh ;dm yqjudre tallh ^Heat exchange unit& f,ig yÿkajhs'

m%;sl%shdfjka jdhquh M, idohs kï mSvkh uek ±laùug mSvk udkhla ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h'

m%;sl%shd l=àrhg iïnkaO l< ng moaO;sh yd yevh

• jdhquh M, bj;a lsÍug lmdg iys; k<hla iúlr ;sîu yd

• m%;sl%shl mßjykhgo lmdg iys; k< ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h' iEfok M,h .=re;ajh
hgf;a bj;a lsÍug fyda fmdïm lr bj;a lsÍug k< moaO;shla ;sîu w;HdjYH fõ'
• m%;sl%shl iemhSug l%ufõohla m%;sl%shd l=àrfha ;sîuo uQ,sl wx.hka h'
• ksIamdok Odß;dj"m%;sl%shdfõ fõ.j;a nj" m%;sl%shdfõ ;dmÞhl fyda ;dm wjfYdaIl
iajNdjh yd m%;sl%shd m%;sj¾;H o ke;fyd;a wm%;sj¾;H o hk idOl u; m%;sl%shd
l=àrfha úYd,;ajh ;SrKh fõ'
• m%;sl%shd l=àrfha yevh flfrys o fuu idOlj,g wu;rj m%;sl%shl yd M,j, fN!;sl
iajNdjhka jeo.;a fõ'

ridhksl ksIAmdok l%shdj,shla (Manufacturing process) ie,iqï lsÍu

• m%;sls%hd l=àrh ;=<g wuqøjH túh hq;= wkqms<sfj<" wuqøjH .,d tafï fõ.h" isis,a lsÍfï fyda r;a
lsÍfï YS>; % dj" m%;sls%hd l=àrh msrúh hq;= m%udKh yd m%Odk M, yd w;=re M, bj;a lsÍfï YS>;
% dj
we;=¿ ish¿ fufyhqï l%shd ksis ie,iqulg wkqj isÿl< hq;=h' fkdtfia kï msmsÍï .sks.ekSï wd§
wk;=re i|yd fya;= we;súh yel'
ksoiqkla
• bkaÈhdfõ fndamd,ays msysá hqkshka ldnhsâ bkaÈhd ,sñgâ ys (UCIL) lDñkdYl ksIamdokh lrk
l¾udka; Yd,dfõ isÿ jq fu;s,a whsfidihkhsâ jdhqj ldkaÿ ùu ksid ñksia Ôú; 3787 muK tl
jr wysñ úh' óg wu;rj fjk;a úúO wdndOj,g f.dÿre jq m%udKh ,laI mylg;a wêl fõ'

• ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ks;ru m%Yia; ;;a;aj hgf;a isÿlrhs'

• WIaK;ajh jeä lrk úg m%;sls%hdj fõ.j;a h' kuq;a jeä WIaK;ajhka kv;a;= lsÍu i|yd jeä
;dmhla iemhsh hq;= neúka n, Yla;sh i|yd jQ msßjeh jeä ùfuka ksIamdokfha ñ, jeä úh yels
h'
• tfia u wvq WIaK;ajfha § m%;sls%hdj isÿ lrk úg n, Yla;sh i|yd msßjeh wvq jqj o tf,i u
WIaK;ajh wvq jk úg m%;sls%hd YS>;% dj o wvq jk neúka m%;sls%hdfõ ld¾hCIu;dj wvq ùu isÿ fõ'
• fï ksid m%ñ;sfhka hqla; ksIamdokhkag wjYH msßjehla mj;sk mßÈ ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha ;;ajhka
^WIaK;ajh" mSvkh" ksIamdok Odß;dj& flfrys wjOdkh fhduql< hq;=h'
• ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ie,iqï lsÍfï § wk;=re isÿ ùu je<elaùu i|yd mshjr .ekSu b;d jeo.;ah'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

• fï ksid ksIamdokd.dr wdY%s;j iEu l%shdldÍ;ajhlau ksis f,ig kshdukh lsÍu yd ksÍCIKh
lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wdY%s; j m%Odk ridhksl wuqøjHj,g wu;r j we;eï úg m%;sl%shdj fõ.j;a
lsÍfï W;afma%rl fhdod .kS'
• we;eï wjia:dj, § W;afma%rlfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh ;j ÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lrk W;afm%arl j¾Ol fhdod
.kS'
• ksoiqkla f,i wefudakshd ksIamdokfha È W;afm%arl j¾Ol f,ig K2O yd Al2O3 fhdod .ekSu .;
yel'
• W;afm%arl j¾Ol hkq W;afm%arlhla fkdj W;afma%rlfha l%shdlÍ;ajh jeä lrk ixfhda.hs'

fï ksid ridhksl l¾udka;hla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd tu ksIamdok l%shdj ie,iqï lsÍfï §
wx. .Kkdjla i,ld ne,Sug isÿ fõ'

1. n,Yla;s kdia;sh wju lsÍu

2. wuqøjH yd w;rueÈ M, kdia;sh wju lsÍu
3. hdka;%sl fyda ridhksl msmsÍï isÿùug we;s bv lv fkdue;s nj ;yjqre lsÍu'
4. mßirhg wys;lr n,mEï we;s jk wxY=" jdhq" ÿudr" úlsrK" ;dmh" ridhksl øjH
ksoyia ùu mdßißl kS;s Í;s W,a,x>kh fkdjk whqßka isÿ lsÍu'
5. Ôú; yd foam<j,g wk;=re ùfï bvlv wvq lsÍu
6. wmøjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
7. w;=reM, msßmyÿ lsÍu fyda fkdlsÍu'
8. ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhs;dj jeä lsÍug iqÿiq whqßka uQ,sl l%shd ;d¾lsl
wkqms<sfj<lg iïnkaO lsÍu
9. m%;sl%shl yd M,j, fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=Kdx.
10. ksIamdok Odß;dj

ridhksl l¾udka; yd ridhksl m%;sl%shd

1. m%;sl%shlj, fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=K

2. M,j, fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=K
3. m%;sl%shdfõ pd,l ridhkh ms<sno f;dr;=re ^m%;sl%shdj idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a
fõ.j;a j isÿ fõ o keoao hkak&'
4. m%;sl%shdj ;dmodhl o ke;skï ;dm wjfYdaIlo hkak'
5. m%;sl%shdj m%;sj¾;H o ke;s o hkak yd iu;=,s;;djg t<öu fõ.j;a o ke;s o
hkak'

