Ix 1

WÑ; ;dlaIKsl Ys,am l%u Ndú;fhka
01 jeú,s fnda. yd wmkhk lDIs fnda.

wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSu
YS% ,dxlSh lDIsl¾udka;hg jeú,s fnda.
yd wmkhk lDIs fnda.j, odhl;ajh
Ed
Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a ia:dkhla lDIsl¾udka;h Wiq,hs' ,xldfõ

lDIsld¾ñl fnda. w;ßka jeú,s fnda. m%Odk ;ekla ysñ lr f.k isà' j¾;udkh
uc
jk úg m%Odk jeú,s fnda.j,g uQ,slj wh;a jk f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a 3% l muK

at
o< foaYSh ksIamdokhla (GDP) ysñlr.kakd w;r uq¿ wmkhk wdodhfuka 20% l
io
muK úfoaY úksuhla Wmhd .kS'

na
jeú,s fnda. w;ßka m%Odk ;ekla ysñ lr.kakd f;a" Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a
l,dmfha Wvrg" my;rg yd ueorg hk l,dm ;=fkys u j.d lrk w;r" uq¿ N+ñ
lP
m%udKh 202 000 ha ^jeú,s l¾udka; wud;HdxYh" 2016& muK fõ' rn¾" jeú,s
ub
fnda. w;ßka fojk ia:dkh ysñ lr.kakd w;r my;rg f;;a l,dmfha nyq,j
j.d flf¾' rn¾ j.d lrk N+ñ m%udKh 132 000 ha ^jeú,s l¾udka; wud;HxYh"
lic
2016& muK fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ w;rueÈ l,dmfha ^fmd,a ;%sfldaKh - fld<U" y,dj;"
at
l=reKE.,& j.d lrk nyq jd¾Isl fnda.hla jk fmd,a" jeú,s fnda. w;ßka f;jk
io
ia:dkh ysñlr .kS' fmd,a j.d lrk uq¿ N+ñ m%udKh 440 000 ha ^jeú,s
l¾udka; wud;HdxYh" 2016& muK fõ'
ns
m%Odk jeú,s fnda.j,g wu;rj j.d lrk wfkl=;a wmkhk lDIs

D
fnda. o Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg uy`.= odhl;ajhlaa ,nd fohs' wmkhk lDIs fnda.
ep
.Khg .ïñßia" l=re`ÿ" lròuqx.=" lrdnq" idÈlald" fldams" fldfldajd" jeks,d" nq,;a"
fiar yd me`.sß hkdÈh wh;a fõ'
ar
tm
jeú,s fnda. wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSu

1'1
en
t
1'1'1 fmd,a
nyqjd¾Isl fnda.hla jk fmd,a" f,dalfha rgj,a
86lg jvd wêl m%udKhl j.d lrk w;r iuia;
f,dal jd¾Isl fmd,a ksIamdokh fmd,a f.ä ì,shk 61
blaujhs' j¾;udkfha bkaÿkSishdj" ms,smSkh" bkaÈhdj"
n%iS,h fmd,a ksIamdokfha § bÈßfhka isák w;r
Y%S ,xldjg miajk ia:dkh ysñ ù we;' YS% ,xldfõ
jd¾Isl fmd,a ksIamdokh fmd,a f.ä ñ,shk 2 500 ¡
1'1 rEmh  fmd,a wdYs%; 3 000la muK fõ'
ksIamdok
1
WÑ; ;dlaIKsl Ys,am l%u Ndú;fhka jeú,s fnda. yd wmkhk lDIs fnda. wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSu
fmd,a uoh wdYs%;
² Èis`È fmd,a ² fldmamrd

² fmd,a f;,a ² fmd,a lsß yd msá
fmd,a lgqj wdY%s;
² fmd,a lgq w`.=re

² ilS%h ldnka
Ed
fmd,a wdY%s;
ksIamdok fmd,a f,,a, wdY%s;
uc
at
² fldyq $ fl¢ wdY%s; ksIamdok

io
² fldyqn;a wdY%s; ksIamdok

na
fmd,a j;=r wdY%s;

lP
ub
² úkdlsß ² fnda;,a l< fmd,a j;=r îu

² fmd,a j;=r jhska
lic
at
io
ns
fmd,a uoh wdYs%; ksIamdok

D
ep
Èis`È fmd,a (Desiccated coconut) ksIamdokh

ar
tm
Èis`È fmd,a hkq Wiia uÜgfï m%ñ;Ska mj;ajd .ksñka" fmd,a f.äfha
l=reÜg m%fõYfuka bj;a lsÍfuka miq len,s lr" ukdj úh<k ,o msßisÿ wdydr
en
øjHhla h' tajd meyefhka fmd,a uofha iqog iudk jk w;r lsß ri iu`. u|la
t
meKs ri uqiq jQ m%KS; rihla we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ Èis`È fmd,a l¾udka;h §¾> ld,hla ;siafia mej; tkakls'
fïjdfhka ksmojk Èis`È fmd,a úúO ksIamdok iòyd nyq,j fhdod .efka' fï jk
úg furg Èis`È fmd,a l¾udka; Yd,d 70lg jvd we;s w;r fïjdfhka b;d Wiia
;;a;ajfha Èis`È fmd,a ksmojhs'
2
Èis`È fmd,a ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
1& fmd,a f.ä moï lsÍu (Seasonning)
meiqKq fmd,a f.ä f;dard" tajd
60 ¡ 90 cmla muK Wig f.dv .id
moï ùu msKsi i;s 3 ¡ 6la muK fmd,a
w;=j,ska jid ;eîu isÿ l< hq;= h'
1'2 rEmh  fmd,a f.ä moï lsÍu

Ed
uc
2& fmd,a f,,a, bj;a lsÍu (Dehusking)

at
io
fuys § moï lr.;a fmd,a f.ä"

na
fmd,a W,lska fyda fmd,a f,,s bj;a lrk

hka;%hl wdOdrfhka f,,s .id fmd,a
lP
f,,a, bj;a lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h'

ub
lic
1'3 rEmh  fmd,a f,,a, bj;a lsÍu

at
io
3& fmd,a lgqj bj;a lsÍu (Hatcheting)

ns
mqyqKq lïlrejka ,jd úfYaIs;

D
WmlrKhla wdOdrfhka fmd,a uohg

ep
ydks fkdjk f,i fmd,a lgqj l=vd

len,sj,g lvd bj;a l< hq;= h' m<mqreÿ
ar
lïlrefjl=g mehlg f.ä 150 ¡ 300la

tm
w;r m%udKhl lgq bj;a l< yels h' 1'4 rEmh  fmd,a lgqj bj;a lsÍu
en
4& fmd,a l=reÜg bj;a lsÍu

t
(Pairing)
fmd,a uoh jgd we;s fmd,a
l=reÜg ^ÿUqre wdjrKh& úfYaIs;
msyshla wdOdrfhka l=regq .Eu fuys
§ isÿ fõ' fuys § f;aÍula isÿ lrk
1'5 rEmh  fmd,a l=reÜg bj;a lsÍu w;r" m%frdayKh jQ fyda ydks jQ
fmd,a uo bj;a lrhs'
3
5& lemSu yd fia§u
(Cutting and washing )
fuys § l=reÜg bj;a l< fmd,a uoh lmd fmd,a
j;=r bj;a lr msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod .ekSu isÿ
fõ' fuu uoh laf,daÍka wvx.= gexlshl oud
lsysmjrla fyd`Èka fiaÈh hq;= h'
1'6 rEmh  fmd,a lemSu yd fia§u
6& ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu (Sterilization)

Ed
lmd .;a fmd,a uo len,s" kgk WKq

uc
c,fha ^100 0C& ñks;a;= 1 1$2 la muK .s,ajd

at
;nd ÔjdkqyrKh isÿ lrhs' kgk WKq c,hg

io
wu;rj 88¡93 0C w;r WIaK;ajfha mj;sk

1'7 rEmh 
na
jdIamj,g ñks;a;= 5l muK ld,hla ksrdjrKh ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu

lsÍfuka Salmonella jeks wys;lr nelaàßhdj,
lP
l%shdldß;ajh ksfIaOkh l< yels h'

ub
7& l=vd len,sj,g fjka lsÍu (Shredding / Disintegration)

lic
ÔjdkqyrKh lrk ,o fmd,a uo len,s hka;%dkqidrfhka wjYH m%udKhg

at
yd yevhg lmd .ekSu fuys § isÿ fõ'

io
Wod (¡ ishqï (fine)" r¿ (coarse)" uOHu (medium)

ns
8& úh<Su (Drying)

D
l=vd len,sj,g fjka lr.;a fmd,auo len,s úh<khl oud m%Yia;

ep
WIaK;ajhl ^80 ¡ 105 oC& mehl muK ld,hla ksrdjrKh lr f;;ukh 3]la
ar
muK jk f;la úh<d .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

tm
9& ye,Su" weiqreï lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍu

en
(Sifting, packing and storage)

t
úh<k ,o Èis`È fmd,a tajdfha fldgiaj, m%udKh

wkqj y,d weiqreï lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ' wiqrk ,o Èis`È
fmd,a isis,a úh<s ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd lsÍu wksjd¾h
fõ'
Èis`È fmd,a l¾udka;fha § w;=re M, f,i bj;a lrk

fmd,a l=reÜg" l=regq f;,a (Crude Oil) ksIamdokhg
1'8 rEmh  weiqreï lsÍu fhdod .kakd w;r fmd,algq" ÔjdkqyrK l%shdj,shg
yd .nvd lsÍu wjYH WKq c,h ilid .ekSug;a Ndú; lrhs'
4
fldmamrd
m%Odk jYfhka fldmamrd j¾. folla mj;S'
weUÍug ^Milling) iy lEug Êdible grade& iqÿiq
fldmamrd tu foj¾.hhs' fmd,a f;,a ksiaidrKh iòyd
weUÍug iqÿiq fldmamrd Ndú; lrk w;r" lEug iqÿiq
fldmamrd úh<s m,;=rla f,i iy wd.ñl mqo mQcd
lghq;= iòyd o Ndú; lrhs'
fldmamrd ksIamdokh 1'9 rEmh  fldmamrd
fyd`Èka meiqKq ûdi 11¡12 muK& fmd,a f.ä f.dv .id i;s 3 ¡ 4 muK
Ed
moï lsÍu l< hq;= h' bka miq f,,s .id" fmd,a f.äh m<d tys we;s c,h
iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a l< hq;= h' miqj Èk 2la muK ysre t<sfha úh<Sug bv yer
uc
fmd,a lgqj bj;a lr" fldgiaj,g lvd fm<Su isÿ l< hq;= h'
at
ÿï .id úh<Su" iQ¾h ;dmfhka úh<Su iy .fvd,a fmdarKqjla fhdod úh<SSu

io
hk l%u u.ska fldmamrd úh<Su isÿ lrhs' úh<Su isÿ lrk ld, iSudj Èk 3¡7la
na
olajd muK fõ' iQ¾hdf,dalfhka iy .fvd,a fmdarKqj u.ska úh<Su taldnoaO lr

lP
fldmamrd úh<Su idudkHfhka isÿ flf¾' úh<Su u.ska by< .=Kd;aufhka hq;= iqÿ
fldmamrd ,nd .; yels h'
ub
lic
fmd,a f;,a ksIamdokh

at
fmd,a f.äh ;=< we;s iqÿ uoh;a ta yd ne`ÿKq ;o ÿUqre j¾Kfhka hq;a
io
l=regq ;Ügqj;a ^Coconut testa& wêl mSvkhla iys; hdka;s%l ls%hdj,shlg Ndckh
ns
lsÍfuka fyda ødj ksiaidrK l%uh u.ska ,nd .kakd øjh fmd,a f;,a kï fõ'
D
fmd,a f;,a ksiaidrK m%Odk l%u folls'

ep
²² úh<s l%uh ² f;;a l%uh

ar
tm
úh<s l%uh
en
6] olajd f;;ukh wvq l< fldmamrd hka;%hla u.ska l=vd len,sj,g

t
fjka lr weUreï hka;%hla Êxpeller& ;=<ska heùfuka ,nd .kakd fndr f;,a
wjlafIam ùug bv yer msßisÿ fmd,a f;,a fjka lr .kS'
tys § w;=re M, f,i ,efnk mqkaklal= ^Poonac& i;a;aj wdydrhla f,i
Ndú; lrhs'
uOHu yd uyd mßudK fmd,a f;,a ksIamdokfha §" fldmamrd hka;%hlg
oud lmd .ekSfuka miq yqud, fndhsf,arejla ;=<ska heùfuka f;,a ksiaidrKh lr
.kS' tu f;,a wjlafIamK gexlsj,g hjd fmÍu u.ska msßisÿ fmd,a f;,a ,nd .kS'
5
f;;a l%uh
fuu l%ufha § fmd,a lsß WKq lsÍfuka c,h jdIam lrjd fmd,a f;,a fjka
lr .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fuys § c,h yd f;,a ñY% ff;f,daohla ks¾udKh fõ' È¾>
ld,Sk r;a lsÍu u.ska f;,a fjka lr.kS'
fuu f;;a l%shdj,sh u.ska ,efnk fmd,a f;,aj, l,a ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj
wvq jk w;r ,efnk fmd,a f;,a m%udKh úh<s l%uhg idfmlaIj wvq h' fuu
ls%hdj,sfha § ksiaidrKh jkafka wj meye;s fmd,a f;,a jk w;r th wd¾Óluh
jYfhka jdisodhl fkdfõ' f;;a ls%hdj,sfha § o ;dmh" WmlrK jeks úhoï iòyd
wjYH jk uQ,sl Okh jeä h' fuhg wu;rj krla ùug iy m<sfndaO ydksj,g
Ed
we;s keUqre;dj úh<s ls%hdj,shg jvd jeä h'

fkdb`ÿ,a fmd,af;,a (Virgin coconut oil) ksIamdokh
uc
at
fyd`Èka fïrE fmd,a uoh tys iajdNdúl rih yd iqjò ta whqßka u /l.ksñka
io
wvq WIaK;aj ^60 oC wvq& ;;a;aj hgf;a úúO l%u u.ska fi!LH wdrlaIs; f,i
na
ksiaidrKh l< fmd,a f;,a fkdb`ÿ,a fmd,a f;,a f,i y`ÿkajhs'

lP
1 fyd`Èka fïrE fmd,a moï lr .ekSu

ub
lic
2 fmd,a f,,a, yd lgq bj;a lr .ekSu

at
io
ns
3 fmd,a l=reÜg bj;a lr isyska len,sj,g lmd

.ekSu
D
ep
4 fmd,a len,s f;;ukh 10 ¡12] olajd úh<khla

ar
wdOdrfhka úh<d .ekSu

tm
wvq WIaK;ajhla ^60 oCg wvq& yd wvq mSvkhla

en
5
^460 psi& hgf;a iïmSvl hka;%hla ;=<ska heùu
t
6 w;sßla; f;;ukh bj;a lsÍug c, ;dmlhl

;nd WKqiqï lsÍu
7 wjidÈ; bj;a lsÍu iòyd fmÍu
8 fmrE ú.i fi!LH wdrlaIs; f,i weiqreï lsÍu
6
fkdb`ÿ,a fmd,a f;,aj, jeo.;alu
Wiia" fmdaIKSh" jeä úgñka m%udKhla iy m%;sTlaisldrl iys; ùu
l,a;nd .ekSfï yelshdj jeä ùu
msßisÿ núka by< ùu
T!Iëh jákdlula iys; ùu

Ed
fmd,a lgqj wdY%s; ksIamdok

uc
at
fmd,a f,,a, bj;a l< fmd,a f.ählska 15]l nrla fmd,a lgqj w;a lr
io
.kS' m%Odk jYfhka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ yd Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH l¾udka; jk frÈ
na
fidaokd.dr" fílß yd lïu,aj, § fuka u .eñ ksfjiaj, bkaOkhla f,i o

fmd,a lgq Ndú; lrhs'
lP
fmd,a lgq w`.=re ksIamdokh

ub
lic
fmd,a lgq" w`.=re ksIamdokfha §

Ndú; jk m%Odk wuqøjHhls' fmd,a lgq
at
w`.=re ksmojkafka fïrE fmd,a f.äj,ska

io
,nd .kakd fmd,a lgq iSñ; Tlaiscka jdhq

ns
wka;¾.; mßirhl § oykh lsÍfuka

^Pyrolysis& jk w;r fuys § fmd,a lgq
D
iïmQ¾Kfhka oykh fkdlrhs'

ep
ar
lmd.;a j<j,a ;=< fyda ner,hla ;=<

fmd,a lgq wiqrd .sks o,ajd wdxYslj oykh 1'10 rEmh  fmd,algq w`.=re
tm
jk úg wdjrKhla u.ska Tlaiscka iemhSu ksIamdokh

en
iSud lsÍfuka fmd,a lgq w`.=re ksIamdokh

flf¾'
t
ilS%h ldnka Âctivated carbon& ksIamdokh

fldmamrd l¾udka;fha § w;=re M,hla jk fmd,a lgq u.ska il%Sh ldnka
ksmojd .kS' fmd,a lgqj,ska ksIamdokh lrk il%Sh ldnka wfkl=;a øjHj,ska
^,S" oyhshd" bß`.= fmd;=& ksmojk il%Sh ldnkaj,g jvd ;;a;ajfhka Wiia h' thg
fya;=j jkafka thg j¾Kh yd iqjò wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSug we;s yelshdjhs'
il%Sh ldnka" wdydr ksIamdokfha § yd wdydr fkdjk øjH ksIamdokfha §
Ndú; lrhs'
7
il%Sh ldnka ksIamdokfha mshjr
fmd,a lgqj,ska fmd,a fl`È" mia wxY= bj;a lr fmd,a lgqj fyd`Èka msßisÿ lsÍu
msßisÿ lr .;a fmd,a lgq wõfõ úh<Su
300 ¡ 500 0C w;r WIaK;ajhl meh 3 ¡ 5l ld,hla oykh lsÍu
oykh lr.;a w`.=re (CaCl2/ZnCl2 25%) meh 12 ¡ 18l ld,hla il%Sh ldnka njg
m;a ùu iòyd fm`.ùu
w`.=re msßisÿ c,fhka fia§u
c,h bj;a lsÍu iòyd ldur WIaK;ajfha ;eáhl úh<Su
W`ÿkl 110 0C WIaK;ajh hgf;a meh 3la úh<Su
Ed
l=vq lsÍu
uc
iïu; oe,lska (100 gauge ) y,d .ekSu

at
ma,diaála n`ÿkaj, weisÍu

io
na
ilS%h ldnkaj, jeo.;alu

lP
.Eia yd jdhq fmÍu iïnkaO ld¾h iòyd

ub
îu j¾. ksIamdokfha § Ndú;hg .kakd c,fha laf,daÍka bj;a lsÍu

lic
c,h msßisÿ lsÍu

at
T!IO ksIamdokh
io
kHIaál n,h ksmoùu

ns
wmøjH ksiaidrKh
D
ep
r;arka ksiaidrKh
ar
îu j¾. ksIamdokh
jhska" ìh¾" m,;=re hqI wdÈ ksIamdok iòyd
tm
en
t
fmd,a j;=r wdY%s; ksIamdok

fldmamrd" Èis`È fmd,a yd fmd,a lsß ksIAmdok
l¾udka;j, § w;=re M,hla f,i ,nd .; yels
fmd,a j;=rj, 3 ¡ -4]la muK iSks îqlafrdaia&
m%udKhla wka;¾.; fõ'
1'11 rEmh  fmd,a j;=r

wdYs%; ksIamdok
8
fmd,a j;=frka úkdlsß ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh
fmd,a j;=r meiapÍlrKh ldur hSiaÜ tl;= lsÍu
^2 l ¬ iSks 250g& ^100 oC ys ñks;a;= WIaK;ajhg ^f;a ye`È 1$2&
5la ;nkak& ksjd .ekSu
r;a lsÍu uOHidr uOHidrh

isis,a lsÍu ^60 oC ys ñks;a;= ødjKh fjka ^meiùu i;shla
20la ;nkak'& lsÍu muK&
úkdlsß uqyqka tl;= meiùu meiapÍlrKh

