Chapter 7

Almost Periodic Solutions of

the Equation x' == Ax + f in
Locally Convex Spaces

As an application of results obtained in Chapter 3, we will study condi-

tions for almost periodicity of solutions of the linear differential equa-
tions x'(t) = Ax(t)+ f(t), t E lR and the associated homogeneous equa-
tion in locally convex spaces. We will start with the case of a bounded
linear operator A and then study the general case of an infinitesimal
generator of an equicontinuous C 0 -group of linear operators.

7.1 The exponential of a bounded linear

operator
Let E be a complete, Hausdorff locally convex space.

Definition 7.1.1 A family of continuous linear operators B 0 : E --+

E, a E r is said to be equicontinuous if for any seminorm p, there exists
a seminorm q such that

p(B0 x) ::=; q(x), for any x E E, any a E r.

99

G. M. N’Guerekata, Almost Automorphic and Almost Periodic Functions in Abstract Spaces

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2001
100 Gaston M. N'Guerekata

Theorem 7.1.2 Let A : E-+ E be a continuous linear operator such

that {Ak: k = 1, 2, ... } is equicontinuous. Then for each x E E, t ~ 0,
the series

(where A 0 =I, the identity operator) is convergent.

Proof: Let p be a seminorm. By equicontinuity of {Ak: k = 1, 2, ... },

there exists a seminorm q such that
p(Akx) :::; q(x), for all k and x E E.

which proves that the sequence ( Ek=O tkkf x)

is a Cauchy sequence in
E. It is then convergent and we denote its limit by

etAx =L -,-x.
tk Ak
oo

0 k.
D

Theorem 7.1.3 The mapping x H e 1Ax, t ~ 0, defines a continuous

linear operator E -+ E.

Proof: Consider the linear operator An = Ek=O tkkf, n = 0, 1, ....

The family {An In = 0, 1, ... } is equicontinuous on any compact in-
terval of JR+ .
Indeed by equicontinuity of {Ak I k = 1, 2, ... }, if pis a given semi-
norm, there exists a seminorm q such that
n ~ n ~
p(Anx) :::; {;; k!p(Akx) :::; q(x) {;; k! :::; q(x)et

for every n = 0, 1, .... It follows that

p(etAx) :::; q(x)et,

for every t ~ 0 and x E E.