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wjidkfha ksmojk ,o kj ridhksl ixfhda.fha ixY=oaO;dj yd .=Kd;aul

nj ms<sn| ;;a;aj jd¾:d ksIamdokfha .=Kd;aul nj iy;sl lsÍu i|yd b;d jeo.;a h'
• fuu .=Kdx. m%duKd;aulj uekSfï úúO Ys,am l%u we;'
• ksoiqkla f,i wjidk ksIamdokfha pH w.h ikakdhl;d w.h jeks .=K mÍlaId lsÍu'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

4'3 ridhksl l¾udka;hl ksIAmdok l%shdj,sh (Manufacturing process)

;;a;aj md,kh Quality control

• ksIamdos;h mdßfNda.slhdf.a wjYH;d yd mdßfNda.slhdf.a yd mßirfha wdrCIdj iqrlsk wdldrhg
m%ñ;s.; ù ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h'
• ;;a;aj md,kh hkq ksIAmdok l%shdj,shloS by; i|yka wjYH;d wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd
ridhksl l¾udka;hla ;=< isÿlrkq ,nk l%shd iuQyhl tl;=jls'
• ksoiqkla f,i ksIAmdok l%shdj,sh ;=< 5S ixl,amh kshudldrfhka mj;ajdf.k hkafkaoehs
ksr;=re wjOdkfhka isàu ;;a;aj md,khg wh;a fõ'

m%ñ;slrKh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r ixúOdk ISO

• ISO hkq rgj,a 165 l cd;sl m%ñ;s wdh;kj, ^Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh ^ SLS& jeks &
idudðl;ajfhka ieÿï,;a iajdëk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhls'
• tys m%Odk ld¾h jkafka hï ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fyda fiajdjla flfia mj;ajdf.k hdhq;=o hkak
iïu; Wmfoia ud,djla bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'
• ISO iys;l lsl=;a lsÍu ISO ixúOdkh u.ska isÿ fkdlrhs'
• hï ksIamdokhla i|yd ISO iys;lhla ,nd.;hq;af;a ISO ixúOdkhg ndysr ISO iys;l ksl=;a
lrkq,nk wdh;khl iyfhks'
• m%ñ;slrK iy;sl ksl=;alsßul§ isÿjkqfha by; i|yka ndysr wdh;kh u.ska wod, ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh ISO ixúOdkh u.ska imhd we;s iïu; Wmfoia j,g wkql+,j mj;ajdf.k hkafkaoehs
mÍlaIdlr n,d tu Wmfoia j,g wkql+, kï m%ñ;slrK iy;slh ksl=;a lsÍuhs'

SLS m%ñ;s iy;slfhys jeo.;alu

• ksIamdok wdh;khla u.ska SLS m%ñ;slrKh i|yd b,a,qï m;la fhduql< úg tu wdh;kh úiska
b,a,qïmf;ys i|yka f;dr;=re u; mokï jq ;;a;aj wdrlaIK ieliqï j, m%udKj;aNdjh SLS
wdh;kh úiska we.hSug ,la lrkq ,efí'
• b,a,qïlrk wdh;kh úiska ISO ixúOdkh u.ska imhd we;s iïu; Wmfoia ud,djg wkqj ;;a;aj
l<ukdlrK moaO;sh msßlaiSu" ñ,§ .ekSu" ksIamdokfha§ l%shdj,s md,kh" WmlrKj,
fhda.H;djh msßlaiSu iy mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd myiqlï" mqyqKq lsÍu" jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSu" wjYH
iïm;a iemhSu hkdÈh SLS wdh;kh úiska we.hSug ,la lrkq ,efí'
• SLS m%ñ;slrK n,m;%h mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ksYaÑ; ld,hlg jrla ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha
;;a;ajh ms,sn| mÍlaId lsÍï isÿlrkq ,nhs'
• fuksid ksIamdokfha ;;a;ajh Wiia f,i mj;ajd.ksñka mdßfNda.slhdg wjYH wkaoñka ksIamdokh
,nd§ug ksIamdok wdh;khg yelshdj ,efí'

inka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

• ikSmdrlaIl cSú;hla i|yd Ndú; l< yels ,dNodhlu ksIamdokh f;i inka b;d
jeo.;a jk nj Tn fyd|ska okS'
• frÈ fia§u" jeäysáhkaf.a YÍrh msßisÿ lsÍu yd <orejkaf.a YÍrh msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd
fhdod .kq ,nk inka j¾. tlsfklg fjkia fõ'
• inka Ndú; lsÍfï b;sydih ls%' mQ 2800 ;rï mer‚ neìf,dakshdfõ w¿ yd f;,a ñY%K
Ndú; lr inka iE§u olajd osjhhs'
• inka ksIamdokhg Ydl f;,a fyda i;a;aj f;,a Ndú; lrhs' we;eï úg Ydl f;,a yd
i;a;aj f;,a ñY% lr Ndú; lrhs'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

inka wKqj
• idudkHfhka inka f,ig y÷kajkafka fïo wï,j, ^È.= odu ldfndlais,sla wï,j,&
fidaähï ,jK fõ'
• inka wKqjla ie,l+ úg ldnka yd yhsv%cka mrudKq wka;¾.; c,NS;sl j,s.hla yd c,ldó
ysila iys; m%foaY kï l< yels h' c,ldó ysi wdY%s;j Na+ whkh yd -COO- whksl ldKavh
we;'

• fuu inka wKqjl we;s ldnka mrudKq .Kk 12" 14" 16 yd 18 f,ig fjkia fõ'
• Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH fidaok inka ksIamdokhg fmd,af;,a fhdod .kq ,nk w;r inka
ksIamdokd.dr Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, msysgd we;'

fmd,af;,aj, ixhq;sh

• fmd,af;,aj, 52-44] muK we;af;a f,daßla wï,h hs' tys ldnka mrudKq 12ls' thska mrudKq
11 lau c,NS;sl j,s.h wdY%s;j we;'
• ldnka mrudKq 14 wvx.= ñßiaála wï,h 14] m%udKhls'
• fmd,af;,ays wvx.= mdñála wï, m%udKh 8]ls' mdñála wï,h ldnka mrudKq 16ls'
• ldnka mrudKq 18 we;s iaáhßhla wï, m%udKh 3]ls'
• ldnka mrudKq 18 yd oaú;aj nkaOkhla Tf,hsla wï,fha we;' th 5-8] m%udKhlska
fmd,af;,ays we;'