Ed
lsÍu ûdihla muK& úkdlsß ^60 oC ys

^10]la 200 mlla muK & ñks;a;= 20la&
uc
at
fnda;,a l< fmd,a j;=r fnda;,aj,

io
weisÍu
na
iSks 60 gla + foys hqI

fmd,a j;=r ^1 l& fmÍu 50 gla + isÜßla weisâ 1 gla
lP
+ fidaähï fugdnhsi,af*aÜ
75 mgla iy wdydr ldKavfha
ub
j¾Kl tl;= lsÍu

lic
fnda;,a lsÍu r;a lsÍu ñY% lsÍu

^Hot filling) ^90 oC $
at
ñks;a;= 5&
io
1'12 rEmh 
ns
fmd,a j;=r
ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu
iS,a lsÍu fnda;,a l<
^kgk WIaK;ajfha
D
fmd,a j;=r
ñks;a;= 10&
ep
ar
fmd,a j;=r jhska ksIamdokh

tm
fmÍfuka miq
en
fmd,a j;=r ^1 l& kegùu

îSks 150 gla
^ñks;a;= 5&
tl;= lsÍu&
t
ñY% lsÍu ^fidaähï

hSiaÜ tl;= lsÍu isis,a lsÍu fugdnhsi,af*aÜ
75 mg yd leru,a
l< iSks 5 g&
meiùu
ñY% lsÍu ^Èk 14la fmÍu
muK&
l=¿nvq ^lròuqx.=" lrdnqkeá
yd l=re`ÿ& fmdÜgkshla neò
fnda;,a lsÍu fmÍu ødjKh ;=< nyd
udi 6la muK l,a lsÍu
9
fmd,a f,,a, wdY%s; ksIamdok
fmd,a fldyq ksIamdokh
fmd,a fldyq ksiaidrKh lsÍu isÿ lrkafka fmd,a f.äfha msg; wdjrKfhks'
iajdNdúl fldyq j¾.hla jk fmd,a fl`È wdldr lsysmhls'
1 ÿUqre fl`È (Brown fibre)- ¡ fïrE fmd,aj,ska

ksiaidrKh lrk w;r Yla;su;a fl`È j¾.hls'
iSÍïj,g Tfrd;a;= fohs'
Ed
uc
2 iqÿ fl`È (White fibre) - ¡ fkdfïrE fmd,aj,ska

at
ksiaidrKh lrk w;r" uDÿ" ;=kS" ÿ¾j, fl`È

io
j¾.hla fõ'
na
lP
fyd`Èka fïrE fmd,a f,,sj,ska" laIqø Ôù l%shdj,shla u.ska ÿUqre fl`È fjka
lr .efka' fkdfïrE fld< meye;s fmd,a f,,sj,ska hka;%dkqidrfhka iqÿ fldyq
ub
fl`È fjka lr .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

lic
Y%S ,xldj" gekaidkshdj" flkahdj" nx.,dfoaYh" nqreuh" ;dhs,ka;h"

at
khsÔßhdj" >dkd hk rgj,a fmd,a fl`È yd fl`È wdY%s; ksIamdok w;r m%uqL
ia:dkhla .kS'
io
ns
fmd,a fl`Èj, ridhksl ixhq;sh

D
,s.akSka 45.84%
ep
fi,shqf,daia 43.44%
ar
fyñ fi,shqf,daia 0.25%

tm
fmlaáka iy wdY%s; ixfhda. 5.25%

c, ødjH ixfhda. 5.25%
en
w¿ 2.22%
t
fmd,a fl`Èj, fN!;sl .;s.=K

È. ^cm& 15 - 20
>k;ajh (g/cc) 1.40
úIalïNh (mm) 0.1 - 1.5
f;;ukh 10.50%
10
fmd,a fl`È ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
1 fldyq ksIamdokh iòyd wiajkq fk<Su iy f,,a, bj;a lsÍu
Wiia ;;a;ajfha fldyq ksIamdokh iòyd fmd,a f.ä fld< meye;s

ld,fha§ u fk<d .; hq;= h' meiqKq fmd,a f.ähl f,,a, uq¿ f.äfha nßka
35-45 %la muK fõ' udi 10 - 11la muK jhie;s f.äj,ska Wiia ;;a;ajfha
rkajka meye;s fl`È ksIAmdokh l< yels h'
2 fmd,a fl`È m,a lsÍu (Retting)

Ed
uc
m,a lsÍu hkq moï lsÍfï l%shdj,shla jk w;r fuys § fmd,a f,,s"
at
iajdNdúl laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh Èßu;a lrjk mßirhl ;eîu isÿ lrhs' fuu
io
l%shdj,sh fmd,a f,,s m,amh w¾Oj úfhdackh lrk w;r" tu.ska fmd,a fl`È
na
fjka lr .; yels h' tys wjfYaIh zzfldyqn;a ZZ (Coir pith) f,i ye`Èkafõ'
lP
msßisÿ c,fhka m,a lsÍu fyd`Èka fïrE fmd,a f,,s iòyd isÿ lrk w;r"
ub
fld< meye wuq fmd,a f,,s iòyd ,jK ñY% c,h fhdod .kshs'
lic
²² msßisÿ c,fhka m,a lsÍu

at
io
fïrE fmd,a f,,s" my;a ìï wdY%s;j iE¥ c,h msß j,j,aj, fyda c,h
ns
msr jQ fldkal%SÜ gexlsj, oud udi 6la muK fmf`.kakg i,iajhs'

D
²² lrÈfhka m,a lsÍu

ep
ar
fld< meye fmd,a f,,s lrÈfha fyda lD;s%uj ilia l< ,jK c,fha
tm
fm`.Sug i,iajhs' fuys § fmd,a f,,s" uqyqo wdikakfha .x bjqrl j,j,aj, nyd
fm`.Sug i,iajhs' lrÈfhka m,a lsÍu iòyd udi 8¡10la muK ld,hla .; fõ'
en
kuq;a iqÿiq nelaàßhd c,hg tl;= lsÍfuka fuu ld,h wvq lr .; yels h'
t
3 fl`È ksiaidrKh (Fibre extraction)
m,a lsÍfï l%shdj,sfhka wk;=rej fmd,a f,,s c,fhka bj;a lr fia§u isÿ
lrhs' bkamiq msg fmd;a; bj;a lr ,S wÉpqj, oud ,S ms;a;lska .id fmd,a fl`È
bj;a lr .efka' fuf,i fl`È fjka lr .ekSfuka miqj tajd msßisÿ lr fijfKys
;nd úh<d .efka'
11
4 fl`È leàu (Spinning)
fl`È leàu .Dyia: l¾udka;hls' fl`È leàu úúOdldr f,i isÿ lrk
w;r th frdaohla wdY%fhka" yia;uh jYfhka fyda hdka;%sluh f,i isÿ l<
yels h'
5 fl`È úùu (Weaving)

Ed
fuys § fl`È ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,h u.ska m%;sldr lrk w;r" tu.ska tys
j¾Kh yd j¾K ;Sj%;dj jeä lsÍu isÿ l< yelsh'
uc
at
6 fl`È j¾K .ekaùu

io
na
lP
j¾Kh yd ks¾udKlrKh fldyq ksIamdok wf,úlrKfha § m%uqL ia:dkhla

.kS' my; iòyka j¾Kl" fl`È j¾K .ekaùfï § Ndú; fõ'
ub
lic
l%sfidäka ys kema;,ska frâ

at
io
fu;s,a jh,Ü kema;,ska TfrkaÊ

ns
uefckagd kema;,ska .S%ka

D
ep
ar
fmd,a fl`È wdY%s; ksIamdok

tm
iqqÿ fl`È - (¡ ,Kq

en
ÿUqre fl`È (¡ nqreiq" mdmsis" fuÜg

t
fldyqn;a wdYs%; ksIamdok

²² j.d u¨ ^Grow bags&
²² Brickets
yß;d.dr ;=< j.d udOHhla f,i fldyqn;a iïmSvkh lr idok j.d u¨

yd Brickets iòyd úfoaYSh fjf<òfmd<la mj;shs' óg wu;rj fldyqn;a u.ska
mßir ys;ldó j.d n`ÿka ksIamdokh o isÿ lrhs'
12
1'1'2 f;a
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk jYfhka l¿ f;a (Black tea) ksIamdokh lrk w;r iq¿
jYfhka yß; f;a o ( Green tea) ksIamdokh lrhs' f;a ksIamdok u.ska iuia; o<
foaYSh ksIamdokhg 2%l muK odhl;ajhla ,nd fohs' m%dfoaYSh jeú,s iud.ï
^jeú,s wxYh$Estate sector) u.ska md,kh jk w;r wdikak jYfhka ,laI foll
muK Y%ñlfhda msßila ta i|yd odhl fj;s' YS% ,xldfõ iuia; f;a j.dj iòyd
wdikak jYfhka ñ,shkhl muK Y%ñlhska msßilf.a odhl;ajh iemfhk nj
y÷kdf.k we;'
iuia; f,dal f;a ksIamdokh ie,l+ úg Y%S ,xldj isõjk ia:dkfha miqjk
w;r Ökh" flkahdj iy bkaÈhdj bÈßfhka isà' f,dal f;a wmkhk ie,l+ úg
Ed
Y%S ,xldj ;=kajk iA:dkfha miqfõ'

uc
Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" f,dalfhys Wiia u .=Kd;aufhka hq;= f;a f,i ms<sf.k we;s
w;r" isxy ,dxPkh ^Lion logo& hgf;a tu f;a wmkhkh lrhs' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk
at
f;a .ekqïlrejka jkafka reishdj" brdlh" brdkh" Bðma;=j" tlai;a rdcOdksh yd

io
cmdkhhs' f;a me<hl wdhq ld,h wjqreÿ 30 ¡ 50ls'

na
f;a ieliqï ls%hdj,sh

lP
f;a o¨ fk<Su
ub
lic
Y%S ,xldfõ Wiia .=Kd;aufhka

hq;= f;a ksIamdokhla mj;ajdf.k hdu
at
iòyd w;ska f;dard o¨ fk<Su isÿ lrhs'

io
iajdNdúlj f;a m`ÿrl ls%hdldÍ Âctive&

ns
iy iqma; ^Dorment& f,i wxl=r j¾.

folla mj;S'
D
1'13 rEmh  f;a o¨ fk<Su

ep
f;a o¨ fk<Sfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=

lreKq
ar
iqma; wxl=r lvd bj;a lsÍu ^túg ls%hdldÍ wxl=rhla yg .kS'&

tm
kshñ; mßÈ j¾Okh jQ f;a o,a,la ^wxl=rh iy m;% folla fyda ;=kla&
en
f;a ksIamdokh iòyd fk<d .ekSu

t
fkdfïrE o¨ fk<Su isÿ fkdl< hq;= h'
l%uj;a fk<Sfï pl%hla mj;ajd .ekSu

fudark ,o f;a fld<" f;a o¨ fk<k wjia:dfõ§ u fk<d bj;a
lsÍu
fk<Sfï uÜgfï we;s j,a me< bj;a lsÍu
f;a o,a,g ydks fkdjk fia o¨ fk<Su
13
fuf,i fk<d .;a o¨j, nr lsrd l¾udka;Yd,d fj; m%jdykh lrhs'
m%jdykfha § ma,diaála l+v Ndú; l< hq;= w;r fk<k ,o o¨j,g ydks fkdùug
j. n,d .; hq;= h'
YS% ,xldfõ ksmojk f;a j¾.
m%d:ñl f;a w.h tl;= l< f;a ^Value added tea)
l¿ f;a ^Black tea) ri l< f;a ^Flavoured tea)
yß; f;a ^Green tea) laIKsl f;a Înstant tea)
f;a nE.a ^Tea bag)
Ed
melÜgqj, wiqrk ,o f;a ^Packeted tea)

uc
at
whsia f;a Îce tea)

io
na
l¿ f;a ksIamdokh
lP
²² l¿ f;a ksIamdokfha § meyeh yd rih ,nd .ekSug my; iòyka mshjr

w;HjYH fõ'
ub
;õ ueÍu (Withering)
lic
weUÍu (Rolling)
at
ye,Su (Roll breaking)

io
TlaislrKh (Oxidation)
ns
úh<Su (Drying / Firing)

D
ep
msßisÿ lsÍu yd fY%aKs.; lsÍu (Sifting and Grading)

ar
weiqreï lsÍu (Packing)

tm
;õ ueÍu
en
²² f;a m;%j, we;s c, m%udKh 55] olajd wvq lsÍu

fuys wruqKhs' fk<d .;a f;a o¨ ;õ ueÍfï
t
fødaKshlg ^Withering trough& oud tys we;s

oe, yryd oeä jdhq oyrdjla hjd m;%j, c,h
bj;a lrhs'
²² fuu ls%hdj,sh iòyd idudkHfhka meh 12 ¡ 17
muK ld,hla .;fõ'
²² ;õ ueÍu wjidkfha § f;a m;% ue,fjkiq¨ 1'14 rEmh  ;õ ueÍu
iajNdjhg m;a fõ'
14
o¨ weUÍu
²² ;õ ueÍfuka miqj" tu m;% o¨ weUÍfï
hka;%hla u.ska wUrd .efka'
²² fuys § f;a fld<" weUreKq jh¾ jeks
;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'
²² fuu mshjr f;aj, rih jeä lsÍug odhl
fõ' fuys § weUrE f;a fld<j, ridhksl 1'15 rEmh  f;a o¨ weUÍfï
l%shdldß;ajh wdrïN fõ' hka;%h
ye,Su
Ed
²² wUrd.;a f;a o¨j,ska kshñ; mßÈ

uc
weUreKq l=vd fldgia ^Dhools&

at
fkdweUreKq úYd, fldgiaj,ska ^Big

bulk& fjka lr .ekSu frda,a fí%l¾
io
hka;%h u.ska isÿ lrhs'

na
lP
²² fkdweUqreKq úYd, fldgia kej;

weUÍulg ,la lrk w;r l=vd
ub
fldgia TlaislrK ls%hdj,shg fhduq 1'16 rEmh  f;a o¨ ye,Su

lic
lrhs'
at
io
TlaislrKh
ns
²² TlaislrKh ùug wjYH mdßißl

D
;;a;aj hgf;a wUrd.;a f;a o¨ 5¡8 cm

ep
>klug msßisÿ u;=msgl w;=rd ;nhs'

ar
²² TlaislrK ls%hdj,sh wjidkfha §

tm
fld< meye;s wUrd.;a f;a o¨ ;U

ÿUqre meyehg yefrk w;r bka m,;=re
en
iqjòla jykh fõ' 1'17 rEmh  TlaislrKh

t
úfYaI lreKq
²² fuys § f;a m;%j, we;s fmd,s*sfkda, ^Polyphenol&" fmd,s*sfkda,a Tlaisfâia

^Polyphenol oxidase) keu;s tkaihsuh iu`. iïnkaO ù ;shd*af,aúka
^Theaflavin) iy ;shdreì.ska ^Thearubigin) ixfhda. njg TlaislrKh fõ'
²² .=Kd;aul f;a ksIamdokhla iòyd ;shd*af,aúka iy ;shdreì.ska wkqmd;h

1 ( 10 úh hq;= h'
15
úh<Su
²² fuys § WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍu u.ska
tkaihsu ls%hdldß;ajh wlS%h lr
TlaislrKh kj;d ouhs'
²² ta iu`. u f;aj, c, m%;sY;h 3] olajd

wvq lrhs'
1'18 rEmh  úh<Su
Ed
msßisÿ lsÍu yd fY%aKs lsÍu

uc
²² úh<d .;a f;a" fmfkar u.ska y,d

at
.kS' bka miqj j¾.SlrKh isÿ lrhs'

io
hka;%dkqidrfhka f;aj, we;s ishqï

na
fl`È iy kgq bj;a lr msßisÿ lrhs'

fl`È iy kgq f,i bj;a lrk
lP
fldgi li< f;a jk w;r msßisÿ

lr .kakd f;a —l¿ f;a˜ (Black tea)
ub
f,i ye`Èkafõ'
1'19 rEmh  fYa%Ks lsÍu
lic
²² wuq f;a o¨ 100 kglska ksñ f;a l=vq

at
25 kgla ,nd.; yels h' f;a l=vq j¾.SlrK l%shdj,sh wjika jYfhka isÿ
io
flfrk w;r tys § kej;;a ¥ú,s bj;alr msßisÿ lrhs'

ns
weiqreï lsÍu
D
²² m%Odk jYfhka we¨ñkshï ia;rhlska wdjrKh jQ lvodis Wr fï iòyd fhdod

ep
.kS' wjYH;dj u; l=vd m%udKfha weiqreï o fhdod.; yels h' fuu weiqreï
øjH c,h iy iqjò wjfYdaIKhg m%;sfrdaë úh hq;= h'
ar
tm
f;a j¾.
en
fmflda ^Pekoe)
t
TfrkaÊ fmflda Ôrange Pekoe - OP)

fn%dalka TfrkaÊ fmflda (Broken Orange Pekoe - BOP)
fn%dalka TfrkaÊ fmflda *ekska (Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings - BOPF)
f;a l=vq fkd' 1 (Dust no. 1)
16
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
yß; f;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh

lic
yß; f;a TlaislrKhg Ndckh

at
fkdjQ f;a f,i ye`Èkafõ' tu ksid

ksIamdok ls%hdj, § f;a o¨j, we;s
io
fmd,s*sfkda,a Tlaisfâia tkaihsuh

ns
wlS%h lsÍula fuys § isÿ lrhs'

D
yß; f;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh my; mßÈ

ep
fõ'
1'21 rEmh  yß; f;a
ar
tm
jeä WIaK;ajhlg f;a o¨ Ndckh lsÍfuka tys we;s fmd,s*sfkda,a Tlaisfâia

tkaihsuh wlS%h lsÍu (Steaming / Pan frying)
en
weUÍu (Rolling)
t
ye,Su (Roll breaking)

úh<Su (Drying / Firing)
msßisÿ lsÍu yd fY%aKs .; lsÍu (Sifting and Grading)
weiqreï lsÍu (Packing)
17
1'1'3 rn¾
fj<òfmdf<a oekg mj;sk iajdNdúl rn¾ w;ßka jvd;a u msßisÿ rn¾

j¾.h f,i ie,flkafka fl%ama rn¾ h' lafIa;% rn¾ lsß leá .eiSu u.ska fuu
f,afglaia fl%ama rn¾ ksmojk w;r tajdfha iqÿ meye;s iajNdjh ksid fma,a fl%ama
hk ku o Ndú; lrhs'
úh<s rn¾ wdY%s;j ksmojk ksñ NdKav fi!LHdrlaIs; ffjoH WmlrK"

wdydr øjH iu`. iam¾Y jk rn¾ ksIamdok yd .ï j¾. ms<sfh, lsÍfï § fuu
rn¾ m%Odk wuqøjH f,i Ndú; lrhs'
Y%S ,xldj" f,dj úYd,; u fl%ama rn¾ ksIamdolhd jk w;r" tu ;;a;ajh

;jÿrg;a wdrlaId lr .ekSug ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha iEu mshjrla u b;d msßisÿj
Ed
yd ukd md,khlska hqla;j isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

uc
rn¾ lsß wdYs%; ksIamdok

at
²² fla%ma rn¾ ^Crape Rubber&

io
²² ÿï .eiQ ISÜ rn¾ ^Ribbed Smoked Sheet Rubber - RSS&

na
²² flakaødmidß; rn¾ lsß ^Centrifuged latex&

.s,ajqï NdKav ^Dipped products&
lP
²²
²² wÉpq Ndú;fhka ksIamdÈ; NdKav ^Cast products&
ub
lic
at
io
ns
D
ep
fla%ma rn¾
ar
ÿï .eiQ ISÜ rn¾

tm
en
t
wÉpq Ndú;fhka
ksIamdÈ; NdKav
.s,ajqï NdKav
flakaødmidß; rn¾ lsß
1'22 rEmh  rn¾ lsß wdYs%; ksIamdok
18
fla%ma rn¾ ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mshjr
lafIa;% lsß tl;= lsÍu yd iqrlaIKh

uQ,sl fmÍu
úh<s rn¾ m%;sY;h ks¾Kh lsÍu
rn¾ lsß ixÑ; lsÍu yd iïu;lrKh
fidaähï nhsi,a*hsÜ tl;= lsÍu
Nd.sllrKh (Fractionation)
Ed
úrxckh (Bleaching)
uc
lsß leá .eiSu (Coagulation)

at
io
weUÍu
na
f,aia úh<Su
lP
ub
ISÜ rn¾ ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mshjr

lic
at
lsß tl;= lsÍu iy fmÍu

io
ns
lsß iïu;lrKh (Standardization)

D
lsß kej; fmÍu

ep
;kql wï, ñY%Khla idod .ekSu

ar
wï, tl;= lr fmK bj;a lsÍu

tm
lsß ñoùu (Coagulation)

en
lsß leáh ilia lr .ekSu

t
lsß leáh weUÍu

wUrd.;a ISÜ h<s fidaod .ekSu
ISÜ mjfka úh<Su
ISÜ ÿï.eiaiùu
ISÜ j¾. lsÍu iy .nvd lr ;eîu
19
.s,aùu u.ska rn¾ lsß wdYs%; NdKav ksmoùu
.s,aùu u.ska ksmoúh yels ksñ NdKav" ne¨ï iy rn¾ nEkaâ iòyd uQ,sl
úhou b;d by< fkdjk fyhska th .Dyia: l¾udka;hla f,i o wdrïN l<
yels h'
flakaødmidß; rn¾ lsß
ridhksl øjH tl;= lsÍu

Ed
ixhqla; rn¾ lsß

uc
mßK; ùu
at
io
m<uq .s,aùu
na
lP
ub
wdxYsl úh<Su
lic
at
io
w;sf¾l .s,aùu
ns
^wjYH kï&
D
ep
úh<Su
ar
tm
en
j,alkhsia lsÍu
t
wÉpqfjka bj;a lr .ekSu
20
wÉpq Ndú;fhka NdKav ksIamdokh
wÉpqj ilid .ekSu
fuys § m<uqj isÿ lrkqfha flakaødmidß; rn¾ lsßj,g ridhksl øjH oud
ixhqla; rn¾ lsß idod .ekSuhs' bkamiq fuu ixhqla; rn¾ lsß ;=<" wÉpqj idod
.ekSug wfmalaIs; NdKavh lsysm jrla .s,ajd úh<d .ekSfuka miqj j,alkhsia
lsÍu isÿ lrhs' bkamiq fuu wÉpq Ndú;fhka NdKav ksIamdokh isÿ l< yels h'
Ed
ridhksl øjH
flakaødmidß; tl;= lsÍu ixhqla; rn¾ lsß
uc
rn¾ lsß
at
io
na
rn¾ ia;r >klu jeä ixhqla; rn¾ lsß ;=<

lsÍu iòyd kej;
lP
NdKavh .s,aùu
.s,aùu
ub
lic
at
úh<Su j,alkhsia lsÍu

io
^100 oC&
ns
D
NdKavfhka rn¾
ep
wÉpqjg meßia wÉpqj bj;a lr

nodu fh§u
ar
.ekSu
tm
en
t
meßia nodu meßia nodu ksñ

>kùug ie,eiaùu NdKav
21
wmkhk lDIsl¾u fnda. wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSu
1'2
1'2'1 .ïñßia
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
1'23 rEmh  .ïñßia j.dj

at
io
zzl=¿nvq f,dj rcqZZ f,i ye¢kafjk .ïñßia" ksß; È. bkaÈhdfõ flar<

ns
m%dka;hg wdfõ‚l fnda.hls' cd;Hka;r l=¿nvq l¾udka;fha úYd,; u fj<|

øjHh f,i ye¢kafjk .ïñßiaj, ksIamdolhska iy wmkhklrejka f,i
D
n%iS,h" bkaÈhdj" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj jeks rgj,a m%Odk ;ekla Wiq,hs'

ep
Y%S ,xldfõ .ïñßia j.d flfrk uq¿ N+ñ m%udKh fylaghdr 29 378la muK
fõ' ud;f,a" uykqjr" lE.,a," nÿ,a," r;akmqr" fudkrd., iy l=reKE.,
ar
Èia;%slalj, .ïñßia nyq,j j.d lrhs' j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldj f,dalfha uq¿ .ïñßia
tm
ksIamdokfhka y;ajk ia:dkh ,ndf.k we;s w;r th uq¿ ksIamdokfhka 5'7]l

en
m%udKhls' .ïñßia m%Odk jYfhka l=¿nvqjla f,i;a rildrlhla f,i;a wdydr

l¾udka;fha § Ndú; fõ' tfia u iqj| ú,jqka iy T!IO l¾udka;fha § o Ndú;
t
fõ'
.ïñßia wiajkq fk<Su yd ilia lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

wiajkq fk<Su
jirlg foj;djla ^h, yd uy lkak& .ïñßia Ydlfha mqIam yg .ekSu
isÿ fõ' m%Odk wiajekak ^70]& fkdjeïn¾ isg ckjdß olajd o" b;sß wiajekak
^30]&la uehs isg cQ,s olajd o fk<d .efka'
22
wiajkq fk<Sfï ksjerÈ wjêh
l¿ .ïñßia ¡ lrf,aa uq,a îc 4$5la b§ ;sîu yd lr, w. we;s îc w;ska
;o l< úg fkd;e<S mej;Su
iqÿ .ïñßiA ¡ iïmQ¾Kfhka u mdfya bÿKq .ïñßia lr,a fk<d .kS'
Ed
uc
1'24 rEmh  iqÿ .ïñßia iy l¿ .ïñßia

at
io
l¿ .ïñßia ilia lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

na
M, fjka lsÍu
lP
²² m<uqj" fk<d .;a .ïñßia lr,a Èk 1‐2la

ub
muK f.dv.id ;eîu

lic
²² weg .,jk hka;%h u.sska fyda w;ska

.ïñßia weg" lr,aj,ska fjka lsÍu yd
at
wmøjH fjka lsÍu

io
(Green berry sorter) u.ska

ns
²² oe,la
wuq ¡ úYd, .ïñßia weg fjkalr .ekSu
1'25 rEmh  M, fjka lsÍu
D
ep
WKq Èh m%;sldr lsÍu

ar
²² Wiia ;;a;ajfhka l¿ .ïñßia ieliSu iòyd fuu mshjr b;d jeo.;a fõ'
tm
WKq Èh m%;sldr lsÍfï wruqKq

en
»» taldldÍ ;o l¿ meyefhka hq;= u;=msg fyd`Èka /,s .eiqKq .ïñßia ,nd .;

t
yels ùu
»» wmøjH yd laIqøÔùka úkdY ùu
»» iQ¾hdf,dalfha úh<Sug .;jk ld,h wvq ùu
»» .nvd ld,h jeä lr.; yels ùu
²² WKq Èh m%;sldr iòyd úfYaI WmlrK lÜg,hla Ndú; fõ' fï iòyd ner,a
Nd.hla iy l=vd oe,lska ^fkdïur 10& ilia lr .;a ner,a Nd.hg nyd,sh
yels n÷kla fuu WmlrK lÜg,hg wh;a fõ' fuu ner,fha 3$4l muK
mßudjla c,fhka mqrjd 80-¡90 oC WIaK;ajhlg r;a lr .ïñßia iys; oe,a
n`ÿk ñks;a;= 2-3la muK tys .s,ajd ;nhs'
23
úh<Su
²² WKq Èh m%;sldr l< .ïñßiaj, f;;ukh 75]la muK fõ' th 12]la muK
olajd wvq lsÍug úh<Su isÿ lrhs' úh<Su iòyd úúO l%u Ndú;jk w;r tys §
50¡60 oC WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd .kS'
úh<Su isÿl< yels l%u

»» ysre t<sfha úh<Su
»» lD;s%u úh<k Ndú; lsÍu
³³ iQ¾h úh<k ^Solar dryers&
Ed
³³ leìkÜgq wdldr ;eá úh<k ^Cabinet dryers&

³³ fmÜá wdldr iu;, ;Ügq úh<k ^Flat bed dryers&
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
at
iQ¾h úh<k leìfkÜgq wdldrfha fmÜá wdldr iu;,

io
.ïñßia úh<kh ;Ügq úh<k

ns
1'26 rEmh  lD;%Su úh<k

weisÍu
D
12]la muK olajd f;;ukh wvq l< úh<s .ïñßia f.daks fyda iqÿiq
ep
weiqreïj, .nvd lr ;nhs'

ar
iqÿ .ïñßia ilia lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

tm
en
M, fjka lsÍu
l¿ .ïñßia ilia lsÍfï § fuka u w;ska
t
fyda hka;% u.ska M, fjka lr l=vd îc bj;a flf¾'

fm`.ùu
f;dard.;a .ïñßia weg" f.daksj, fyda frÈ
u¨j, nyd Èk 5 ¡ 7la muK .,d hk c,fha fyda 1'27 rEmh  .ïñßia weg
c,h msrjQ gexlsj, oud fmÕùu isÿ lrhs' fjka lrk
^gexlsj, nyd fm`.ùfï § Èkla yer Èkla c,h udre hka;%h
l< hq;= h&
24
M,djrKh ^msg fmd;a;& bj;a lsÍu
i,a,vhl we;s,a,Su fyda fmd;a; bj;a lsÍfï hka;%hla ^ Pepper decorticator &
Ndú; lsÍfuka fmd;a; bj;a lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'
Ed
uc
at
1'28 rEmh  Pepper decorticator

io
na
isá%la wï, m%;sldrh

lP
fmd;a; bj;a l< îc msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod 2]l isá%la wï, ødjKhl
mehl muK ld,hla .s,ajd ;nhs' tu.ska .ïñßia îcj, iqÿ meyeh ;Sj% fõ'
ub
lic
fia§u yd úh<Su
at
isá%la wï, m%;sldrfhka miq .ïñßia îc msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod úh<Sfï §

io
lD;%su úh<kj, WIaK;ajh 60 oC g jvd jeä fkdjk f,i mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
ns
1'2'2 l=re`ÿ
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
1'29 rEmh  l=re`ÿ
ñksid w;S;fha § y`ÿkd .kakd ,o l=¿nvq fnda.hla jk l=re`ÿ Ydlh

Y%S ,xldjg wdfõKsl fnda.hls'
jd‚c l=re÷ f,i ckm%shj we;s m%Odk l=re÷ j¾. fol jkqfha i;H l=re÷
yd leishd l=re÷ h' f,dal fj<|fmd<g jeä u m%udKhla i;H l=re÷ imhkq
,nkafka Y%S ,xldj úisks' Y%S ,xld l=re÷" f,dalfha we;s wk¾>; u l=re÷ f,i
m%lg ù we;'
25
leishd l=re÷ j¾.j, .=Kd;aulNdjh i;H l=re÷j,g jvd fnfyúka wvq h'
bkaÿkSishdj" úhÜkduh iy Ökh jeks rgj,ska fj<òfmd<g leishd l=re`ÿ bÈßm;a
lrhs'
2017 § weia;fïka;=.; l=re÷ j.d jmißh jkafka 32 985 ha ls' l=re÷

fmd;af;a .=Kd;aul nj r|d mj;skafka cdkuh lreKq" mi iy foaY.=‚l idOl
u; h' b;d by< .=Kd;aul núka hq;= l=re÷ ksmojkafka iqÿ meye;s je,s mfiys h'
meKs ñßia l=re÷" fifj,a l=re÷" ;s;a; l=re÷" lyg l=re÷ hk úfYaI
Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk l=re÷ úfYaI fõ' l=re÷ fmd;af;a we;s rih wkqj tajd
j¾. lr we;'
Ed
YS% ,xldfõ 2017 j¾Ifha § l=re`ÿ fmd;= fuá%lafgdka 22 341l m%udKhla yd

uc
l=re`ÿ f;,a fuá%lafgdka 108l m%udKhla wmkhkh lr we;'

at
Y%S ,xldj u.ska wmkhkh lrk l=re÷j,ska 40 - 50]l m%udKhla ñ,§

io
.kafka fulaisfldaj jk w;r" wfkl=;a m%Odk .ekqïlrejka jkafka ,;ska

na
weußldkq rgj,a" iamd[a[h iy c¾ukshhs'

lP
Y%S ,xldfõ l=re÷j,ska ,efnk jd¾Isl Y=oaO m%;s,dNh fylaghdrhlg

ub
remsh,a 211 900la muK fõ'

lic
wiajkq fk<Su
at
m<uqfjka me< isg jQ j.djla jir 2 1$2 - 3 olajd ld,hl § uq,ska u wiajkq
io
fk<Sug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;ajk w;r bkamiq we;sjk w¨;a wxl=r wiajkq fk<Sfï
ns
;;a;ajhg fïÍug jir 1 1$2la muK .; fõ' fmd;af;ys j¾Kh ÿUqre meye .ekaù
we;s wjia:dj wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq fõ'
D
ep
idïm%odhsl l=re`ÿ lòka lmd .ekSu lrkqfha j¾Idj iu`. yg.kakd w¨;a
o¨ fld< mdgg yeÍu;a iu`. h' fuu wjia:dfõ § fmd;= .e,ùu myiq fõ' l=re`ÿ
ar
.iaj, o¨" u,a" f.ä iys; ld,fha § fmd;= .e,ùu ÿIalr h' fmd;a; úh<Su
tm
j<lajd .ekSu iòyd wiajkq fk<Sfï § úh<s ld,h u.yer l=re`ÿ lemSu u.ska
l=re`ÿ fmd;= .e,ùu myiq fõ'
en
t
wiajkq ieliSu
wiajkq fk<Sfuka miq l=re`ÿ lòka tl;= lr fmd;= .e,ùu iòyd l=re`ÿ
ilik ia:dkhg f.k hd hq;= h' l=re`ÿ fldagqfõ yria w;= yd .eg bj;a fldg
fidaod .ekSfuka miq fldagqfõ u;=msg ÿUqre meye;s iqUq¨" fldle;af;ka ^Scraper&
iQrd bj;a l< hq;= h' bkamiq ms;a;, oKavlska fldagqj msßue§fuka ,Sfhka fmd;a;
nqre,a lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
26
bkamiq tl fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jrg fmd;a; È. w;g m,d fmd;a;
yd oKav w;ßka msys;=v we;=¿fldg 1 cmla muK by<g fmd;a; Tijd ,sys,a lrhs'
bkamiq fldagqj yryd uq,ska me,aug iudka;rj úreoaO ÈYdfjka kej; by< isg
my<g me,aula fhdod fmd;a; w;ßka msys;=v hjd fmd;a; Nd. folla f,i .,jd
.; yels h' tfia u ;ks fmd;a;la fyda Nd. lsysmhla f,i o .,jd .ekSug yels h'
.e,jQ fmd;= mjfka mehla muK úh<d tlla u; tlla jk fia ikaê lr
we;=<g fmd;= len,s mqrjd 106'7 cm la ^w`.,a 42& È. l+re idod .efka'
fuu l=re`ÿj, f;;ukh wvq lsÍu iòyd Èk 5 ¡ 7la muK mjfka úh<Su
isÿ lrhs' wjika f;;uk m%udKh 14] fkdblauúh hq;= h'
Ed
fyd`Èka ieliQ l=re`ÿ l+rla ^Quills) taldldr >klñka" ÿUqre meyehg yqre
ly j¾Khlska hqla; úh hq;= h' fofl<jr tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr
uc
olajd Rcqj isák fia ilid ;sìh hq;= h' l=re`ÿ l+rej, fl<jrj,a ;Èka frda,a
l< lvodis frda,a fuka Èiaúh hq;= h' bkamiq ieliQ tl u fY%aKsfha l=re`ÿ l+re
at
tl;= lr 45 kgla jkfia ñá ^fí,a& ne`§u l< hq;= h'

io
na
tneúka fmd;= bj;a lsÍug

lP
oeßh hq;= fjfyi iy ld,h wvqjk

neúka jeä lòka m%udKhla ;e<Sug
ub
yels fõ' tfia u idudkHfhka l=re`ÿ

lic
;e<Su w;aysgqùug isÿjk jljdkqj, §

mjd ms;a;, oKafvka ;rula ue§fuka
at
myiqfjka fmd;= bj;alr .; yels fõ' 106'7

cm
io
tneúka jir mqrd u tl u wdldrhlska

ns
l=re`ÿ ;e<Sug o wjia:dj ,efí'