• tksid inka hkq fujeks wï, ñY%Khla ksid iEÿKq fidaähï,jK ñY%K fõ'

• f;,aj, j¾Kl yd wmøjH bj;a lsÍug il%sh *q,¾ ^w&¾;a (Activated fuller earth) f,ig
yÿkajk úfYaI ueá øjhla u;ska hjkq ,efí' tys WIaK;ajh 90 oC muK mj;ajd .kq ,efí'
• fuu f;,aj, ;sìh yels ueá wxY= bj;a lsÍfuka miq inka ksIamdokhg fhdod.kq ,nhs'
• inka ksIamdokh wLKav l%shdj,ska (Continuous process) fyda ldKav l%shdj,shla (Batch
process) f,ig isÿ l< yels h'
• ldKav l%shdj,sh idïm%Þhsl l%uh hs' ldKav l%shdfõ § ish¨ wuqøjH m%udKh tl jr m%;sl%shd
l=àrhg tlalr m%;sl%shdj ùug bv i,ihs' m%;sl%shd l=àrhg f;,a tlalr l%ufhka NaOH fyda
KOH tlalr m%;sl%shdj wdrïN lrhs (Incubation period)'
• fuu m%;sl%shdj WÞiSklrK m%;sl%shdjla ksid ;dm Þhl h'
• ;dmÞhl m%;sl%shdj fõ.fhka isÿ ùu;a iuÕ b;sß NaOH fyda KOH tljr tla lrhs'
• WIaK;ajh wjYH mßÈ md,kh lsÍu jeo.;a h'
• wLKav l%shdj,shl § m%;sl%shl hï YS>%;djlska m%;sl%shd l=àrhg fmdïm lrhs'
• m%;sl%shd l=àrfhka hï ksh; YS>%;djlska M,hka bj;a fõ'
• ksoiqka f,ig f;,a fmdïm lrk YS>; % dj 657'4 kg hr-1 yd 50] (w/w%) jq NaOH ødjKh 101
-1
kg hr YS>; % djlska m%;sl%shd l=àrhg fmdïm lrhs' t ksid m%;sl%shd l=àrfhka mehg 758'4 kg
YS>%;djlska øjH bj;a fkdl< fyd;a m%;sl%shd l=àrh uq¿ukska msÍ hhs'
• fuu YS>%;djlska meñfKk m%;sl%shl M, njg m;aùug m%udKj;a ld,hla ;sfnk mßÈ m%;sl%shd
l=àrfha mßudj mej;sh hq;= h'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

inka ksIamdokfha mshjr

• inka ksIamdokhg .kq ,nk m%Odk wuqøjH jkqfha fldaiaála fidavd (NaOH) yd Ydl fyda i;a;aj
f;,ah'
• tu f;,aj, wka;¾.; m%Odk ix>glh g%hs.a,sirhsâ fõ'
• inka ksIamdokfha § fuu g%hs.a,sirhsâ wKq yd NaOH w;r m%;sl%shdfjka tu tiagr nkaOk ì|S
fïo wï,j, fidaähï ,jK ^inka& yd .a,sifrda,a ^w;=re M,h& iE§u ief*dkSlrKh ^
Safonification & f,ig y÷kajhs'
• fï i|yd 50] fldiaála fidavd ødjKhla Ndú; l< yel'

• Ydl f;,a$i;a;aj f;,a yd c,Sh fldaiaála fidavd tlsfkl ñY% fkdjk ksid l,dm folla f,ig
mj;S'
• ief*dkSlrKfha § iEfok .a,sifrda,a c,Sh l,dmfha Èh jk w;r inkaj, c, ødjH;dj wvq ksid
c,Sh l,dmfhka fjka jk w;r c,h u; mdfõ'
• iEfok inka ;=< hï m%udKhla .a,siÍka ^.a,sifrda,a&" m%;sl%shd fkdl< f;,a yd fldaiaála fidavd
mj;S'
• fldaiaála fidavd ifï yd weiaj, ishqï mglj,g ydkslr ksid tu fldaiaála fidavd WodiSk lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ'
• tlsfkl ñY% fkdjk øj l,dm folla w;r isÿ jk m%;sl%shdjla inka ksIamdokfha § isÿ jk ksid
wdrïNfha § fuu l,dm fol tlsfkl yd fyd¢ka ñY% lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
• .a,sifrda,a iys; c,Sh l,dmh yd inka fjka lsÍu jeo.;a mshjrls'
• c,Sh l,dmh msßmyÿ lr .a,siÍka ,nd .; yelsh'
• c,Sh l,dmhg ¨Kq ^NaCl& tla lsÍu u.ska c,Sh l,dmh ;=< Èhjk inka m%udKh wvq l<yels
w;r ¨Kq ksid c, l,dmfha >k;ajh jeä ùu ksid b;d myiqfjka c, l,dmh u; inka tlaùug
i,iajd c, l,dmfhka inka fjka l< yelsh'
• fufia fjkalr .kakd inka wdY%s; j 30] muK c,h we;s w;r 70 oC g muK r;a l< úg tu
f;;a inka myiqfjka fmdïm l< yels ;;a;ajhg m;afõ'
• tu f;;a WKqiqï inka fmdïm lrñka m%;sl%shd l=àrfhka bj;a lsÍug yel'
• fufia fjka l< f;;a inkaj, wvx.= .a,sifrda,a m%udKh bj;a lsÍu i|yd kej;;a ¨Kq
ødjKhla iu. ñY% lrñka c,Sh l,dmhg .a,sifrda,a ixl%uKh ùug i,iajñka f;;a inkays
jQ .a,sifrda,a m%udKh wvq l< yelsh'
• .a,sifrda,a bj;a l< f;;a inka ;=< ,jK yd c,h we;s w;r flakaødmirKfhka fuu c,Sh
,jK yd inka fjka l< yel'
• c, m%udKh wvq l< inka wdY%s; j hï m%udKhlg m%;sl%shd fkdl< fldaiaála fidavd ;sìh
yels h' th WodiSk lsÍu msKsi isÜßla wï,h fyda iqÿiq m%udKfhka Ydl f;,a ñY% lsÍu
isÿlrhs'

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• wvq mSvkhla hgf;a r;a lrñka c,h bj;a lr f;;a inka úh<Su ^vacuum drying/spraying& isÿ
lrhs'
• úh<k ,o inka iu. msrjqï ldrl" j¾Kl yd iqj| ldrl ñY% lsÍfuka miq iqÿiq yev.eiaùï yd
weisÍï isÿ lrhs'

• ksIamdolhska úiska inkaj,g úúO .=Kdx. tla lsÍu msKsi yd ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< i|yd úúO
Ydl f;,a fyda Ydl f;,a ñY%K fyda i;a;aj f;,a ñY%K Ndú; lrñka inka ksIamdokh lrhs'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

• inka ksIamdokh wdY%s;j m%Odk mshjr y;rlg ixlaIsma; l<yel'

1& iefmdkSlrKh
2& w;=reM,h jQ .a,siÍka bj;a lsÍu
3& inka msßmyÿ lsÍu
4& ksñ inka njg m;a lsÍu

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laId,l (Detergent)

• mú;% ldrl úfYaIhls'

• th l=vq fyda øj f,ig fjf<|fmdf<a we;'
• msÕka fldmam yd wfkla ±ä mDIaG msßisÿ lsÍug laId,l fhdÞ .kq ,efí'
• CId,lj, o c,ldó ysila yd yhsfv%daldnksl c,NS;sl j,a. m%foaYhla we;;a c,ldó
ysfiys i,af*aÜ ldKAvhla we;'

fidaähï f,darhs,a i,af*aÜ

• fuu fidaähï f,drhs,a i,af*aÜ CIqø Ôù l%shdldrlï yuqfõ ÔrKh fkdùu ksid mßir ÿIlhla
ùu wjdishls'
• fidaähï f,darhs,a fnkaiSka i,af*dfkaÜ CIqø Ôù l%shdldrlï yuqfõ ÔrKhg ,la jk ksid
mdßißl .eg¨ we;s lsÍu wvqh'

fmfg%da,shï
• fmfg%da,shï bkaOk ld¾hlaIu bkaOkhla f,ig fhdod .; yels tkaðka ksmoùu;a iu`.u m%jdyk
lafIa;%fha fõ.j;a j¾Okhla we;s úh'
• kQ;k YsIagdpdrfha m%Odk;u n,Yla;s m%Njh fmfg%da,shï bkaOkh hs'
• mßyrKh myiq ùu;a" fndfyda wdrlaIdldÍ f,ig mßyrKh lsÍug yels ùu;a úfYaI ,laIKhls'
• ta ksidu fmfg%da,shï ksiaidrKh fõ.j;a j mq¿,a úh'
• tfia jqjo fmfg%da,shï bkaOk mqk¾ckkh fkdjk (Nonrenewable) Yla;s m%Njhls'
• iSñ; iajdNdúl iïm;la jk fmfg%da,shï N+f.da,Sh jYfhka f,dalh mqrd taldldrj jHdma; ù
ke;'
• fï ksidu cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d yd cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha§ w;sm%n, ;SrKd;aul idOlhla
njg fndrf;,a m;a ù we;'
• uE; b;sydifha brdkh" brdlh" isßhdj wd§ rgj,a uq,a lrf.k we;s jQ hqO .egqï i|yd uQ,sl
fya;=j fuu fndrf;,a iïm;h'
• fndrf;,a uQ,sl lr.ksñka fmfg%da,shï bkaOk ksmoùug;a" w;=re M, u`.ska ,nd.kakd ldnksl
ixfhda. T!IO ksIamdokh" ma,diaála yd lD;s%u rn¾ ksmoùug wjYH talwjhúl ksmoùug
fhdo.kq ,nk ksid fmfg%da,shï l¾udka;h kQ;k udkj YsIagdpdrfha .dul n,h ù we;'
• N+.; j we;s fndrf;,a u.ska ,nd.kakd fmfg%da,shï bkaOk oykh iuÕ jdhqf.da,Sh ldnka
vfhdlaihsâ m%udKh by< hEu ksid f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu o kQ;k udkj YsIagdpdrh wNshi jQ
tla m%Odk wNsfhda.hls'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

y¾nÜ jdoh (Herbert Theory)

• mqk¾ckkh fkdjk iïm;la jQ fuu fmfg%da,shï iïm; ñksia mßfNdack rgdj wkqj laIh ùfï
iajrEmh ms<sn| úia;r l< N+ fN!;sl úoHd{fhls" wdpd¾h tï'fla' y¾nÜ'
• Tyq úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o jdohg wkqj (Hurbert Peak Theory) hï i,lkq ,nk N+f.da,Sh
m%foaYhl fmfg%da,shï f;,a ksIamdok YS>%;dj ld,h;a iuÕ úp,kh jkqfha iSkq yeve;s rgdjla
wkqj h'
• ck.ykh jeä ùu yd bkaOk mßfNdackh jeä ùu;a iuÕ fmfg%da,shï bkaOk flfrys b,a¨u
jeä ùu ksid fndrf;,a ksIamdok ^jirlg ksIamdokh lrk fndrf;,a ner,a .Kk& jeä lsÍug
isÿ fõ'
• ksIamdokh YS>;% dj jeä lsÍu;a iu`. f;,a <sx wdY%s; fndr f;,a m%udKh iSud ùu ksid ksIamdok
YS>%;dj ;jÿrg;a jeä lsÍug fkdyels uÜgulg m;afõ'
• ta ksid jirlg ksmojk fndrf;,a ner,a m%udKh Wmßuhlg <`.d fõ'
• b,a¨u mej;sh o fndrf;,a iïm; jv jvd;a iSudùu ksid ksIamdok YS>; % dj ksh; WÉp uÜgul
mj;ajd .ekSug fkdyels fõ'
• tneúka jirlg ksmoúh yels ner,a m%udKh l%ufhka wvq ù ksIamdok YS>%;dfõ neiaula we;s fõ'
• wefußld tlai;a ckmoh ksmojk fndrf;,a ner,a m%udKh jir 1965 ¡ 1970 jk úg§ Wmßuhlg
<`.d jk nj y¾nÜ úiska jir 1965 § fmkajd fok ,§'
• jir 1970 miq lsÍu fuu wkdjelsfha id¾:l;ajh ;yjqre úh'
• Tyqf.a fuu jdoh wkqj f.da,Shj fndrf;,a ksmoùu Wmßuhlg <Õd jkqfha jir 2000 jk úg§
h'
• bkamiq jirlg ksmojk fndrf;,a ner,a m%udKh wvq ù hkq we;'
• flfia fj;;a jir 1995 miqj fndrf;,a ksmoùfï Ys>%;dj fuu wdlD;sh mokï lr f.k m%ldY
l< wdldrhg jvd ;rula fjkia jqjo uQ,sl jYfhka laIh ùfï l,dmh wo wms miqlrñka isáuq'
• úfYaIfhka f.da,Sh foaYmd,k idOl" úl,am n,Yla;s yd bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä tkaðka
ksmoùu wdÈ lreKq ksidu laIh ùfï YS>; % dj ;rula fjkia ùug fya;= ù we;'