1'30 rEmh  fyd`Èka ieliQ l=re`ÿ l+rla
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
1'31 rEmh  l=re`ÿ wiajkq ieliSu
27
l=re÷ ksIamdok
m%Odk l=re`ÿ ksIamdok f,i fmd;= yd fld< wdYs%; ksIamdok ^ bark and
leaf products& wmkhkh flf¾'
fmd;= wdY%s; ksIamdok ^Bark products&

²² l=re÷ l+re (Quills)
²² l=re÷ l+re len,s (Quillings)
²² f*oßkaia (Featherings)
²² Ñmaia (Chips)
Ed
l=re÷ l+re îïmQ¾K l+re $ Quills)

uc
l=re`ÿ fmd;= tl u; tl ;nd ikaê lr

at
tys we;=<; l=yrh tu j¾.fha u l=vd len,sj,ska

mqrjd 106'7 cm È.ska hqla; jkfia ieliQ l+re" l=re÷
io
l+re ^Quills& f,i ye`Èkafõ'

na
1'32 rEmh  l=re÷ l+re ^Quills)

lP
ub
l=re÷ l+re len,s (Quillings)

lic
at
iïmQ¾K l=re÷ l+rej,ska levqKq" úúO

úYd,;ajfhka hq;= fldgia yd m;=re fï hg;g
io
.efka'
ns
1'33 rEmh  l=re÷ l+re len,s

(Quillings)
D
ep
f*oßkaia (Featherings)
ar
l=re÷ l+re ilia lsÍfï § l=re÷

tm
fmd;af;a leãhk ;=kS msydgq jeks

fldgia h'
en
t
1'34 rEmh  f*oßkaia (Featherings)
Ñmaia (Chips)
fïrE" ;o" .e,úh fkdyels msg; iqUq, iys;
fld< ñY% ÿUqre meye;s fmd;= fï kñka y÷kajhs'
1'35 rEmh  Ñmaia (Chips)
28
l=re`ÿ wdYs%; ksIamdok
l=re`ÿ f;,a l=re`ÿ l=vq l=re`ÿ f;a

1'36 rEmh  l=re`ÿ wdYs%; ksIamdok
wNHdih
Ed
01 nyqjrK m%Yak
1 isg 5 olajd m%Yakj, jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;dard háka brla w`Èkak'
uc
1& fmd,a wdY%s; ksIamdok ms<snò j.ka;s lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'
at
A Èis`È fmd,a ksIamdokhg l=reïnd ^fkdmeiqKq& fmd,a uo fhdod .kshs'

io
B ,Sj,ska ksmojk ilS%h ldnkaj,g idfmalaIj fmd,a lgqj,ska ksmojk

na
ilS%h ldnkaj, .=K;aulnj by< h'

lP
C fldmamrdj,ska ,nd .kakd f;,a rEm,djkH lghq;= iòyd fhdod

ub
.kshs'
D f;;a l%uh u.ska fmd,a f;,a ksIamdokfha § úh<s l%uhg idfmalaIj
lic
10 - 15]lska wiajekak jeä h'

at
io
by; m%ldY w;ßka jvd;a ksjerÈ jkafka'

ns
i' A muKs' ii' B muKs' iii' A yd B muKs'

iv' B yd C muKs' v' C yd D muKs'
D
ep
2& l¿ f;a ksIamdokfha § ;õ ueÍu ^withering& hkq"

i' f;a o¨ l=vd fldgiaj,g fjka lsÍu h'
ar
ii' f;a o¨j, c,h m%udKh 70] olajd wvq lsÍu h'
tm
iii' f;a o¨ meiùu h'

en
iv' f;a o¨j, c, m%;sY;h 3] olajd wvq lsÍu h'

t
v' f;a o¨j,g w.h tl;= lsÍu h'

3& lafIa;%fha § tl;= lrk ,o rn¾ lsß leá .eiSu je<elaùug fhdod
.kakd m%;sleáldrlh jkafka"
i' fidaähï laf,darhsÜ h'
ii' fidaähï i,a*hsÜ h'
iii' fidaähï nhsi,a*hsÜ h'
iv' f*dañla wï,h h'
v' fidaähï fugd nhs i,a*hsÜ h'
29
4& l=reÿ Ydl idr fkdfhl=;a l¾udka; iòyd fhdod .kshs' l=re`ÿ fmd;af;ys
wvx.= m%Odk ix>glh jkafka"
i' bhqðfkda,a h' ii' ikñla we,aämdhsâ h'
iii' veä;Ska h' iv' leïm¾ h' v' fcrksfhd,a h'
5& iqÿ .ïñßia ksIamdokh iòyd wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq mßK; o¾Ylh
jkafka"
i' fyd`Èka fïrE .ïñßia weg iys; lr,a h'
ii' lrf,a wegj,ska jeä .Kkla r;=$ly meye jQ lr,a h'
Ed
iii' <má .ïñßia weg iys; lr,a h'

uc
iv' iïmQ¾Kfhka u r;= meye jQ lr,a h'

at
v' ´kEu mßK; wjia:djl we;s lr,a h'

io
na
02 jHQy.; rpkd m%Yak

lP
1&
ub
i. fmd,a f,,s moï lsÍug fhdod .kakd c,fha .=Kd;aul nj fmd,a f,,af,a
mßK;Ndjh u; ;SrKh fõ' my; wjia:d iòyd fhdod.; yels c,fha
lic
iajNdjh kï lrkak'
at
(a) fïrE fmd,a f,,s -

io
(b) wuq fmd,a f,,s -

ns
ii. rn¾ lsß tl;= lsÍu iòyd Ndú; l< yels WmlrK 3la kï lrkak'
D
ep
1) '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2) '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3) ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ar
iii. jdKsc l=re`ÿ f,i ckms%hj we;s l=re`ÿ j¾. fol kï lrkak'
tm
en
1) '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2) ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
t
iv. fmrfudak W.=,a ksIamdokfha § fhdod .kakd l=re`ÿj, wvx.= m%Odk

ix>glh kï lrkak'
03 rpkd m%Yak
1& l¿ f;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha m%Odk mshjr .e,Sï igyklska olajkak'

2& fmd,a wdYs%; ksIamdok isÿ lsÍu iòyd YS% ,xldfõ úNjh úia;r lrkak'
30
02 ksIamdok yd jHdmdr
ixj¾Okh iòyd wjYH l=i,;d
rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg jHjidhl;ajh

odhl jk wdldrh
Ed
rgl ixj¾Okh flfrys kj ksmehqï

(Inventions) yd kjH;d (Innovations)
uc
ìys ùu;a ta u.ska cks;jk jHdmdr;a (Business)

w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ' fï ksid f,dalfha ish¨ u
at
rdcH kj ksmehqï yd kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍu

io
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' fuu.ska rgl

na
wd¾Ólh n,.kajñka ixj¾Okh <`.d lr fohs'

kj jHdmdr we;s ùu rgl wd¾Ólh by< kexùug
lP
odhl ùu yd rgl kj /lshd cks; lsÍug fya;=jk

2'1 rEmh 
ub
fyhska rgl iudÔh ixj¾Okhg o odhl fjhs'

;j o th NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh jeä lrñka
lic
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd Wjukd ix;Dma;sh jeä lrhs' tfia u kj NdKav yd

at
fiajd fj<òfmd<g tl;= ùu fya;=fjka fj<òfmd< mq¿,a ùu yd ia:djr ùu" ñ,

.Kka ia:djr ùu jeks ;j;a wd¾Ól lreKq rdYshlg jeo.;a fjhs' tfia u tla
io
jHdmdrhla ÈhqKq ùu u.ska ;j;a ta yd ne`ÿKq jHdmdr wjia:d rdYshla ÈhqKq ùug
ns
o odhl fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh rgl mj;sk udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a rdYshla jvd
ld¾hlaIuj Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug fya;= fjhs' fï wkqj jHdmdßl wjia:d ìysùug
D
fya;= jk jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh hkq kjH;d W;amdokhg" jHdmdr ìys ùug"

ep
iudchg wjYH NdKAv yd fiajd ksIamdokhg" mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d ika;¾mKhg

ar
odhl ùug" ñ, .Kka md,khg" /lSrlaId wjia:d W;amdokhg fuka u rgl

mj;sk iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj Ndú;hg yd rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùuhs'
tm
tneúka Y%S ,xldfõ rch o jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh iòyd m%uqL;ajh ,nd §

en
lghq;= lrk w;r w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh úIhfha wjidk
t
tallh u.ska o jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh ms<snò Wkkaÿj we;s lrhs' fuys § m%;sm;a;s
iïmdolhkaf.a uqLH wruqK ù we;af;a ;dlaIKsl úIhh Odrdfjka wOHdmkh
yodrk orejka Wiia wOHdmkh iòyd fhduq jqj o fkdjqj o wjidkfha ish Ôjk
jD;a;sh f;dard .ekSfï § jHjidhlfhl= ùu iòyd Wkkaÿ lsÍuhs' ta iòyd wjYH
;dlaIKsl oekqu" l=i,;dj" wdl,am fuu úIh Odrdfõ uQ,sl tall yeoEÍfuka
,efnk w;r tu Wlyd .;a oekqu Ndú; lrñka iudchg wjYH NdKav yd
fiajd ks¾udKh lr" ksIamdokh yd fnod yeÍu wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdrhla wdrïN
lsÍu isÿ l< yels h' ta u.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha rcfha fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
/lshd wfmalaId wvqlr /lshd fidhd hkakka (Job seekers) fjkqjg /lshd
iïmdolhka (Job providers) ìys lsÍu h'
31
ksIamdok yd jHdmdr ixj¾Okh iòyd wjYH l=i,;d
rgl ;srir wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla iòyd jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh Rcqj u
odhl;ajh olajk w;r tu odhl;ajh my; iòyka mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
uyd mßudK jHdmdr wdh;k ìys ùfï uQ,sl moku jkafka ;ks mqoa.,
jHjidhlhka wdrïN lrk l=vd jHdmdr wdh;khs'
uyd mßudK jHdmdr fuka u mq¿,a yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr u.ska fiajd
kshqla;sh jeälr rfÜ /lSrlaId ms<snò .eg¨j úiòSug odhl fjhs'
kjH;d iïmdokh u.ska NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu fyda ;sfnk NdKAv yd
fiajd ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh u.ska mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd Wjukd ix;Dma;shg
odhl fjhs' ta yryd rgl ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh ixj¾Okhg odhl fjhs'
Ed
NdKav yd fiajd fj<òfmd<g tl;= lrñka fj<òfmd< mq¿,a lsÍug odhl

fjhs'
uc
fj<òfmd< mq¿,a ùfuka iemhqu by< kexùu yd ia:djr ùu ksid NdKav yd

at
fiajdj, ñ, .Kka my< hdu fyda ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ
io
fjhs'
na
jHdmdßl wjia:d mq¿,aùu fya;=fjka ta yd ne`ÿKq Rcq yd jl% jHdmdr rdYshla

lP
ÈhqKq fõ'
ub
jHdmdr ÈhqKq ùu ksid rgl o< foaYSh ksIamdokh by< hk w;r rg

ixj¾Okhg th Rcqj fya;= fjhs'
lic
at
fï ksid mej;s rchka fuka u j¾;udk rch o rg ;=< jHjidhl;aj

ixj¾Okhg úúO mshjr f.k we;s w;r rg ;=< jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla we;s
io
lsÍu iòyd wjYH m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka iïmdokh yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu wLKavj

ns
isÿ lrhs' jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh iòyd Kh wdOdr yd myiqlï ,nd §u" nÿ iyk
,nd §u" wOHdmksl" mqyqKq jevigyka ie,iqï lsÍu" jHdmdr ixj¾Okhg wjYH
D
há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh fuka u jHjidhl;aj ixl,am ckm%sh lrùu iòyd

ep
wjYHjk ueÈy;a ùï isÿ lsÍu ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' mqyqKq jevigykaj,g
ar
wu;rj jif¾ fydò u jHjidhl;ajh" ckm%sh u jHjidhlhd" ;reK jHjidhlhd"

tm
ldka;d jHjidhsldj f;aÍu jeks jevigyka fmkajdÈh yels h'

en
jHjidhlhd yd jHjidhl;ajh
2'1
t
´kEu rgl wd¾Ól j¾Okh iòyd w;HjYH msßila f,i jHjidhlhska

y`ÿkd.; yels w;r ´kEu rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ;SrKh lrk idOlhla
f,i tu rfÜ isák jHjidhlhka ixLHdj ie,lsh yels h' fï ksid f,dalfha
´kEu rgla jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh ms<snò jeä wjOdkhka fhduq lrhs' fï
iòyd úúO jHdmD;s yd jevigyka l%shd;aul lrhs' fï whqßka i,ld n,k
l, jHjidhl;ajh yd jHjidhlhd hkq b;d jeo.;a ixl,amhla h' fï ksid
jHjidhl;ajh hkq l=-ula o@ jHjidhlhd hkq ljqo@ jHjidhlhl=f.a ,laIK
fudkjd o@ jHjidhl;ajh ÈhqKq l< yelafla flfia o@ hkak i,ld ne,Su wjYH
fõ'
32
kj ksmehqï fyda kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍu úoHdfõ yd ;dlaIKfha ld¾hNdrh
jqj o ta iòyd hï msßjehla oeßh hq;= h' tkï fï iòyd Y%uh" uqo,a yd ld,h jeks
msßjeh jeh fjhs' fï f,i Y%uh" uqo,a yd ld,h lem lrñka isÿ lrk ld¾hfhka
hï m%;s,dNhla ysñ úh hq;= h' mdßfNda.slhkag yd iudchg fujeks kj ksmehqï
yd kjH;d yryd m%;s,dNhla ,efnkafka kï ta u.ska jHdmdßl wjia:d ìys fjhs'
kj jHdmdßl wjia:d yryd mdßfNda.slhkag yd iudchg m%;s,dNhla ,enqK o
jHdmdr ìys ùu yd id¾:l ùu iòyd wNsfhda. rdYshla mj;sk w;r ta ksid ta iòyd
hï wjodkula mj;S' flfia jqj o" tu wjodku Ndr .ekSfï yelshdj yd leue;a;
iys; mqoa.,hka msßila iudcfha isák w;r fï msßi jHjidhlhka jYfhka
fmdÿfõ ye`Èkafjhs'
Ed
2'1'1 jHjidhlhd
uc
at
j¾;udkfha fkdfhla wOHdmk

wdh;k" úYajúoHd, yd m¾fhaIK wdh;k
io
úiska úYd, jYfhka jHjidhl;ajh yd

na
jHjidhlhka ms<snò Ydia;%Sh wOHhk yd

lP
m¾fhaIK isÿ lrkq ,efí' iïm;a iSud

hka jH
ji
ùu;a" ñksia wjYH;d jeä ùu;a iu`. u ajl dh
ub
rgj, wd¾Ól j¾Okh iòyd jHjidhl;aj fi lh

d
ixj¾Okh w;HjYH wjYH;djla ù we;' fï
lic
ksid jHjidhlhd ms<snò ye`Èkaùfï § úúO 2'2 rEmh 

at
úoaj;=ka úúO ye`Èkaùï yd w¾:l:k ,nd §

io
we;' fuhska fmkS hkafka jHjidhlhl= ms<snò fmdÿ w¾: oelaùula ,nd§ug
ns
úoaj;=ka wiu;a ù we;s njhs'

zßp¾â lekaá,kaZ ^1734&" jHjidhlhd w¾: olajd we;af;a jegqmg jev
D
fkdlrk iajhx fiajdjl kshqla; mqoa.,hl= jYfhks'

ep
zfÊ' î' fiaZ ^1803& kue;s nqoaêu;dg wkqj jHjidhlhd hkq wd¾Ól iïm;a
ar
wvq M,odhl;ajhl isg jeä M,odhl;ajhlg m;alrkafkls'

tm
zisxZ ^1943& g wkqj jHjidhlhl= hkq jHdmdr wjia:d y`ÿkd .ekSfï olaI;dj
en
we;s tu wjia:d jHdmdßl uÜgñka m%fhdackhg .ekSug wjYH jk iïm;a tl;=

t
lr.; yels yd WÑ; Wmdh ud¾. yd Wml%u u.ska id¾:l;ajhla ,nk mqoa.,fhls'
zfâúâ uelaf,,kaZ ^1961&" jHjidhlhd w¾: olajd we;af;a m%;sM, w;am;a
lr .ekSfï wêl fm,öu we;s" ta iòyd wjodkï ork mqoa.,hl= jYfhks'
zmSg¾ vl¾Z ^1964& kue;s l<ukdlrK nqoaêu;dg wkqj jHjidhlhd hkq
fjkialï fidhñka tajd y`ÿkdf.k wjia:dkql+,j tajdfha by< m%;sM, ,nkafkls'
zfn%dlayjqiaZ ^1982&" jHjidhlhd y`ÿkajd we;af;a fjk;a ;ekl fiajfha
kshqla; fkdjk jHdmdrhl m%Odk ysñlrejd yd l<ukdlre jk mqoa.,hl= f,i h'
33
znhs.af¾âZ ^1993& g wkqj jHjidhlfhl= hkq jHdmdßl wjia:d oel th
ÈhqKq lr bÈßhg f.k hdu iòyd ixúOdkhla f.dvk.k mqoa.,fhl= f,i h'
zfrdk,aâZ ^2012& g wkqj jHjidhlfhl= hkq kj woyia yd kj fidhd

.ekSï id¾:l f,i kj ksmehqï njg mßj¾;kh lr jHdmdßl wjia:d f.dvk.k
mqoa.,fhls'
jHjidhlfhl=- hkq kj woyia yd kj fidhd .ekSï id¾:l f,i kj

ksmehqï njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug leu;s yd yelshdjla we;s mqoa.,fhls' fudyqg
úYd, isysk we;' fudyq oeä wjodkula ord.ksñka kj woyia jHdmdr njg m;a
lrhs'
Ed
2'1'2 jHjidhl;ajh
uc
at
jHjidhl;ajh hkq kj fidhd .ekSï yd kj l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka

io
wd¾Ól jYfhka jeo.;a jk NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍug mqoa.,fhl= i;=

na
yelshdj h' jHjidhl;ajfha m%Odk ld¾h 4la we;' tkï"

lP
ub
lic
kjH;d iïmdokh ^wjYH;d yd Wjukd bgq

lsÍug kj NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh&
at
io
ns
ksIamdok idOl ld¾hlaIuj fhdod

D
.ekSu ^N+ñh" Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh fhdod

ep
.ksñka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh&

ar
tm
en
jHdmdßl wjia:d y`ÿkd .ekSu

t
ksIamdok kùlrKh fõ'
34
jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh
by; úia;r lrk ,o m%Odk ld¾hhka y;r mokïj jHjidhl;aj
l%shdj,sh m%Odk wjia:d y;rlska iukaú; fjhs' tkï"
1 kjH;d iïmdokh $ kfjda;amdokh
fuhska woyia jkafka kj jHdmdßl woyila

iòyd kj NdKav fyda fiajd iïmdokh" kj l%shdj,s
ÈhqKq lsÍu" kj fnodyeÍï ÈhqKq lsÍu fjhs'
2 l%shd;aul lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