• fuu fya;= ksid mqk¾ckkh jk iïm;a (Renewable raw materials) ms<sn| wjOdkh jeä fjñka
mj;S'
ffcj ãi,a
• fmfg%da,shï bkaOk mqk¾ckkh fkdjk iïm;la ksid th laIh ùu ksYaÑ; ùu yd tu bkaOk
oykh ksid jdhqf.da, CO2 m%udKh by< hEu u.ska f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu we;=¿ úúO mdßißl
.eg¨ u;= fõ'
• wo mqk¾ckkh jk bkaOk f,ig ffcj ãi,a ksmoùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduqù we;'
• úl,am bkaOkhla f,ig ffcj ãi,a flfrys wjOdkh fhduqùug fya;= lsysmhls'
1. foaYSh jYfhka ksmoùug yels ùu
2. jdhqf.da,Sh CO2 jeä lsÍug Þhl fkd ùu
3. oykfha § jdhqf.da,hg SO2 ksoyia fkdlsÍu
4. mqk¾ckkSh iïm;a fhdÞ .ekSu
5. ksmoùu idfmalaIj ir, ùu
6. ±kg mj;sk ãi,a tkaðu ioyd Ndú; lsÍug yels ùu

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

• ffcj ãi,a i|yd jQ wuqøjH mqk¾ckkh jk iïm;la jk Ydl ksid th oykh lsÍu jdhqf.da,hg
w¨f;ka CO2 tla lsÍug fya;= fkdfõ'
• fï i|yd wjYH fu;fkda,a fmfg%da,shï l¾udka;fhka ,efnk ixfhda. weiqßka ksmojk ksid
tjeks ffcj ãi,a 100] u mqk¾ckkh jk iïm;a weiqfrka ksmojk ffcj ãi,a fkdj'
• ldfndayhsfâ%Ü ixfhda. laIqø Ôú meiSu u.ska ksmojk ffcj fu;fkda,a fhdod .ksñka 100]
mqk¾ckkh jk iïm;a fhdod f.k ffcj ãi,a ksmoùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù we;'
• ffcj ãi,a hkq os.= odu ldfndlais,a wï,j, fu;s,a tiagr fõ'

• Ydl f;,aj, we;s g%hs.a,sirhsâ yd fu;fkda,a m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka ffcj ãi,a ksmoúh
yelsh'
• th g%dkaiatiagÍlrK m%;sl%shdjla f,i y÷kajhs'

• fuu m%;sl%shdfjka fïo wï,j, fu;s,a tiagr (FAME) ñY%Khla m%;sM, f,i ,efí'
• fuu fïo wï, fu;s,a tiagr ñY%Khg fmdÿfõ zzffcj ãi,aZZ hehs lshkq ,efí'
• ffcj ãi,a ksIamdokfha m%Odk w;=reM,h .a,sifrda,ah'
• .a,sifrda,a yd fu;s,a tiagr ixfhda. tlsfkl ñY% fkdjk ksid ia;r fjka fõ'^O%eùh ks¾O%eùh
.=K ksid&
• tksid fuu l,dm fol myiqfjka fjka l< yelsh'
• W;afm%arl f,ig NaOH Ndú; lrk úg oS .eg¨ we;s úh yelsh'
• Ydl f;,aj, ksoyia ldfndlais,sla wï, jeämqr we;akï tajd NaOH iu. m%;sls%hd lsÍfuka inka
we;s jk w;r tu inka we;s ùu ksid W;afm%arl ls%hdjg ndOd we;s ùu;a" ñY% lsÍfï oS fmK we;s
ùu;a fya;=fjka ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg ndOd we;s fõ'
• ffcj ãi,a ksIamdokfhaoS Ydl f;,aj, ksoyia ldfndlais,sla wï, m%udKh jvd;a my< úh hq;=h'
• Ydl f;,aj, weisâ wxlh (Acid value) uekSu u.ska ksoyia ldfndlais,sla wï, ms<sn| ñkqula
,nd .; yelsh'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

weisâ wxlh (Acid value)

• weisâ wxlh u.ska Ydl f;,a 1 g l wka;¾.; ksoyia fïo wï, m%udKh WodiSk lsÍug wjYH
KOH m%udKh olajk w;r tys tall mg g-1 fõ'

• ksoyia fïo wï, (FFA) m%udKh 2'5 (w/w %) g jvd wvq kï W;afm%Arl ls%hdjg ndOd we;s fkdfõ'
• ksoyia fïo wï, m%udKh 2'5] g jvd jeä kï th iu. fu;fkda,a ñY% lr ksoyia fïo wï,j,
fu;s,a tiagr MEFA njg m;a lsÍfuka miqj ffcj ãi,a ksmoùug fhdod .; yelsh'
• W;afm%arl f,ig NaOH Ndú; lrk úg oS th fu;fkda,a ;=< osh lrkq ,nhs'
• m%;sls%hdfõ M,odj jeä lsÍug jeämqr fu;fkda,a fhdod .kakS'
• m%;sl%shd l=àrh ;=< m%;sl%shdj isÿ ùfuka miq >k;ajh jeä .a,sifrda,a iys; ia;rh my< ia;rh
f,ig o ffcj ãi,a by< ia;rh f,ig o mj;S'
• flakaødmidÍ l%uhla u.ska fuu ia;r fjka l< yelsh'
• m%;sl%shdfjka iEfok inka fuu ia;r fol u wdY%s; j wmøjHhla f,ig mj;S'
• óg wu;r j m%;sl%shdjg iyNd.s fkdù b;sß jk fu;fkda,a" m%;sl%shd fkdl< f;,a yd W;afm%arlh
o fuu ia;r foflys u wmøjH f,ig mj;S'
• ffcj ãi,a ;=< we;s fu;fkda,a bj;a lsÍug r;a lrñka jdIAm lrk w;r tu jdIamh kej;
>kSNjkh lr ,nd .kakd fu;fkda,a kej;;a ffcj ãi,a ksIamdokhg fhdod .kS'
• fu;fkda,a bj;a lsÍfuka miq ffcj ãi,a ;=< ;jÿrg;a wmøjH jYfhka .a,sifrda,a yd W;afm%Aarl
we;akï tu ffcj ãi,a ;=<ska c,h nqnq<kh lsÍu" tajd msßmyÿ lsÍfï tla l%uhls'
• wjidkfha oS ffcj ãi,a úh<d ^r;a lr& tys we;s c,h bj;a lrk w;r fmÍu u.ska >k wxY+
we;akï tajd bj;a lrhs'
• msßmyÿ fkdl< .a,siÍka msßmyÿ lrñka tys jQ fu;fkda,a kej;;a ffcj ãi,a ksmoùug fhdod
.; yel'
• úiu cd;Sh W;afm%arl f,ig MgO, ZnO yd SnO2 fhdod .; yel'
• tu.ska inka ksmoùu wju lr .ksñka ffcj ãi,a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odj
o jeä lr .; yel'
• ffcj ãi,a úúO wdldrhg j¾;udkfha Ndú; lrhs'
• B100 hkq fmfg%da,shï ãi,a ñY% fkdl< msßisÿ ffcj ãi,ah
• B20', B5 'yd B2 hkq fmfg%da,shï ãi,a ñY% l< jdKsc ffcj ãi,ah'
• ksoiqka f,ig ffcj ãi,a 20] la o" fmfg%da,shï ãi,a 80] la o ñY% l< úg oS B20 f,ig j¾.
lrhs'

;Ska; ksIamdokh
• ;Sk;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha oS ridhksl m%;sl%shd isÿ fkdjqj o úúO wdldrfha ridhksl øjH mokï
jQ l¾udka;hls'
• ;Skak ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha oS myiqfjka ñY% fkdjk ixrpl ia:dhSj mj;sk mßos ñY% lsÍu uQ,slu
ls%hdj,shla fõ'
• ;Sk;a j, .,d hdfï .=Khg fya;=j ta i|yd fhdod .kakd ødjlhhs'
• f;;a ;Ska; mg,h fyd|ska úh<Sfuka miqj we;s jk oeä úh<s mg,h i|yd fya;=j ;Ska; ksmoùug
fhdod .kakd nyq wjhúl fõ'
• ;Sk;a j,g úúO j¾K ,nd .ekSu msKsi j¾Kl Ndú; lrhs'
• ;Sk;a j, úúO .=Kdx. m%Yia; uÜgug .ekSug wdl,k ixfhda. (additives) fhdod .kq ,nhs'

• ;Sk;
a ksIamdokfha oS uQ,sl jYfhka fhdod .kakd øjH yd mrdih
➢ ødjlh - 30] - 80] mrdihl
➢ nyq wjhúl øjH ^ne÷ï ldrlh / binder & - 20] - 60]
➢ j¾Kl - 2] - 40] w;r mrdihl
➢ wdl,k øjH - 0] - 5] w;r mrdihl
• ødjlh yd nyq wjhúlh u.ska ;Ska; ødjKhg wjYH ÿiai%dù .=Kh ,nd fohs'

22
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• tku,a ;Sk;
a wdf,am lsÍfuka miqj úh<s oeä ia;rh ks¾udKh jkafka
➢ nyq wjhúl wKq tlsfklg <x ù weisÍu fyda tu wKq w;r yria nkaOk
ks¾udKh ùu;a
➢ ødjl wKq jdIAm ù hdu;a hk fya;= ksidh

• fuu nyq wjhúl wKq mDIAGhg ;oska wef,k w;r tu nyq wjhúl wKq u.ska j¾Kl wKq
r|jd .kq ,nhs'
• j¾Kl øjH wldnksl fyda ldnksl ixfhda. jk w;r fïjd ishqï wxY= iajrEmfhka we;'
• j¾Kl jeä jQ úg oS úh<s ;Sk; a mg,h os,sfik iq¨ nj wvq r¿ mDIaGhla jk w;rj¾Kl wvq
lr ne÷ï ldrlh jeä l< úg oS úh<s ;Sk; a mg,h os,sfik iqug mDIAGhla njg m;a l<
yelsh'
• jvd;a iqÿ j¾Khla ,nd .ekSug ghsfÜkshd (TiO2) j¾Klh fhdod .kS'
• ødjlh wkqj ;Ska; j¾.
➢ c,h fhdod we;s ;Ska; bu,aIka ;Ska;
➢ ldnksl ødjl fhdod we;s ;Sk; a tku,a ;Ska;
• tku,a ;Ska; úh<sfï oS jdhqf.da,hg ldnksl ødjl jdIamh tlaùu jdhqf.da, ¥IKhg fya;=
fõ'
• bu,aIka ;Ska; u.ska jk jdhqf.da, ¥IKh wjuh'
• j¾Klj,g wu;r j msrjqï øjH (fillers) tla lrk w;r fndfyda úg ta i|yd le,aishï
ldnfkaÜ tl;= lrhs'
• ;Sk;a j, Wl= .;sh$>klu jeä lsßug fhda.H wdl,k ixrpl f,i ;slak¾ (Thickners) tla
lrhs'tu,aIka ;Sk; a ksmoùfï§ fhdok >kldrlhla ioyd ksoiqka f,ig yhsfv%dlais t;s,a
fi,shqf,daia (HEC) ±laúh yels h'
• j¾Kl yd msrjqï wxY= iu. nyq wjhúlh fyj;a ne÷ï ldrlh fyd|ska wka;¾ l%shd l<hq;=h' tu
wka;¾ ls%hd jeä lsÍug f;;a ldrl (Wetting agent) tla lrhs'
• fuu ixrpl ish,a, b;d fyd|ska ñY% úh hq;= w;r taldldr jHdma;shla mej;sh hq;=h'
• tu ksid by; i|yka ixrpl ish,a, tl jr tlalr ñY% fkdlrhs'tajd ñY% lrk úúO
wkqms<sfj<j,a we;' tu wkqms<sfj< fjkia jQ úg wjYH .=Kdx. ,nd .; fkdyel'
• iQ¾hdf,dalhg ks;r újD; jk mDIAG i|yd fhdod .kakd ;Ska;j,g mdrcïnq, lsrKj,g Tfrd;a;=
fok iqúfYaIs nyq wjhúl fhdod .kS'
• isfuka;s mDIAG jeks Ndiañl mDIAG i|yd wdf,am lrk ;Ska; ksIamdokfha oS fmd,stiagr ldKavhg
wh;a nyq wjhúl fhdod fkd.S' thg fya;=j tu mDIAGfha jQ NdIañl;dj ksid fmd,stiagrfha tiagr
nkaOk î| jeàuhs'