Ed
fuhska woyia jkafka kj jHdmdrhla ìys lsÍug

uc
wjYH miqìï idOl iïmQ¾K lrñka jHdmdrhla weröug

lghq;= lsÍuhs'
at
io
3 l%shd;aul lsÍu
na
fuhska woyia lrkqfha kj jHdmdrh wrUd"

lP
id¾:lj mj;ajdf.k hduhs'

ub
4 j¾Okh
lic
ìys l< kj jHdmdrh Èfkka Èk ÈhqKq lsÍug

at
lemúh hq;= nj fuhska woyia lrhs'

io
ns
2'1'3 id¾:l jHjidhlfhl=f.a ,laIK

D
jHjidhlfhl= i;= fuu ,laIK

ep
Wm;ska ,efnkafka o ke;fyd;a miqj j¾Okh

jkafka o hkak ms<snò m¾fhaIlhka úiska úúO
ar
wOHhk isÿlr y`ÿkd .ekSug W;aidy ork

tm
,§' uq,a ld,Sk wOHhk u.ska fmkS hkafka

en
jHjidhl;aj ,laIK Wm;ska ,efnk njhs'

flfia jqj o zld,a tÉ fjiam¾Z keue;s úoaj;d
t
fmkajdfok mßÈ jHjidhl;aj ,laIK Wm;ska

,efnkakla fkdj w;aoelSï" m<mqreoao" oekqu 2'3 rEmh 
yd yelshdj ,nd .ekSfuka ÈhqKq fõ' iudchl
jHjidhlhka ìyss jkafka wd¾Ól" iudÔh" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k" mjq,
yd ufkdaúoHd;aul lreKq iuQyhl wfkHdakH iïnkaO;djla u; nj Tyq fmkajd
fohs' fï ksid mqoa.,fhl=f.a jHjidhl;aj ,laIK Wm;ska ,efnkakla fkdj
oekqu" w;aoelSï" m<mqreoao" mqyqKqj yd yelshdj ,nd .ekSfuka yd ÈhqKq lsÍu u.ska
j¾Okh jk nj m%ldY l< yels h' fï ksid mqoa.,fhl=g jHjidhl;ajh ms<snò
mqyqKq lsÍfuka" oekqu ,nd §fuka yd wjYH wfkl=;a myiqlï ,nd §fuka
tu mqoa.,hd jHjidhlfhl= njg m;alr jHdmdr ìys l< yels h'
35
jHjidhlhka ms<snò yeoEÍfï § Tjqkaf.a .;s ,laIK ms<snòj yeoEÍu
jeo.;a fjhs' jHjidhlhska ms<snò .eUqßka wOHhk isÿ l< —fâúâ uelaf,,ka˜
jHjidhlhka ;=< m%Odk fm,öï ;=kla we;s nj y`ÿkdf.k we;' tkï¦
m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSfï fm,öu
n,h ,nd .ekSfï fm,öu
wkqnoaO ùfï fm,öu fõ'
m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSfï fm,öu hkqfjka uelaaf,,ka woyia lr we;af;a

;r.ldÍ wjia:djl lsishï ld¾hhla b;d id¾:lj isÿlr ch.%yKh w;am;alr
.ekSfï wêl wdYdjhs' fuu wdYdj iys; mqoa.,hka fydò jHjidhlhska jk
nj uelaf,,kaâ y`ÿkdf.k we;' tfia u n,h ms<snò yd wkqnoaO ùfï fm,öu
Ed
iys; ,laIK jHjidhlhka ;=< mj;S' jHjidhlhka i;=j my; iòyka ,laIK
uc
myiqfjka y`ÿkd.; yels h'

at
1 oeä wd;au Yla;sh yd wd;au úYajdih

io
2 b;d uykais ù jev lsÍu

na
lP
3 ks;r u i¾j iqnjd§ f,i is;Su

ub
4 by< m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu iòyd uykais fkdn,d jev lsÍu

lic
5 wjodkï Ndr .ekSug ìh fkdùu

at
io
6 ks;r u by< b,lal msysgqjd .ekSu

ns
7 kj woyia Ndr .ekSu

D
ep
8 fjkia ùug we;s leue;a;

ar
9 w;aoelSïj,ska bf.k .ekSu

tm
ch" mrdch hk folg u j.lSu ;ud Ndr .kakd w;r" wka

en
10 whg fodia mejÍfuka je,lSu

t
11 ;ud jgd we;s ndysr wjia:d y`ÿkd f.k bka m%fhdack .ekSu
12 iEu fohla u lsÍug wdYdjla ;sîu
13 wkd.;h .ek is;Su
14 ks;r u iajdëkj is;k ksoyia mqoa.,fhl= ùu
15 .y fld<" i;=ka yd mßirhg wdorh lrk mqoa.,hl= ùu
36
jHjidhlhd uqyqKfok wjodku
jHjidhl;ajh hkq by< wjodkulg
uqyqK fok lghq;a;ls' úYd, wjodkulg
uqyqK fkd§ jHjidhl;ajhla ÈhqKq fkdfõ'
jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok wjodkï ;;a;aj
ms<snò wjfndaOh jHjidh id¾:l lr.ekSu
iòyd msájy,la fjhs' jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok
wjodkï ;;a;aj m%Odk wdldr 3ls'
tkï¦ 2'4 rEmh 
1 wjodku (Risk)
Ed
wjodku ixLHd;aulj .Kkh l< yels h'

uc
at
2 fkdmeyeÈ,s nj (Ambiguity)
io
na
fkdmeyeÈ,s nj ixLHd;aulj .Kkh lsÍu b;d wiSre h'

lP
3 wúksYaú; nj (Uncertainty)
ub
ixLHd;aulj .Kkh lsÍu b;d u wiSre fyda l< fkdyels h'

lic
jHdmdßl jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok wjodkï ;;a;aj

at
io
úúO l¾udka; wdYs%; jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok wjodkï ;;a;aj wdldr

ns
lsysmhlska y`ÿkd.; yels h'

yy foaY.=Ksl yd ld,.=Ksl n,mEu ksid jk wjodku
D
yy
ep
fiajl Woaf>daIK" úúO b,a,Sï yd jev jeÍu ksid jk wjodku

yy ñ, .Kkaj, úp,kh ksid jk wjodku
ar
yy .nvd lsÍï" fnodyeÍï yd wf,úlrKfha § úh yels ydks ùï ksid jk

tm
wjodku
en
yy fidr i;=re ydksj,ska jk w,dN wd§ wjodku

yy
t
m%cd Woaf>daIK ksid jk wjodku

yy ;r.lrejkaf.ka we;s jk ;¾ck yd fj<òfmd< ìò jeàï ksid jk
wjodku
yy f.da,ShlrKfhka we;s lrk n,mEu ksid jk wjodku
yy foaYmd,ksl fjkiaùï yd wia:djr;ajh ksid jk wjodku
yy wd¾Ól ìò jeàu ksid jk wjodku
yy kS;s yd fr.=,disj, isÿjk fjkiaùu ksid jk wjodku
yy frda. yd m<sfndaO ksid jk wjodku
37
id¾:l jHjidhlhl= i;=j fuu wjodkï ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §fï yelshdj
ksrka;rfhka u mej;sh hq;= w;r fuu ;;a;ajhkg ìhùfuka lsisÿ f,il id¾:l
jHjidhlfhl= úh fkdyels fõ' §¾> ld,hla jHjidhlfhl= f,i lghq;=
lsÍfuka ,nk oekqu yd w;aoelSï u.ska fujeks wjodkï wjia:d y`ÿkd .ekSfï
yelshdj fyj;a —iyc bjla˜ jHjidhlhskag ysñ fjhs' thg uqyqK §fï Wml%u
ms<snò wjfndaOh ysñ fjhs'
jHdmdr l<ukdlrKfha § wjodku$wvudkh l<ukdlrKh b;d jeo.;a

fjhs' fï iòyd Wml%u ;=kls' tkï"
wdrlaIs; l%u Ndú;h

Ed
bvï" uqo,a" hka;%iQ;%" øjH" f;dr;=re" ld,h" fj<òfmd< ixl,am yd kj woyia

uc
jeks j;alï tl;= lsÍu" wjodku$wvudkh wvq lrk ;SrK .ekSu yd ksIamdok
úúOdx.SlrKh y`ÿkajd Èh yels h'
at
io
rlaIK l%u
na
rlaIKh lsÍu" wfkHdakH Wmldrl yd yqjudrej" odhl yd wkq.%dyl iïnkaO;d"

lP
Kh .ekSu fï iòyd WodyrK fõ'

ub
lic
yev .eiSu
at
fj<òfmd< wdl%uKh" ixl%uKh yd kj fj<òfmd< lrd hEu fjk;a

io
ksIamdokj,g fhduqùu fuhg WodyrK fõ'

ns
D
lsisÿ jHdmdrhla tla /hlska ìys fkdfõ' jHdmdr ìysjkafka jHjidhlhl=f.a

ep
wêl lemùul m%;sM,fhks' id¾:l jHdmdrhla ìysùu iòyd oeä lemùu" W;aidyh"
ar
bjiSu yd m%;sM, ,nd .ekSfï fkdksñ wdYdj wjYH fõ' fï ksid jHjidhlfhl=
ùug m%:u jHdmdrhl kshe<Sug we;a; jYfhka u wjYH oehs ;SrKh l< hq;= h'
tm
2'1'4 jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okhg n,mdk idOl

en
t
jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg n,mdk idOl m%Odk wdldr ;=klg

y`ÿkd.; yels h' tkï"
1 mqoa., idOl
2 iudc úoHd;aul idOl
3 mdßißl idOl fõ'
38
flfia fj;;a jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< hq;= h hk woyi m<uqj we;sùu
jeo.;a fjhs' th mqoa., idOlhls' fï iòyd n,mdk idOl tu mqoa.,hdf.a
fm!oa.,sl .;s ,laIK yd noaO jQ lreKq 9la y`ÿkdf.k we;s w;r tu .;s ,laIK
9 Ds f,i meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
isysk
meje;Su
(Dreams) ;SrK
fnod yeÍu .ekSu
(Distribute) (Decisiveness)
Ed
ffojh l%shd;aul
uc
lsÍu
(Destiny)
at
9Ds (Doers)
io
na
wêIaGdkh
lP
f;dr;=re (Determination)
fiùu
ub
(Details)
lemùu
lic
we,au
(Devotion) (Dedication)
at
io
ns
óg wu;rj wd;au úYajdih" wd;audNsudkh" wjfndaOh" ks¾udKYS,S nj"

D
iqyoYS,S nj" iajdëk nj" kuHYS,S nj" wNsfm%arKh" ukd wjfndaOh" wjodkï
ep
l<ukdlrKh" iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd oelaula mej;Su jeks ;j;a ,laIK

ar
rdYshla úúO úoaj;=ka bÈßm;a lr we;'

tm
;j o jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh iòyd m%Odk jYfhka fm!oa.,sl .;s

en
,laIK n,mEj o tajd j¾Okh lr W;afm%arKh lsÍu iòyd mdßißl idOl yd

t
iudc úoHd;aul idOl n,mdhs'
m%Yia; foaY.=Ksl" ld,.=Ksl yd mdßißl idOl fuka u iudc úoHd;aul

idOl jYfhka ie,lsh yels mjq,a miqìu" mjqf,a iyfhda.h" wi,ajeishka"
fiajlhka" ;r.lrejka" mdßfNda.slhka" fiajd wdh;k" rdcH m%;sm;a;s" foaYmd,k
idOl" wd.ñl idOl" iudc idrO¾u" kS;s Í;s" fr.=,dis jeks idOl bÈßm;a l<
yels h' by; iòyka mdßißl yd iudc úoHd;aul idOl jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh
flfrys .dul n,fõ.hla f,i l%shd lrk úg jHjidhlhka yd jHdmdr
YS>%fhka ìysfjhs' th ndOdjla jk úg jHjidhl;aj yd jHdmdr ìò jefghs'
39
rgl jHjidhl;aj m%j¾Okhg wjYH lrk miqìula mej;Su jHdmdr
ìysùug w;sYhska u jeo.;a fjhs' tjeks miqìula fkdue;s rgl jHdmdr ìys
fkdjk w;r jHjidhlfhda ukafoda;aidyS fj;s' rgl jHjidhlhka ìysùu iòyd
wjYH lrk miqìï idOl my; iòyka f,i fm<.eiaúh yels h'
ia:djr foaYmd,k miqìu
ksoyia fj<òfmd< wd¾Ólh ksjerÈj l%shd;aul ùu

Ed
uc
ys;lr kS;suh jd;djrKh

at
io
na
wdfhdack iòyd m%Yia; uQ,H l<ukdlrK jd;djrKh

lP
ub
lic
Kh yd m%d.aOk myiqlï iòyd ÈhqKq yd ld¾hlaIu uQ,H

fj<òfmd< myiqlï
at
io
ns
há;, myiqlï m%Yia;j mej;Su

Wod (-¡ uydud¾." m%jdykh" úÿ,sh wdÈ
D
ep
ar
cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r uÜgfï wOHhk yd mqyqKq

mdGud,d u.ska jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okhg lemùu
tm
en
jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh iòyd jk rdcH wkq.%yh

t
yd m%;sm;a;s
jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh iòyd jk iudc"

ixialD;sl miqìu yd wdl,am
40
jHjidhlhka wid¾:l ùu iòyd o úúOdldr fya;= n,mdk nj
ta iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o úúO m¾fhaIK wOHhk weiqßka úoaj;=ka fmkajd § we;'
flfia jqj o jHjidhlhska wid¾:l ùu iòyd m%Odk f,i u my; iòyka fya;=
n,mdk nj fndfyda úoaj;=ka fmkajd § we;' tkï"
jHdmdßl oekqu m%udKj;a fkdùu
uQ,sl m%d.aOkh ys`. ùu
m¾fhaIK yd ;dlaIKsl oekqu ys`. ùu

Ed
kS;sÍ;s yd rdcH m%;sm;a;sj, mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d

uc
há;, myiqlïj, mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d iy jHdmdßl fiajd iòyd

at
jk wêl msßjeh
io
wf,úlrK ÿ¾j,;d" fj<òfmd< iïm;a wvqlu yd

na
f;dr;=rej, ys`.h
lP
jHjidhl;aj ixl,am l%shd;aul lsÍfï fkdyelshdj yd

m%dfhda.sl nj wvq ùu
ub
lic
wêIaGdkh yd lemùfï ÿ¾j,;d hkdÈhhs'

at
io
tfia u jHjidhlhl= ùu ksid mqoa.,fhl=g úúO jdis rdYshla ysñfjhs'

ns
tajd kï"
D
²² jHdmdrh ;udf.a u ksid ;u iajdñhd ;ud u ùfuka iajdëk mqoa.,fhl= ùu

ep
yd lsisfjl=g hg;a fkdùu

ar
²² fjk;a wdh;khl jevlr ,nk jegqmg jvd jeä wdodhula ,nd.; yels ùu
tm
²² ;u jHdmdrh ;ukaf.a u j;alula jk neúka ;ukaf.ka miq ;u mjqf,a

idudðlfhl=g ;u leue;a; wkqj mejßh yels ùu
en
²² ;uka i;= oekqu" l=-i,;d ;ukaf.a u jHdmdrhlg fhoùug yels ùu yd bka

,nk ch.%yK ksid ;ukag u i;=gqùfï yelshdj
t
²² ;u ys; ñ;=re" kEoE yd wfkl=;a mqoa.,hka u.ska ;u jHdmdrhg Wmßu

fiajdjka ,nd.; yels ùu" tfia u ;uka leu;s mßirj,g Wmldr l< yels
ùu
²² ;u m%foaYfha isák /lshd úrys; ;reK" uy¨" .eyeKq" msßñ hk ´kEu
mqoa.,fhl=g /lshd ,nd §fï yelshdj
²² jHdmdßl wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK § tajd chf.k Ôjk ;;a;ajh k.d isgqjd .ekSfï
yelshdj ,eîu yd ta yryd .ug" rgg yd f,djg wdo¾Yj;a mqoa.,fhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj fõ'
41
2'1'5 jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d y`ÿkd .ekSu
mqoa.,fhl= i;=j jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d fldf;la ÿrg mj;S o hkak
fidhd ne,Su Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Okh i|yd jeo.;a fjhs'
jHjidhl;aj ,laIK y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j yd ls%hdldrlï mdol
l%uh Wmfhda.s lr .; yels h'
msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j
msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=fõ m%Yakdj,sh wdOdrfhka mqoa.,fhl= ^Tn& i;=j mj;sk
jHjidhl;aj ,laIKhla ms<sn| lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h' jHjidhl;aj
Ed
,laIK wOHhkh i|yd ilid we;s fuu msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j ieliSu i|yd mdol
lr f.k we;af;a jHjidhlfhl= i;= úh hq;= ,laIK jk wruqKq <Õd lr .ekSfï
uc
wdYdj" wNsfm%arKh" ;SrK .ekSfï l=i,;dj" wjodkï ±Ífï yelshdj" fjkia

at
ùug we;s yelshdj" ld,h yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha olaI;dj" udkj iïnkaO;d

io
mj;ajd .ekSfï yelshdj yd l<ukdlrKfha olaI;dj hk tAjd h'

na
tA tA ks¾Kdhl i|yd jk jdlH LKavhla fuu msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j

lP
^m%Yakdj,sh& ;=< wka;¾.; w;r tjeks jdlH LKav 25la tys mj;S' tA tA jdlH
LKavh i|yd 0 ¡ 4 olajd ,l=Kq ,nd Èh yels w;r wod< jdlH LKavhg tlÕ
ub
ùfï yelshdjla fkdue;s kï 0la o by< tlÕ;djla mj;S kï ,l=Kq 4la o ,nd
lic
Èh yels h'
at
Wod (-¡ m<uq jdlH lshjd f;areï .;a miqj tys wre;g by< tlÕ;djla
io
we;akï Wmßu ,l=Kq 4la ,nd Èh yels h' tlÕúh yels jkafka wju jYfhka kï
ns
,l=Kq 2la muK o flfiaj;a tlÕúh fkdyels kï ,l=Kq 0la o ,nd Èh yels h'
wod< ,l=K rjqï lr fyda l;srhlska lmd ,l=Kq i,l=Kq l< yels h' fuf,i
D
ep
jdlH 25 i|yd u tlÕ;dj i|yd ,nd fok ,l=Kq rjqï lrkak' ta ta jdlH iòyd
,l=Kq ,nd §fï § Tnf.a wjxlNdjh" ksjerÈNdjh yd iajdëk;ajh b;d jeo.;a
ar
fõ' ;uka ms<sn|j isÿ lrk we.hSula neúka by< wjxlNdjhla mj;ajd .ekSfï
tm
jeo.;alu fmkajd fokak'

en
t
42
j.=j 2'1 - jHjidhl;aj ,laIK iaj;lafiarej iòyd msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=-j
o¾Ylh tl`. uOHia:j fyd¢ka
fkdfjñ tl`. fjñ tl`.
fjñ
1' iEuúg u uu kj f;dr;=re" ;dlaIKh 0 1 2 3 4
yd l%u ms<snò wjOdkfhka isák w;r tu
f;dr;=re ms<snò wOHhkh lrñ'
2' wOHhkh lrk kj f;dr;=re" ;dlaIKh 0 1 2 3 4
yd l%u Ndú;hg" w;ayod ne,Sug iEuúg u
W;aidy orñ'
Ed
3' Ndú; lrk ;dlaI‚l .=Kdx." l%u yd øjH 0 1 2 3 4