fmdiaf*aÜ fmdfydr ksmoùu

• Ydl j¾Okhg wjYH fmdiamria imhk m%Njhla f,ig fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr ye÷skaúh yel'
• fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùug wemghsÜ Lksch fhdod .; yelsh'
• wemghsÜ ys ridhksl iajrEmh ie,l+ úg *af,dafrd wemghsÜ " laf,dafrda wemghsÜ yd yhsfv%dlais
wemghsÜ f,ig wdldr lsysmhls'
• Ca5(PO4)3F *af,dafrd wemghsÜ
• Ca5(PO4)3Cl laf,dafrda wemghsÜ
• Ca5(PO4)3OH yhsfv%dlais wemghsÜ
• wemghsÜ c,fha wødjH ksid flá ld,sk fnda. i|yd wemghsÜ fhoSfuka Ydlj, fmdiafmaÜ
wjYH;dj imqrd,sh fkdyel'
• flá ld,Sk fnda. i|yd c,ødjH fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùfï m%Njh f,ig wemghsÜ Ndú;
lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ tmamdj, msysá wemghsÜ ksêh wdY%s;j fmdiafmaÜ fgdka ñ,shk 60 lg wêl hehs
;lafiare lr we;'
• tmamdj, wemghsÜ ksêfha wvx.= ixfhdað; fmdiamria m%udKh 33] - 40] w;r jqj o c, ødjH
ixfhdað; fmdiamria m%udKh 5] - 6] ;rï fõ'
• tmamdj, wemghsÜ ksêfha F yd Cl ye,cka j¾. foflka jeämqr we;af;a F (F = 2.4%, Cl = 1.9%)
h'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

• ߧ.u wemghsÜ ys jeämqr we;af;a fuu ye,cka j¾. foflka Cl h.

mshjr
• c,ødjH fmdiamria m%udKh jeä fmdfydr njg wemghsÜ m;a lsÍfï m<uq mshjr f,i wemghsÜ
Lksch wjYH m%udKhg l=vq lr mDIaG j¾.M,h jeälsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
• wjYH m%udKhg l=vq lrk ,o wemghsÜ ridhksl mßj¾;kh i|yd my; i|yka l%u Ndú; lrhs'
² i,a*shqßla" yhsfv%dlaf,daßla fyda khsá%la wï,h iu. m%;sl%shd lrùu
² fidaähï ldnfkaÜ iu. m%;sl%shd lrúu
² i¾mkaghska Lksch iu. m%;sl%shd lrúu
² mSÜj, we;s ldnksl wï, iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍug ie,eiaùu

• foaYSh j fmdiafmaÜ ksmoùfï oS tmamdj, wemghsÜ ksêh yd Wl=fj, m%foaYfhka ,nd .; yels
i¾mkaghska (Mg2SiO4) Lksch m%fhdackj;a fõ'
• kuq;a i,a*shqßla" yhsfv%dlaf,daßla yd khsá%la wï,h yd fidaähï ldnfkaÜ foaYh S jYfhka
ksIamdokh fkdùu ksid tu øjH wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ ù we;'
• i,a*shqßla yd yhsfv%dlaf,daßla fhdod f.k c, wødjH le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ" c, ødjH le,aishï
vhsyhsv%cka fmdiafmaÜ njg m;a lsÍu" mQ¾K w,amdï,kh kï fõ'
• fufia ,nd .kakd fmdiaf*AaÜ fmdfydr iska.,a iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ (SSP) kï fõ'

• iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜys le,aishï whk ksid we;s jk c,dl¾Il nj wvq lsÍug wefudakshï ,jK tla
lrhs'
• mQ¾K w,amdï,khg wjYH wï, m%udKhg jvd wvq wï, m%udK fhdod .ksñka fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr
ksmoùu md¾Yaúl w,amdï,kh f,ig y÷kajhs'
• khsá%la wï,h fhdod .ekSfuka khsfg%dfmdiafmaÜ ksmojhs'

• fmdiamßla wï,h tla lr ksmojk fmdfydr á%m,a iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ (TSP) f,ig y÷kajhs'
• fmdfydrys wvx.= fmdiamria m%udKh bÈßm;a lrkqfha P2O5 f,ig hs'
• i,a*shqßla tla lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd SSP ys we;s fmdiamria m%udKh P2O5 f,ig 16-
21] muK fõ'
• fmdiamßla wï,h tla lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd TSP ys fmdiamria m%udKh P2O5 f,ig
43- - 48] ls'
• ,xldfõ wemghsÜ ksê ;snqK o foaYShj H2SO4 fyda H3PO4 ksIamdokh fkdjk ksid
SSP fyda TSP ksmoùu flfrys we;af;a wvq keUqre;djls'
• fujeks wjia:djkays § Na2CO3, NaOH fha i¾mkaghska (MgSiO4) Lksch fhdodf.k
by< WIAK;ajfha § fmdfydr ksmojhs'

• fidaähï ldnfkaÜ ,jKh yd ñY%lr 900oC WIaK;ajhg meh 2la muK r;a lsÍfuka
c, ødjH CaNaPO4 keue;s ixfhda.h m%;sM, fõ'

• i¾mkaghska Lksch iu`. 1200oC WIaK;ajhg r;a lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd fmdiafmaÜ
fmdfydr wdY%s;j Mg+2 we;' th wu;r jdishls'

• mSÜj, we;s ldnksl wï, iuÕ m%;sl%shdjg ie,eiaùfukao wemghsÜj, ødjh;dj hï

;rulg jeä fõ'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

lvodis ksIamdokh
• lvodis hkq Ydl j,ska ,nd.kakd fi,shqf,daia ;ka;= j,ska ieos mg,hla$ia:rhla f,i ie,lsh
yel'

• lvodis ksIamdok l¾udka;fha mshjr

➢ m,amh iE§u"
➢ ISÜ iE§u"
➢ f;;a lrùu"
➢ úh<Su yd wdf,amkh ^coating&
• m,amh iE§ug ,S l=vq" msÿre" bhqle,smagia yd mhska wd§ .iaj,ska ,nd .kakd oej len,s ^chips&
fhdod .kS'
• Ydl fldgiaj, jQ ,s.akska bj;a lr fi,shqf,daia ;ka;= fjka lsSÍu yd úrxckh lsÍu m,amh
iE§fï wruqKhs'
• ,s.akSka hkq fi,shqf,daia ;ka;= tlg ne| ;nk iajNyúl ue,shï f,i ie,lsh yel'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

m,amh iE§u
• m,amh iE§ug hdka;s%l fyda ridhksl l%uhla Ndú; lrhs'
• hdka;s%l l%ufhka m,amh 90% muK ,nd .ekSug yels w;r ridhksl l%ufhka ,efnk m,am
m%udKh 50% muK fõ'
• ridhksl l%ufhka Ydl fldgiays jQ ,s.akSka øjH fi,shqf,daia ;ka;=j,ska fjka lsÍu uQ,sl
wruqKhs'
• oej fldgiays frisk øjH jeä úg § i,af*aÜ ls%hdj$ CIdÍh l%shdj$ l%d*aÜ (kraft) ls%hdj fhdod
.kS'

i,a*hsÜ l%uh
• i,a*hsÜ l%uh m%;sl%shd isÿjk udOHh wdï,sl fyda WodiSk f,i l%u folla hgf;a isÿlrhs'
• m,amh iE§ug uQ,ls ju lrkqfha Mg(HSO3)2 ^ue.aki S shï nhsi,a*hsÜ& jeks nhsi,a*hsÜ whk iu.
SO2 fhdod f.k wdï,sl c, úÉfþokh u.ska ,s.akska c,fha ødjH ;;ajhg m;alsÍuhs'

• ridhksl ixfhda. iys; c,Sh ødjKhg oej m;=re tlalr WIaK;ajh 130 0C -140 0C ys meh 6-8
w;r ld,hla mj;ajd .kS'
• wjidkfha § m,amh úrxckh lrk w;r ta i|yd úúO ridhksl øjH Ndú; lrhs'
• úrxckh i|yd laf,daÍka jdhjq " laf,daÍka vfhdlaihsâ " fidaähï yhsfmdlaf,darhsâ (NaOCl)"
yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ yd Tlaiscka jdhqj hk ixfhda. j,ska tlla fhdod.kS'
• laf,daÍka jdhqj fhdod .ekSu fjkqjg ClO2 fhdod f.k úrxckh isÿ lsÍu mdßißl .eg¨ wju
lsÍug fya;=fõ'

26
Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

i,af*aÜ ls%hdj ^CIdÍh l%shdj$ l%d*aÜ (kraft) ls%hdj&

• CIdÍh l%ufhaoS NaOH yd Na2S iys; c,Sh ødjKhla iuÕ oej m;=re (chips)WIaK;ajh 1700C §
meh 3-4 w;r ld,hla m%;sls%hdj isÿ ùug bvyÍ'
• úh<s oej len,s fgdka tlla i|yd o< jYfhka NaOH yd Na2S ms<sfj<ska 150 kg yd 50 kg fhdod
.kS'

• fuu ødjKfha jQ >k fldgia ^ fi,shqf,daia ;ka;=& bj;a lsÍug fmÍu isÿ l< hq;=h'
• ,s.akSka iy ;ka;= w;r we;s fjk;a ixfhda. ødjKfha oshùu ksid tu fmrKh ÿUqre meyehg
yef¾'
• bkamiq m,amfha jQ ridhksl øjH yd b;sß jQ ,s.akSka øjH bj;a lsÍu" c,h u.ska fydÈka fia§u
u.ska isÿ lrhs'
• m,amh úrxckh ^,s.aksyrKh - delignification& lsÍu u.ska ,s.akSka øjH bj;a lrk w;r fï i|yd
NaOH tla lrhs'
• miqj b;sß jQ ,s.akSka O2 u.ska TlaislrKh lr bj;a lrhs'

• m,amh ;j ÿrg;a úrxckh i|yd ClO2 fhdod .kS'

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Science for Technology DINUKA RANATHUNGA

hdka;%sl l%uh
• hdka;%sl l%uh u.ska ,nd .kakd m,amfha hï ÿrlg fi,shqf,daia ;ka;= iuÕ ne÷Kq ,s.akSka øjH
mj;S'
• fuu m,amh úrxckh ridhksl m,amh úrxckhg jvd fjkia jk w;r ;ka;= iuÕ neÿk ,s.akSka
øjH úkdY fkdjk mßÈ j¾Kh i|yd jQ wmøjH úrxckh lrhs'
• hdka;%sl m,amh úrxckhg fidaähï nhsi,a*hsÜ " le,aishï fyda fidaähï yhsfmdlaf,darhsâ
"fidaähï fmfrdalaihsâ fyda i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ fhdod.kS'

• lvodis iE§fï § úksúo fmfkk .=Kh wvqlsÍug yd taldldr >k;ajhla ,nd.ekSug msrjqï f,ig
le,aishï ldnfkaÜ" ueá fyda ghsfÜkshï vfhdlaihsâ jeks øjH fhdod.kS'
• fi,shqf,daia ;ka;= w;r iy msrjqï"j¾Kldrl w;r ne|Su Yla;su;a lsÍug neÿï ldrl f,ig nyq
wjhúl ødjK fyda iag¾É ^msIaGh& Ndú; lrhs'
• by; tla l%uhla u.ska idod.kakd ,o m,amh úrxckfhka miq oe,la u; ;=kS lr c,h bj;a ùug
bv yßk w;r' th ;j ÿrg;a hdka;%sl mSvkhg ,la lr úh<Su u.ska lvodis ksmojkq ,nhs'

28