;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq lsÍug yd fjkia lsÍug
uc
wdYdjla yd Wkkaÿjla we;s w;r tA i|yd

w;ayod ne,Sï lrñ'
at
4' idïm%odhsl wdl,am" isß;a úß;a" ;dlaIKh 0 1 2 3 4

io
yd f;dr;=rej,g ud .re lrk w;r

na
tAjdfha wkaOdkqlrKfhka t,anf.k isàfï

lP
mqreoaola ug ke;'
5' isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhka lsÍug uu ieuúg u 0 1 2 3 4
ub
fjfyi fkdn,d W;aidy orñ'

lic
6' lsishï lghq;a;la isÿ lrk úg m<uqj myiq 0 1 2 3 4

at
yd ir, ld¾hh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr

tAjd ksu l< miqj ixlS¾K lghq;= flfrys
io
wjOdkh fhduq lrñ'

ns
7' wmyiq yd ixlS¾K lghq;= we;s úg jqj o uu 0 1 2 3 4

WodiSk fyda miqng fyda fkdfjñ'
D
ep
8' wmyiq $ ixlS¾K lghq;a;la isÿ 0 1 2 3 4

lsÍfï § jqj o ug lsisfjl=f.a Wmldr fyda
ar
Èß.ekaùu fkd;snqK o th ;ksj u fyda

tm
lsÍug lem fjñ'

9' wka wh ud úfõpkh l< o fy<d ÿgqj o 0 1 2 3 4
en
l< hq;= fohla fõ hehs ug yefÕhs kï uu

t
th lrñ'
10' hula lsÍfï § th l< hq;= hehs ud ;SrKh 0 1 2 3 4
lrkqfha tA ms<sn| .eUqßka is;d ne,Sfuka
miqj h'
11' foudmshka" .=rejreka" jeäysáhka fyda fjk;a 0 1 2 3 4
úfYaI{hka ,nd fok Wmfoia yd wjjdo
ms<s.ekSug uu lsisúfgl miqng fkdfjñ'
43
12' NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § iEuúg u f;dr;=re" 0 1 2 3 4
ñ, .Kka yd m%fhdackh ms<sn| fyd¢ka
is;dn,d ñ, § .ksñ'
13' wdfõ.YS,S fyda yeÕSï iy.; wjia:dj, § 0 1 2 3 4
uu ;SrK .ekSfuka je<lS isáñ'
14' iunr ;SrK .ekSug uu iEuúg u W;aidy 0 1 2 3 4
orñ'
15' wmyiq yd wjodkï tfiau wka wh 0 1 2 3 4
fkdlrk foaj,a lsÍfï wdYdjla yd
wjYH;djla ug we;'
16' wmyiq yd wjodkï foa lsÍfuka isÿ jk 0 1 2 3 4
Ed
mdvq" w,dN fyda wjdisodhl wjia:dj,

§ lk.dgq fkdù isàfï yd ord .ekSfï
uc
Yla;sh ug we;'
at
17' wjia:dj wkqj yev.eiS lghq;= lsÍfï 0 1 2 3 4

yelshdj ud i;=j mj;S'
io
18' uu iEuúg u ld,h ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk 0 1 2 3 4

na
w;r ld,hg wkqj lghq;= lsÍug W;aidy

lP
orñ'
19' ld,h wmf;a hk lghq;= i|yd uf.a 0 1 2 3 4
ub
Wkkaÿj wvq w;r tA ms<sn| ud ;=< ±ä

wlue;a;la mj;S'
lic
20' udf.a lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wka whf.a 0 1 2 3 4

at
Wojq .ekSu fyda Tjqka yev.iajd .ekSfï

io
yelshdjla ud i;=j mj;S'

ns
21' lsishï ld¾hhla lsÍfï § tA ms<sn| ukdj 0 1 2 3 4

is;d n,d fyd¢ka ie,iqï lsÍfï mqreoaola
D
ud i;=j mj;S'
ep
22' lsishï lghq;a;la lsÍfï § tA i|yd wjYH 0 1 2 3 4

iïm;a" Wmldr ,nd .; yels msßia yd øjH
ar
ms<sn| uu iEuúg u wjOdkh fhduq lrñ'

tm
23' lsishï ld¾hhla ksud l< miq th wfmalaId 0 1 2 3 4

en
l< mßÈ id¾:lj isÿ lsÍug yelshdj

,enqfKa±hs mÍlaId lsÍfï mqreoaola ug
t
mj;S'
24' wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug uu 0 1 2 3 4
wfmdfydi;a ù kï tA ms<sn| lk.dgq
fkdjk w;r tfia fkdjQfha yd wvqmdvq jQfha
flfia o hkak ms<sn| iajhx wOHhkhla
lr th u`.yrjd .ekSfï mqreoao ug we;'
25' bÈß wkd.;h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s woyila" 0 1 2 3 4
isyskhla yd wruqKla ud i;=j mj;S'
44
fuu msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=fjka ks.ukhkag t<öu flfia isÿ lrkafka o
hkak i,ld ne,Su b;d jeo.;a fjhs' tA i|yd my; .Kkh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
.Kkh lsÍu
tla tla lreKg ,nd ÿka ,l=Kq tl;= lr uq¿ ,l=Kq .Kkh lsÍu m<uqj
isÿ l< hq;= h' fuu msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=jg wkqj ,nd .; yels Wmßu uq¿ ,l=K
jkafka ,l=Kq 100ls' ^tkï iEu lreKlg u ,nd fok ,l=K 4 jk úg uq¿ ,l=K
100 fjhs& tfia u iEu lreKlg u 0 ÿka úg fuu msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=jg ,efnk
wju ,l=K jkafka 0hs' fï wkqj uq¿ ,l=Kq 0 isg 100 w;r ixLHdjla fjhs' fuu
,nd .;a uq¿ ,l=Kq wkqj jHjidhl;ajh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu my; mßÈ ±laúh
Ed
yels h'
uc
at
1 uq¿ ,l=Kq 91g jvd jeä kï jHjidhl;aj ,l=K yd .=Kdx. b;d

io
fyd¢ka fmkakqï lrhs' id¾:l jHjidhlfhl= ùfï yelshdj yd

na
úNjh b;d fyd¢ka mj;S'

lP
ub
lic
2 uq¿ ,l=Kq 76g jeä yd 91g jvd wvq kï jHjidhl;aj ,l=Kq

at
msysgk w;r tu ,l=K ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq lr .ekSfuka wkd.;fha

io
jHjidhlfhl= ùfï yelshdj jeä ÈhqKq lr .; yels h'

ns
D
ep
3 uq¿ ,l=Kq ixLHdj 45g jeä yd 76g jvd wvq kï jHjidhl;aj

ar
,l=Kq mj;skafka iq¿ jYfhka jk w;r jHjidhlfhl= ùug kï

tm
fuu ,laIK fndfyda ÈhqKq lr .; hq;= fjhs'

en
t
4 uq¿ ,l=Kq 45g jvd wvq jk úg b;d ÿ¾j, fm!reI ,laIK iys;
mqoa.,fhl= jk w;r by< lemùula u.ska tu ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd
.ekSug W;aidy ±ßh hq;= h'
45
jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d
y÷kd .ekSfï fuj,ula f,i
msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j ^m%Yakdj,sh&
ms<sn|j by; úia;r flß‚'
Bg wu;rj l%shdldrlï ^úúO
wNHdi& mdol l%uh o Wmfhda.S
lr .ksñka jHjidhl;aj
l=i,;d y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj
mj;S'
2'5 rEmh 
Ed
l%shdldrlï mdol l%uh

fuys § isÿ lrkqfha isiqka lKavdhulg îsiqka 5¡10& fyda ;ks isiqfjl=g
uc
lsishï l%shdldrlula isÿ lsÍug Wkkaÿ lsÍuhs' fuu l%shdldrlu i|yd lsishï
at
øjH ^mdg lvÞis$ldâfndaâ fmÜá$ne¨ka fyda fjk;a hula& m%udKhla ,nd §

io
ñks;a;= 20l § muK lsishï ks¾udKhla lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd fohs' bkamiq tu
na
ks¾udK fm<.iajd my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl u; fyd| u ks¾udKh" fojk ks¾ud-

lP
Kh yd f;jk ks¾udKh wd§ jYfhka f;dard .; hq;= h' tA wkqj ks¾udKYS,S kj

ksmehqula bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy ord we;s lKavdhï fyda isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lr
ub
we.hSulg ,lalr Tjqka i;=j we;s jHjidhl;aj ,l=Kq y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy l<
lic
yels h'
at
io
ks¾udK we.hSfï § Wmfhda.S lr .; yels ks¾Kdhl

ns
D
ks¾udKfha ks¾udKYS,sNdjh yd kjH;djlska hqla; nj

ep
ksmehqfuka ,nd .; yels m%fhdack fyda m%fhdackj;a nj

ar
tm
ks¾udKfha jákdlu fyda tA i|yd jQ msßjeh

en
ks¾udKhg mj;sk jákdlu yd ñ,la ;SrKh lr wf,ú lsÍfï

t
yelshdj
ks¾udKh i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï § isÿ ù we;s wmf;a hdï m%udKh
fyda wmf;a hdï wju lsÍug .kakd ,o m%h;ak
ks¾udKh ;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug we;s yelshdj
46
jHjidhl;ajfha kshq;= mqoa.,hka i|yd jk msßlaiqï ,ehsia;= ^Check lists& Ndú;h
±kgu;a jHjidhka mj;ajdf.k hk mqoa.,hka ms<sn| l%udkql+,
wOHhkhlska jHjidhl;ajh ms<snò wjfndaO lr .; yels h' tA i|yd jk úfYaIs;
msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=jla wdOdrfhka fuh isÿ l< yels h'
fuys § m<uqj fyd¢ka okakd jHjidhlhka lsysmfofkl= f;dard .kak'
Tjqkaf.a jHdmdßl lghq;= yd fm!oa.,sl ls%hdldrlï ksÍlaIKh i|yd Wkkaÿ
lrkak' fuys § Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu jHdmdßl l%shdldrlï ;SrK .kakd wdldrh"
is;k m;k wdldrh ms<sn| úuiSug Wkkaÿ lrjkak' tA wkqj 2'2 j.=j iïmQ¾K
lsÍug u. fmkajkak'
j.=j 2'2
Ed
jHjidhlhdf.a ku fj<òfmd<g bÈßm;a lrk bgq lrk ld¾hh

NdKavh fyda fiajdj
uc
1'
at
2'
io
3'
na
2'2 j.=j mokï lrf.k f;dard .;a jHjidhlhkaf.a olakg ,efnk jHjidhl
lP
.;s ,laIK w;ßka tlsfkld fj;ska jvd;a lemS fmfkk .;s ,laIK bÈßfhka
iqÿiq mßÈ ,l=Kq fhdokak' fuys § ,l=Kq 10 fyda 100 ,nd §u jvd myiq l%uh fõ'
ub
fufia fkdue;skï  ,l=K fh§u jqj o m%udKj;a nj fmkajkak' ta wkqj 2'3

lic
j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

at
j.=j 2'3
io
jHjidhlhka
jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK
ns
1 2 3 4 5
1' ks¾udKYS,S;ajh
D
ep
2' jHdmdßl wjia:d fiùu

3' wLKav W;aidyh
ar
tm
4' jevg we;s lemùu

5' .=Kd;aul nj
en
6' ld¾hlaIu;dj
t
7' úêu;a nj" ie,iqïlrKh yd wëlaIKh

8' f;dr;=re úuid ne,Su
9' iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Su yd cd,.; ^Net working&
ùug we;s keñhdj
10' wd;au úYajdih
jvd jeä ,l=Kq ixLHdjla fyda  ,l=Kq ,nd .;a jHjidhlhdf.a ,laIK
ms<sn| jeäÿrg;a wOHhkh lr tu ,laIK ÈhqKq lr.; yels wdldrh úuid n,hs'
47
jHdmdr
2'2
jHdmdr" iudcfha jeo.;a wdh;k fõ' jHdmdr wdh;k iudchg jeo.;a

jkafka iudcfha wjYH;d bgq lsÍug wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu" iemhSu yd
fnod yeÍu ksid h' tfia u jHdmdr wdh;k kj f;dr;=re woyia ,nd§u o isÿ
lrhs' ;j o jHdmdr iudchg jeo.;a jkafka ta u.ska /lshd wjia:d iïmdokh
fya;=fjks' fï wkqj jHdmdr fkdue;sj wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla fuka u rgl" iudchl
meje;aula o fkdue;'
Ed
is,a,r wf,úie,a" fydag,a" frÈms<s wf,úie,a" f.dvke.s,s øjH wf,úie,a

uc
jHdmdr nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls' fmd;am;a uqøKh" .=jkaúÿ,s wdh;k" nexl="

at
rlaIK" ¥rl:k fiajd iud.ï ms<snò ie,l+úg tajd o jHdmdr fõ'

io
iudchg wjYH NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu iòyd l%shd;aul jk iduQysl

na
ixúOdkd;aul m%h;akhl m%;sM,hla f,i jHdmdr ìys fõ'

lP
zmSg¾ vl¾Z kue;s úoaj;dg wkqj mdßfNda.sl msßilf.a wjYH;d yd Wjukd

ub
;Dma;su;a lsÍu iòyd jHdmdßl wfmalaId we;sjk nj o ta wkqj jHdmdr ìysjk

nj o m%ldYlr we;'
lic
at
fï wkqj jHdmdr ìysjkafka lsishï mdßfNda.sl msßilf.a wjYH;d yd

io
Wjukd bIag lsÍfï wruqKska jk w;r tu jHdmdr fndfydaúg mokïjkafka

ns
ld¾ñl fyda lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok fyda fiajd u;hs' idïm%odhsl f.dú;ekska Tíng
fhduq jqj o ksIamdokh fjkqjg fj<òfmd< yd wf,úlrKh wruqKq lrf.k lDIs
D
jHdmdr ìys fjhs'

ep
kQ;k jHdmdßl f,dalh .;sl fõ' kj ;dlaIKh" NdKav yd fiajd"

ar
mdßfNda.sl wdl,am" wdYd" Wjukd YS>%fhka fjkia fjhs' tla NdKavhla fjkqjg
tm
wdfoaY l< yels NdKav j¾. YS>%fhka fj<òfmd< wdl%uKh lrhs' fï ksid
fjkiajkiq¨ fj<ò f,dalhl jHdmdr mj;ajd .ekSfï yelshdj jHjidhlhska
en
i;=úh hq;= h'

t
idïm%odhsl lDIsl¾ufha fyda fjk;a jHdmdrhl fhfok mqoa.,fhl=

jHdmdßl uÜgug ÈhqKq ùfï m%;sM,h uyd mßudKfha jHdmdrhla ìysùuhs'
48
2'2'1 jHdmdr j¾.SlrKh
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
2'6 rEmh  úúO jHdmdr

at
jHdmdr j¾.SlrKh tys m%udKh" wruqK" ld¾hh iy whs;sh jeks úúO

io
ks¾Kdhl wkqj isÿl< yels h'

ns
jHdmdr
D
ep
ar
m%udKh wkqj wruqK wkqj ld¾hh wkqj whs;sh wkqj

tm
laIqø jHdmdr
en
iq¿ mßudK jHdmdr

t
uOH mßudK jHdmdr

uyd mßudK jHdmdr
laIqø mßudK jHdmdrj, ,laIK

yy ksIamdok fnod yeÍu yd wf,úh l=vd m%udKfhka isÿ lrhs'
yy ld¾h fndfydaúg wúêu;a fõ'
yy fiajlhka ixLHdj 10g wvq h'
yy jd¾Isl msßjegqu re' ñ,shk 10g wvq h'
49
iq¿ mßudK jHdmdr
yy l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh úêu;aj isÿ fjhs'
yy fiajlhka ixLHdj 10 ¡ 50 w;r m%udKhla fõ'
yy jd¾Isl msßjegqu re' ñ,shk 11 -¡ 50 w;r fõ'
uOH mßudK jHdmdr

yy l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh úêu;aj isÿ fjhs'
yy fiajlhka ixLHdj 51 ¡ 300 w;r m%udKhla fõ'
yy jd¾Isl msßjegqu re' ñ,shk 51 -¡ 200 w;r fõ'
Ed
uc
uyd mßudK jHdmdr

at
yy cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r ;;a;ajfha jHdmdr fõ'

io
yy by< ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k ksIamdok yd fiajd ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'

na
yy l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh b;d úêu;a fõ'

lP
yy fiajlhka ixLHdj 300g jeä h'

yy jd¾Isl msßjegqu re' ñ,shk 200g jvd jeä h'
ub
lic
jHdmdr wjia:d
at
jHdmdr mßir idOlj, fjkiaùï weiqßka ks¾udKh jk" jHdmdßl

io
idOlj, iyfhda.h ,nd .ksñka ,dNodhSj jHdmdr lghq;a;l kshe<Sug we;s

ns
bvlv jHdmdr wjia:djla f,i y÷kajhs'

j¾;udk iudc wd¾Ól ikao¾Nfhys ÈhqKqùfï úNjh iys; jHdmdr wjia:d
D
wdldr lsysmhlska y`ÿkd .; yels h' fïjd my; iòyka mßos m%Odk wdldr 5ls'
ep
ar
²² ksIamdokhg wod< jHdmdr wjia:d ^t<j¿ j.dj" m,;=re j.dj" úis;=re me<
ksIamdokh" j;= j.d" i;a;aj md,kh" ld¾ñl ksIamdok&
tm
²² wuqøjH fyda fhojqï wf,úh yd fnodyeÍu ^îc" me< yd frdamK øjH" fmdfydr"
en
ì;a;r yd megjqka" ridhksl øjH" hkaf;%damlrK&

t
²² fiajd ,nd§u ^Kh yd uQ,H myiqlï" wOHdmk" rlaIK" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh&

²² ieliqïlrKh ^wdydr mdk" f;a" rn¾" fmd,a yd wfkl=;a ksIamdok wdY%s;
ieliqïlrKh&
²² fnodyeÍï yd wf,úh ^ksIamdok tl;= lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" fnodyeÍu yd wf,úh&
50
2'2'2 jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu
jHjidhlfhl= ùu /lshdjl kshq;= ùug jvd wmyiq ld¾hhls' fï iòyd
úYd, uykaishla" lemùula yd wjOdkh fhduq lsÍula wjYH fõ' fï ksid my;
i|yka lreKq .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' SME toolkit fmkajdfok mßÈ
jHjidhlfhl= ùu iòyd ffO¾hh iïmkak ùu" yelshdj" m%d.aOkh" fiajlhka
md,kh hk lreKq ms<snò ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
ffO¾h iïmkak ùu
id¾:l jHjidhlfhl= ùug kï" wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaId lrk jHdmdr
Ed
ms<snò iyc nqoaêhla yd fkdlvjd lrf.khdu iòyd wjYH Yla;sh ;sìh

uc
hq;= fukau ;ukaf.a u jHdmdrhla ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH hehs hk oeä ye`.Su
;sìh hq;= h'
at
io
na
yelshdj
lP
tfia u ta ms<snò lghq;= lsÍu iïnkaO oekqu ;sìh hq;= h' wdrïN lsÍug fmr
ub
wod< m<mqreoao iu`. idudkH oekqu" wjYH lrk nqoaêh" {dkdkaaú; nj yd

miq úmru flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fjhs' ta iòyd lemúh
lic
hq;= h'
at
io
ns
m%d.aOkh
fndfyda jHdmdr l=vd mßudKfhka yd iq¿ wdfhdackhlska wdrïN l<
D
yels h' bkamiq jHdmdrh j¾Okh jk úg iy w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd úg

ep
jHdmdrfha uqo,a .,kh wkqj jHdmdr j¾Okh iòyd fhdod.; yels h' kuq;a
ar
m<uq jir iòydj;a m%udKj;a uqo,a .,khla mj;ajd .ekSu iòyd iß,k
tm
wdrïNl uqo,a m%udKhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfia u fldmuK wdfhdackh lrkafka o
hkak u; iSud mekùfuka we;s úh yels wjodku md,kh l< yels h'
en
t
fiajlhka
wdrïNfha § ish¨ u lghq;= ;ksj u isÿlr .ekSu iqÿiq jk w;r mqoa.,hka
l=,shg .ekSu wjYH fkdfõ' lghq;= ;ksj u isÿlr .ekSu" jHdmdrfha
ish¨ foa ms<snò bf.k .ekSug;a miq lf,l § wfkl=;a mqoa.,hkag jev mejÍu
iòyd jvd iqÿiafil= njg m;a lsÍug;a fydò l%uhls' kuq;a wdfhdackfha
m%udKh" jHdmdrfha iajNdjh yd jev m%udKh u; mokïj fiajlhka nòjd
.ekSu ;SrKh l< yels h'
51
2'2'3 jHdmdr wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu
jHdmdr wjia:d y`ÿkd .ekSug my; iòyka l%ufõo Ndú; l< yels h'
.fõIKh ¡ Y ÿ w ; ^SWOT& úYaf,aIKh
;r.ldÍ;aj úYaf,aIKh
fjf<òfmd< iólaIKh
Ed
uc
.fõIKh ¡ Y ÿ w ; ^SWOT& úYaf,aIKh

at
io
jHdmdrh id¾:l;ajhg m;aùug kï jHdmdrhg we;s Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d

na
iy wjia:d yd ;¾ck ms<snò is;sh hq;= h' tfia u jHdmdrhg isák mdßfNda.slhka
ms<snò fuka u ;r.lrejka ms<snò oek isáh hq;= h' tfia kuq;a jHdmdßlfhda
lP
fndfyda fofkla ;r.lrefjl= meñK kj jHdmdrhla wrUd ;u ,dNhg n,mEï

lrk ;=re Tjqka ljqo@ Tjqka lrkak hkafka l=ula o@ hkak fidhd ne,Sula
ub
fkdlr;s'
lic
fuys § jHdmdrh ms<snò Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKhla yd ;r.ldÍ úYaf,aIKhla

at
l< hq;= h' Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKhla yd ;r.ldÍ úYaf,aIKhla u.ska jHdmdrfha

io
;r.lrejka y`ÿkd .ekSug;a Tjqkaf.a Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d we.hqug ,la lsÍug;a

ns
bv ,nd fohs' tfia u ;r.lrejdf.a l%shdldrlï oek .ekSu yryd ;u jHdmdrh

u.ska ksIamdokh l< hq;= NdKav yd fiajd fudkjd o@ tajd jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i
D
ksIamdokh yd wf,ú l< yels o@ hkak ms<snò jvd fydò wjfndaOhla ,efnkq
ep
we;'
ar
Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKhl § ksrka;rfhka u jHdmdrh fyda jHjidhlhd

tm
ms<snò yd ;r.lrejka ms<snò yeoEßh yels h'

en
t
Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKhl § jHmdrhg mj;sk Yla;Ska ^Strengths&" ÿ¾j,;d

^Weaknesses&" wjia:d Ôpportunities& iy ;¾ck ^Threats& ms<snò úYaf,aIKh
lrhs' fuh mokï ù we;af;a wNHka;r yd ndysr ;;a;aj u.ska we;s lrk n,mEï
úYaf,aIKh lrñka jHdmdrhla fyda mqoa.,fhl=f.a ÈhqKqjg fyda mßydkshg n,mdk
idOl y`ÿkd .ekSu h'
52
Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKh my; iòyka mßÈ ksrEmKh l< yels h'
ÈhqKqjg mßydkshg
jHdmdr n,mdhs n,mdhs
Yla;Ska ÿ¾j,;d
wNHka;rj yyuykais ù jev lsÍu yym%d.aOkh ke;slu
mj;sk yyire mi iys; bvu yyw,ilu
yym<mqreoao yyfjkia fkdùu
Ed
wjia:d ;¾ck
uc
ndysrj yyfj<òfmd<g <`.d ùu yywvq ñ, NdKav

at
mj;sk yymqyqKq jevuq¿ ;sîu yywdkhksl NdKAv

io
yyKh myiqlï ;sîu

na
lP
2'7 rEmh  Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKh

ub
yy jHjidhlhdf.a fyda jHdmdrfha Yla;Ska iy ÿ¾j,;d úYaf,aIKh lrkak'

lic
;ukaf.a Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d wNHka;rj mj;sk idOl u; ;SrKh fõ' Yla;Ska

at
;SrKh lrkak' Yla;Ska ,eî we;af;a flfia o@ hkak fidhkak' tajd jeäÈhqKq
lr.kafka flfia o@ hkak fidhd n,kak' Yla;Ska jHdmdrh ÈhqKq lsÍug
io
w;HjYH fjhs' y`ÿkd .kakd Yla;Ska ;j ÈhqKq lsÍug W;aidy oeßh hq;= h'
ns
ÿ¾j,;d y`ÿkd .kak' ÿ¾j,;d we;s ù we;af;a flfia o@ hkak fidhkak' tajd
ke;slr .kafka flfia o@ hkak fidhd n,kak' ÿ¾j,;d jHdmdrhg ndOd
D
lrhs'
ep
ar
yy wjia:d yd ;¾ck úYaf,aIKh lrkak'

tm
jHdmdrfha ÈhqKqjg mj;sk wjia:d yd ;¾ck ms<snò .eUqßka úYaf,aIKh lr

n,kak' fïjd ndysr idOl ksid we;s fõ' Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d jHjidhlhd
en
i;=j we;s md,kh l< yels lreKq jk kuq;a fïjd ndysr idOl ksid we;s fõ'
t
Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d jHjidhlhd i;=j we;s md,kh l< yels lreKq kuq;a
wjia:d yd ;¾ck md,kfhka neyer idOl f,i y`ÿkd.; yels h' ;¾ck
md,kh l< fkdyels neúka u.yeÍug W;aidy lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' ;j o wjia:d
iy ;¾ck mq¿,a mrdihl me;sreKq ;;a;aj fõ' thg fya;=j wjia:d iy ;¾ck
;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj" md,k fyda kS;suh l%shdud¾." wd¾Ól idOl fuka u kj
;r.lrejl= o úh yels h'
53
jHjidhlhdf.a md,khg hg;a jHjidhlhd i;=j mj;sk my; i|yka
Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d ms<sn| wOHhkh fhduq lr tjeks ;j;a Yla;Ska y÷kd .ekSug
Wkkaÿ jkak'
Yla;Ska
yy ;dlaI‚l úfYaI{;dj
yy ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu" wf,úlrK yelshdj
yy l<ukdlrK olaI;dj
yy udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK yelshdj
yy wêl lemùu
Ed
ÿ¾j,;d
uc
at
yy ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| wvq oekqu

yy
io
kqmqyqKq fiajlhka isàu

yy
na
wvq w;aoelSï
yy uQ,H l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| u| oekqu
lP
yy fiajlhka ms<sn| ÿ¾j, wdl,am

ub
tfiau jHjidhlhdf.a md,kfhka neyer ndysr mßirfhka we;s lrk

lic
jdisodhl wjia:d yd wjdisodhl ;¾ck ms<sn| my; i|yka WodyrK weiqßka

at
meyeÈ,s lr f.k ;j;a tjeks foa ms<sn| wOHhkh lrkak'

io
ns
Yla;Ska
D
yy j¾Okh jk fj<|fmd< b,aü

ep
yy mdßfNda.slhkaf.a wêl reÑh

yy wvq ;r.ldÍ;ajh
ar
yy rdcH wkq.%yh
tm
yy fhojqï iq,N;dj
en
t
ÿ¾j,;d
yy rdcH ueÈy;aùu" ks;s Í;s yd fr.=,dis

yy iajdNdúl Wjÿre
yy fiajl yd m%cd Woaf>daIK
yy úfoaYSh yd foaYSh ;r.ldÍ NdKav fj<|fmd<g
we;=¿ ùu
yy wuqøjH msßjeh by< hdu
54
jHjidhlfhl=f.a fyda jHdmdrh i;=j we;s Yla;Ska yd wjia:djkaf.ka
jdis ,nd .ekSug;a mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d yd ;¾ck u.yrjd .ekSu iòyd;a iqÿiq l%u
y`ÿkdf.k lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
jHjidhlfhl=f.a fyda jHdmdrh i;=j mj;sk Yla;Ska yd wjia:djkaf.ka jdis
,nd .ekSug;a mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d yd ;¾ck u.yrjd .ekSug;a iqÿiq l%u y`ÿkdf.k
lghq;= lsÍu id¾:l jHjidhlfhl=f.a fyda jHdmdrhl jeo.;a ,laIKhla fõ'
tfia u jHdmdrhg isák ;r.lrejka ms<snò ksrka;r wjOdkfhka isg f;dr;=re
/ial< hq;= h' fuys § jHdmdßl ;r.lrejkaf.a ksIamdok" m%ldYk" fmd;am;a"
w;afmd;a iy fjí wvú úu¾Ykh lrñka Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok ,nd .ksñka
f;dr;=re úu¾Ykh l< hq;= h' tfia u ksIamdok l%fudamdh yd wf,ú l%ufõo
Ed
wOHhkh lrñka Tjqka ms<snò yeoEßh hq;= h' ;r.ldÍ NdKav yd fiajd ms<snò
mdßfNda.slhkaf.a woyia yd wdl,am ms<snò wOHhkh lrñka mdßfNda.sl Wjukd
uc
yd wjYH;d yodrñka mdßfNda.sl reÑl;ajh ms<snò wOHhkh lrñka iEuúg u

at
jHdmdßl ;r.lrejkag jvd bÈßfhka isàug W;aidy oeßh hq;= h'

io
na
;r.ldÍ;aj úYaf,aIKh
lP
;r.lrejka y`ÿkd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tjqkaf.a Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d

ub
y`ÿkd.; hq;= w;r mdßfNda.slhka Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok ñ,§ .kafka wehs o hkak
fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' tfia u ;r.lrejkaf.ka NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï § mdßfNda.slhka
lic
wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka l=uk lreKqj,g o hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;= hs' fuys §
at
NdKavfha ñ," jákdlu" fiajdj" myiqlï" lS¾;s kduh jeks idOl ms<snò wjOdkh
io
fhduql< hq;= h'

ns
;r.ldÍ;aj úYaf,aIKh hkq Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKhg jvd bÈßhg

D
hk l%shdj,shls' fuh fkdlvjd isÿl< hq;= l%shdj,shls' ;r.ldÍ;aj

ep
úYaf,aIKhl § jHdmdßlhdg idfmalaIj ;r.lrejka fldf;la ÿrg ;r.ldÍ;ajhg

iQodkï o hkak wOHhkh lrhs' jHjidhlfhl=g m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl jYfhka
ar
;r.lrefjda fofldÜGdihla isá;s' m%d:ñl ;r.lrejka iudk NdKav ksIamdokh

tm
lrk w;r oaú;Shsl ;r.lrefjda úl,am NdKav ksIamdokh lr;s' ;r.ldß;aj

en
úYaf,aIKhl § fï fomsßi .eg¨ mÍlaId lr ne,Su jeo.;a fjhs'

t
Yla;Ska iy ÿ¾j,;d hkq jHdmdrfhys md,khg hg;aj mj;sk ;;a;aj nj

óg fmr meyeÈ,s flß‚' ;r.ldÍ;aj úYaf,aIKhl § jHjidhlhdg idfmalaIj
;r.lrejka fldf;la ÿrg fuu ;;a;ajhkag m%;spdr olajkafka o hkak úYaf,aIKh
lr ne,sh hq;= h'
tfia u jHdmdßl wjia:d yd ;¾ck hkq jHjidhlhdf.a md,kfhka neyer

idOl nj meyeÈ,s lr we;s w;r jHdmdrhg mj;sk ;r.h i,ld jHjidhlhd
fuu ld¾hhka fldf;la ÿrg yiqrejd .ekSu iòyd iQodkï o hkak;a wfkl=;a
;r.lrejka tu ;;a;ajhkag flfia m%;spdr olajkafka o hkak;a úYaf,aIKh lr
ne,sh hq;= h'
55
;j o wjia:d yd ;¾ck mq¿,a mrdihl me;sreKq ldKav ;=<g .Kka .kafka
hehs óg m%:u iòyka flß‚' thg fya;=j kï wjia:d yd ;¾ck" ;dlaIKsl
ÈhqKqj" kS;suh l%shdud¾." wd¾Ól idOl" f.da,Sh idOl fyda kj ;r.lrejka
lafIa;%hg meñKSu o úh yels h' ksoiqkla f,i" jHdmdr ikaksfõok myiqlï
imhk wdh;khla kï tys ;r.lrejka wka;¾cd," ¥rl:k fyda fjk;a äðg,a
;dlaIKsl fuj,ï iu`. lghq;= lsÍfï iQodku ms<snò wOHhkh lr oek .ekSu
wjYH fõ' fï lreKq úYaf,aIKh lr ne,sh hq;= w;r Tjqka ta iòyd iQodkï kï
;u jHdmdr o tf,i ;r.ldÍ f,i lghq;= lsÍu l< hq;= h'
fuu úYaf,aIKfhys m%;sM, u.ska i,lk jHdmdrfha ;;a;ajh yd l%shd;aul

jkafka flfia o hkak ms<snò meyeÈ,s jkq we;' tfia u i,lk jHdmdrfha Yla;Ska"
ÿ¾j,;d iy wjia:d yd ;¾ckj,g idfmalaIj ;r.lrejkaf.a tu ;;a;ajhka
Ed
ms<snò .eUqßka i,ld ne,Sug;a th i,ld n,ñka wkd.; ÈhqKqjg wjia:djla

uc
i,id .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

at
fj<òfmd< iólaIKh
io
na
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug m%:u

lP
iEu jHjidhlhl= u l<hq;= ld¾hhla

ub
f,i fj<òfmd< iólaIK yd m¾fhaIK

iòyka l< yels h' fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK
lic
isÿ lsÍu ksid jHdmdßlhdg fj<òfmd<

at
ms<snò meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,efí'

io
tys § úfYaIfhka u fj<òfmd< m%udKh"

ns
N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh" .kqfokqlrejkaf.a

igyka" wd¾Ól me;slv" wjYH;d iy
D
Wjukd" wkd.; fj<òfmd< úNjhka"

ep
.kqfokqlrejkaf.a yeisÍu jeks f;dr;=re

,nd.; yels h' tu f;dr;=re u; mokïj 2'8 rEmh 
ar
NdKav fyda fiajd ksIamdokh" jHdmdrh

tm
ie,iqï lsÍu fyda wf,ú Wml%u ie,iqï

lsÍu isÿl< yels h'
en
2'2'4 fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sh

t
fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKhla hkq fj<òfmd< iy wf,úlrKhg wod<

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu iòyd wruqKq msysgqjd .ekSu" wruqKqj,g wkqj wjYH
f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" we.hSu yd bÈßm;a lrñka ks.ukj,g
t<öu fõ'
fï wkqj fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK u.ska mdßfNda.slhdf.a f;dr;=re" wf,úh
iïnkaO f;dr;=re yd thg wod< l%shdldrlï" jHdmdßl wjia:d yd .eg¨ y`ÿkd
.ekSug;a jHdmdßl wkd.;h ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug;a WmldÍ fõ'
56
tfia u fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍu u.ska jHdmdr lghq;=j, yd wf,ú
lghq;=j, mj;sk wjodku wvq lr .ekSfï yelshdj o ,efí'
fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKh pl%Sh l%shdj,shls' tys m%Odk mshjr y;rla

wka;¾.; fjhs'
fj ru msh
<` qKq jr
w
of m
mshjr 1 ( fj<òfmd< .eg¨j y`ÿkd .ksñka h
K
md sysg
wruqKq msysgqjd .ekSu lr
< qj
d 4
.e d .
d ¾; shjr
g¨ ek
mshjr 2 ( m¾fhaIK ie,iqï ixj¾Okh lsÍu j m
j Su
Ed
yd
fj<òfmd<
mshjr 3 ( m¾fhaIK ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu
uc
m¾fhaIK
ls iau
at
mshjr 4 ( újrKh yd jd¾;dlrKh l
msh
%shd
h e,e
Íu
j¾ K 2
io
;au
jr
ix fhaI shjr
Ok i
3
na
m
l
sÍu
lP
m¾
ub
lic
at
mshjr 1 ( fj<òfmd< .eg¨j y`ÿkd .ksñka wruqKq msysgqjd .ekSu

io
ns
fuys§ fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrkafka l=ula ksid o hk .eg¨jg ms<s;=re

,efí' fj<òfmd< .eg¨j l=ula o@ hkak m<uqj uekúka wjfndaO lr.;
D
hq;= h' fuf,i y`ÿkd .kakd .eg¨j wkqj m¾fhaIK wruqK msysgqjd .; hq;= h'
ep
fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK wruqKq jYfhka i,lkafka m¾fhaIKfhka

ar
,nd .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%;sM,h fõ' fuys § fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIK wruqKq

tm
msysgqjd .ekSfï § tu wruqKq úfYaISùu (Specify)" ueksh yelsùu (Measurable)"

id¾:l lr.; yelsùu (Achievable)" m¾fhaIK .eg¨jg wod< ùu yd h:d¾:jd§
en
ùu (Realistic) yd ksYaÑ; ld,hlg .e<fmk yd ld,hl § id¾:l lr .; yels

t
ùu (Timeliness) úh hq;= h'
mshjr 2 ( m¾fhaIK ie,iqï ixj¾Okh lsÍu

fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrkafka flfia o hkak fuys§ i,ld n,hs'
fuu mshjf¾ § wruqKq wkqj f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu ms<snò ;SrKh lsÍu" ksjerÈ yd
ld¾hlaIuj wjYH f;dr;=re /ia lr .ekSu" ie,iqï lsÍu" f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug
jeo.;ajk mdßfNda.sl .ykh yd ksheÈ y`ÿkd .ekSu" f;dr;=re /ia lrk
uQ,dY%h y`ÿkd .ekSu yd f;dr;=re /ia lrk úúO l%u y`ÿkd .ekSu isÿ lrhs'
57
fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKhg wod< f;dr;=re m%Odk jYfhka oaú;Shsl o;a;
ôekg jd¾;djk f;dr;=re& mqj;am;a" i`.rd" fmd;am;a" fjí wvú jeks fjk;a
uQ,dY%hj,ska ,nd .; yels h' m%d:ñl o;a; /ia lsÍu iòyd ksÍlaIK" iïuqL
idlÉPd fyda iólaIK l%ufõo Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h'
fuys § wod< l%uh" uqK .efik mqoa.,hka yd ixLHdj" ksheÈ ixLHdj" mj;sk
ld,h" iïm;a yd uQ,H myiqlï" wjYHjk f;dr;=rej, iajNdjh" ksrjoH;dj"
mÍlaIKhg Ndckh jk mqoa.,hskaf.a iajNdjh jeks idOl u; ;SrKh l< hq;= h'
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu iòyd m%Yakdj,shla" iïuqL idlÉPdjla fyda l%udkql+,

ksÍlaIK jeks l%u Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h' fuys § úfYaIfhka i,ld ne,sh
hq;= lreK jkafka m¾fhaIK ie,eiau ixj¾Okfha § f;dr;=re /ialrk l%uh
Ed
l%udkql+,j ie,iqï lsÍu h'

uc
mshjr 3 ( m¾fhaIK ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu

at
io
fuys § ;SrKh lrk l%ufõoh wkqj yd Ys,am l%uh mokïj o;a; /ia lsÍu"
na
úYaf,aIKh yd we.hSu isÿ lrhs' o;a; /ia lsÍu iòyd m<uqj wod< mdßfNda.sl
.ykhg wkqj ksheÈ f;dard .ekSfï iqÿiq l%uhla u.ska wjYH ksheÈ ixLHdj f;dard
lP
.; hq;= h' bkamiq f;dr;=re /ia lrk l%uh y`ÿkd.; hq;= h' tfia u wruqKqj,g
wkqj /ia lsÍug wfmalaId lrk f;dr;=re y`ÿkdf.k fm<.iajd m%Yakdj,sh"
ub
iïuqL idlÉPd" mshjr fyda ksÍlaIKhkaf.a msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=jla ilid f.k

lic
ta wkqj f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu wdrïN l< yels h'

at
/ia lr.;a f;dr;=rej,g wkqj tu f;dr;=re iqÿiq úYaf,aIK l%uhlg wkqj

io
úYaf,aIKh l< hq;= h'

ns
mshjr 4 ( újrKh yd jd¾;dlrKh

D
ep
fj<òfmd< m¾fhaIKhlska ,nd.;a o;a; j¾. lsÍu" bÈßm;a lsÍu"

úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o o;a; weiqßka f;dr;=re ks¾udKh yd
ar
f;dr;=re jd¾;dlrKh lsÍu yd jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lsÍu fuu mshjf¾ § isÿ lrhs'
tm
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï § j.= m%ia;dr" m%;sY;" idudkH w.hka jeks

en
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrk l%u Wmfhda.S lr .; hq;= w;r ,sÅ; udOHfhka fyda jdÑl
udOHfhka f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l< yels h'
t
2'2'5 jHdmdr ie,eiaula ks¾udKh lsÍu

jHdmdrhla weröu fyda jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd M,odhS jHdmdßl ie,eiaula
;sîu jeo.;a fõ' fï u.ska jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu" jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd fyda
jHdmdrh isÿ lrk fjk;a lsishï ld¾hhla iòyd;a ud¾f.damfoaY ie,iSu yd
m%d.aOkh fiùu iòyd jeo.;a f;dr;=re ks¾udKh lr .ekSug bjy,a jk lreKq
bÈßm;a lrhs'
58
jHdmdr ie,eiaula hkq l=ula o@
jHdmdr ie,eiaula hkq jHdmdrfha wkd.; wfmalaId ms<snò úia;rhla iys;

wd¾Ól j¾Okh" ia:djr;ajhg m;aùu" jHdmdr Yla;Ska we;=¿ ish¨ u wx. we.hSug
,lalrk yd úYaf,aIKhla lrk ,sÅ; ks¾udKhls'
jHdmdr ie,eiau hkq jHdmdrfha iajNdjh fyda m%udKh fkd;ld ´kEu

jHjidhlhl= ilid .; hq;= w;HjYH wx.hls' fuu mshjr fndfyda wjia:dj, §
jHjidhlhskag u.yeÍ hk kuq;a jHdmdrhlg jHdmdr ie,iqu f.dvk.d .ekSug
jeo.;a fõ' úúO uQ,dY%h ;=< úúOdldr jHdmdr ie,iqï wdlD;s we;' jHdmdrh
iòyd iqÿiq ie,eiaula ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd fuu uQ,dY%hhkays we;s jHdmdr
Ed
ie,iqï wdlD;s weiqre lr.; yels h' flfia kuq;a wjfndaOh iòyd ir, jHdmdr
ie,eiaula ilid .kakd whqre;a tys wka;¾.; úh hq;= lreKq my; mßÉfþohl
uc
bÈßm;a lr we;' fydò jHdmdr ie,eiaula tljr ieliSu l< fkdyels h' th
wjia:d lsysmhlska jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= fõ' flfia jqj o m<uqj ilik jHdmdr
at
ie,iqï b;d úYd, f,i miqj fjkia úh yels h'

io
na
fndfyda jHjidhlhska wdrïNfha § ;u jHdmdrhg jHdmdr ie,iqula

ieliSug wlue;s jkafka fï ms<snò fkdoekqïj;a ùu ksid nj y`ÿkdf.k we;'
lP
tu ksid jHjidhl;ajh u.ska ÈhqKq ùug W;aidy lrkafka kï ksjerÈ ie,iqula

ub
ieliSu l< hq;= njg oeä f,i wjOdrKh l< hq;= h'
lic
zfâúâ .eïm¾gZ wkqj jHdmdr ie,eiaula hkq jHdmdrh ms<snò jeo.;a

at
jk f;dr;=re nexl=lrejkag yd jHdmdrh ms<snò Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkag

io
,ndfok ,shú,a,ls' fâúâ yd frdnÜ th w¾: olajd we;af;a —´kEu jHdmdrhl

ns
m%Odk wxf.damdx. we;=<;a ,shú,a,la f,i h˜'

D
jHdmdr ie,eiau hkq jHdmdrfha ud¾. is;shuhs' ta u.ska jHdmdrh wkd.;fha

ep
idlaId;a lr .ekSug W;aidy ork b,lal yd th <.dlr .kafka flfia o@"

ljod o@" ta iòyd wjYH iïm;a fudkjd o@ hkak fmkajhs'
ar
jHdmdr ie,eiau u.ska my; iòyka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h'
tm
en
yy jHdmdrhla hkq l=ula o@

t
yy jHdmdrh isÿ lrk ia:dkh fld;ek o@

yy ;ukag mj;sk uqo,a" oekqu" yelshdj" Y%uh yd ld,h
jeks iïm;a fudkjd o@
yy jHdmdrh l=uk mdßfNda.sl msßila iòyd o@
yy jHdmdrh wrUkafka ljod o@
yy jHdmdrh wrUkafka flfia o@
59
jHdmdr ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
jHdmdr ie,eiau úúOdldrfhka m%fhdackj;a jk w;r m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla
my; iòyka fõ'
²² wod< f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lrñka ;u wruqKq ks¾jpkh lr ta fj; wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍug WmldÍ jkq we;'
²² nexl= yd Kh ,nd fokakka" wdfhdaclhska iy WmfoaYk wdh;k jeks jeo.;a
wdh;k iu`. lghq;= lsÍfï § fuh jeo.;a yd w;HjYH fuj,ula jkq we;'
²² jeo.;a Wmfoia fkdwvqj imhd fok" woyia lrk jHdmdr lafIa;%fha úúO
mqoa.,hska Tjqkaf.a woyia iy WmfoaY ,nd .ekSu iòyd fuu ie,iqï Ndú;
Ed
l< yels h'

²² jHdmdr ie,eiau u.ska jHdmdrfha ie,iqï l%shdmámdáfha u`.yeÍ we;s iy
uc
ÿ¾j, ia:dk wkdjrKh l< yels h'

at
jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSfï § ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= lreKq

io
na
jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSfï § my; iòyka lreKq ms<snò ie,ls,a,g .;

hq;= h'
lP
ub
yy úYajdi lsÍug fyda m%;HlaI lsÍug fkdyels lsisjla bÈßm;a fkdlrkak'

lic
yy jHdlrK fodaI" jerÈ w¾: f.kfok jpk fyda jdlH fh§u yd úrdu ,l=Kq
at
fh§fuka j,lskak'
io
ns
yy È.= ld,Sk ^jirlg jeä& fyda wkd.; m%lafIamK u; muKla r|d fkdisákak'
flá ld,Sk wruqKq iu`. lghq;= lr jHdmdrh bÈßhg .uka lrk úg ie,iqu
D
fjkia l< yels w;r È.= ld,Sk wruqKq ;nd .kak'

ep
yy jHdmdrfha wruqKq h:d¾:hg jvd fjkia úh yels neúka fndfyda wjia:dj, §

ar
§¾> mrdihla ;=< ie,iqï lsÍu iqÿiq fkdfõ'

tm
en
yy i¾jY=Njd§ ùfuka je,lS isákak' úfYaIfhka m%d.aOk wjYH;d" wjYH

ld,iSud" úl=Kqï iy ,dN fjkqfjka wkdjels m<lsÍfï § uOHia: jkak'
t
h:d¾:jd§ jkak' wiSre wjia:dj, § lghq;= lrkafka flfiaoehs is;d n,kak'
yy wjYH jk uqo,a m%udKh iy ld,h fldf;la fõ oehs ksjerÈj m%ldY lrkak'
yy jHdmdßl lghq;= ÿ¾j, ld,j, § wdodhï Wmhd .kakd ud¾. jkafka

fudkjd o@" úl,am l%u fudkjd o@ hkak iòyka lrkak'
60
yy ir, NdIdjla Ndú; lrkak' lshùug iy wjfndaO lr .ekSug myiqjk
wdldrhg ilia lrkak' rEm igyka" j.= fyda fjk;a iqÿiq igyka u.ska
meyeÈ,s lsÍug W;aidy orkak'
yy Tnf.a jHdmdrfha woaú;Sh nj" iyc yelshdj" iudcuh moku u;" taldêldrh
u; fyda fmagkaÜ n,m;%hla iys;j kj ksmehqula u; fyda hk úfYaIs; ;;a;aj
u; mokï fkd;nkak'
yy ;j o id¾:l;ajh meñfKkafka úYsIag ksmehqïj,ska fkdj hym;aa wd¾Ól

;;a;aj u; jHdmdr wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hk jHjidhlhka iòyd nj
wjfndaOlr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
Ed
jHdmdr ie,eiaula ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS jeo.;a jk lreKq

uc
jHdmdr ie,iqu ksjerÈ wdldrhg ilial< yels jk jeo.;a ud;Dld

at
lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'

io
na
yy o¾Ykh ms<snò m%ldYh

lP
jHdmdßl wruqKq iy b,lal l=ula jkafkaoehs hkak ixlaIsma;j bÈßm;a

lrk jdlHhla jkq we;'
ub
lic
yy jeo.;a md¾Yaj
at
jHdmdßl id¾:l;ajh iòyd b;d jeo.;a iy bjy,a jk foa jHjidhlhdf.a

io
lemùu u fõ' ;u w;aoelSï kj jHdmdrhg wod< jk wkaou .ek wjOdkh fhduq

ns
lrkak' jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍfï § lghq;= lrk úúO mqoa.,hka jk wdfhdaclhka"

Kh ,nd fok wdh;k iy wf,úlrejka we;=¿j fjk;a whf.a iy jHjidhlhdf.a
D
ep
iqÿiqlï ms<snò idrdxYhla ilia lrkak' Kh ,nd fokakka" wdfhdaclhka iy

jHdmdßl ie,eiafï l<ukdlrK wxYfhys lghq;= lrk lKavdhu fyda tla ù
ar
lghq;= lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= lKavdhu yd ta u.ska lKavdhfï ch.%yKhka ,nd

tm
.kakd whqre fmkakqï l< hq;= h' l<ukdldß;ajh ms<snò tla tla idudðlhd i;=
en
olaI;d" jHdmdr lghq;= iïnkaOj mj;sk w;aoelSï yd lKavdhfï mqoa.,hska i;=j

we;s l=i,;d úia;r lsÍu jeo.;a h'
t
tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a j.lSï yd úfYaI{;dj we;=<;a lrñka jHdmdr

l<ukdlrKh úia;r lsÍu jeo.;a h'
fndfyda nexl=" Kh fok wdh;k iy jHdmdr m%d.aOkh imhkafkda ;u

wdfhdack ;SrK iòyd jHdmdrhl uQ,O¾uj, Yla;sh i,ld n,;s' jHdmdrfhka
meyeÈ,s m%;s,dNhla ,efnk njg wjfndaOlr .ekSug bjy,a jk f,i fuu
f;dr;=re úia;r lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
61
yy jHdmdßl me;slv
jHdmdr lsÍug woyia lrkq ,nk úfYaIs; lafIa;% yd fj<òfmd< fj;
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka woyia lrkq ,nk jHdmdrh iy ta ms<snò lghq;= lsÍug
ie,iqï lrk wdldrh úia;r lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
yy wd¾Ól we.hqu
jHdmdr lsÍug woyia lrk wd¾Ól mßirh ms<snò mQ¾K we.hqula lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ' fuys § jHdmdr lghq;= lrk mßirfha iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd
ixialD;sl mßirh ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq lrñka úia;r lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
Ed
yy uqo,a .,kh we.hSu

m%d.aOk wjYH;d we;=<;a jk mßÈ tla jirla iòyd jk uqo,a .,kh wvx.=
uc
l< hq;= h' ;lafiare lrk wkaou" isÿúh yels jerÈ iy .eg¨ ms<snò lghq;=
at
lsÍug woyia lrk wdldrh we;=<;a lsÍu wjYH fõ'

io
yy wf,úlrK ie,iqï yd iïnkaO ie,iqï we;=<;a lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

na
lP
yy l=vd jHdmdr mßmd,kh iòyd WmlrK ,nd.; yels úúO rcfha yd fjk;a
wdh;kj,ska Wmldr .kakd whqre iòyka lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
ub
lic
id¾:l jHdmdr ie,eiaula iòyd mshjr myla

at
io
wdOqksl jHjidhlhskag fndfyda wjia:dj, § jHdmdßl ie,eiau ,sùfï

ns
wmyiq;d we;s fjhs' ieliSfï § wdOqkslhkaf.a myiqj yd m%fhdackh iòyd

wkq.ukh l< yels id¾:l jHdmdr ie,eiaula iòyd jk mshjr myla my; oelafõ'
D
fuu mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍfuka m%Yia; jHdmdßl ie,eiaula ilid .; yelsfõ'

ep
1. uQ,sl jHdmdr ixl,am ,shd olajkak'

ar
tm
2. jHdmdr ixl,amhkaf.a YlH;dj yd idOkh ms<snò ish¨ u o;a; iy úfYaI

lreKq tla/ia lrkak'
en
3. iïmdokh lr.kakd ,o o;a; u; mokïj jHdmdr ixl,am ÈhqKq lrkak'

t
4. jHdmdrfha úfYaI lreKq ms<snò ie,ls,a,la olajd úYaf,aIKhla ilia lrkak'

fuys § —l=ula o@ fldfya o@ flfia o@ ljo o@ ldg o@˜ hk .eg¨j,g ms<s;=re
fidhkak'
5. jHdmdßl ie,eiau jHdmdrfha ÈhqKqj iòyd WmldÍ jk jeo.;a fuj,ula jk
f,i ilikak'
62
ksjerÈ jHdmdßl ie,eiaula ilid .ekSu iòyd jk msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j
my; iòyka msßlaiqï ,ehsia;=j (Check list) Ndú;fhka myiqfjka ksjerÈ

jHdmdßl ie,eiaula ilid.; yels fõ'
1& uq,a msgqj

yy ku yd jHdmdr kduh
yy ,smskh
yy ¥rl:k wxlh
yy *elaia wxlh
Ed
yy Bfï,a ,smskh
uc
yy Èkh 2'9 rEmh 

at
2& úOdhl idrdxYh

io
na
jHdmdr ie,eiafï bÈßm;a lr we;s iuia; f;dr;=re ms<snò we;=<;a msgq

lsysmhl ixlaIsma;h úOdhl idrdxYh f,i y`ÿkajhs' úOdhl idrdxYh ,sùfï §
lP
my; iòyka lreKq ms<snò ie,ls,su;a jkak'

ub
yy ie,eiafï fiiq fldgiaj, we;s jeo.;a lreKq muKla we;=<;a lr úOdhl

idrdxYh ,sùug ie,ls,su;a jkak'
lic
yy flá yd ir, jpk jdlH yd NdIdj Ndú;hg .ekSu u.ska lshjkakdf.a

at
wdl¾IKh mj;ajd .ekSu

io
yy jHdmdrhl ie,eiaul wfkl=;a fldgia ilid wjika jQ miqj wjidk ld¾hh

ns
f,i úOdhl idrdxYh ,sùu

D
ep
3& jHdmdr úia;r

yy ye`Èkaùu ^jHdmdrfha iajNdjh" ysñldß;ajh" o¾Ykh" fufyjr" mrud¾:"
ar
wruqKq&
tm
yy bÈßm;a lrk NdKavfha fyda fiajdfõ úia;rh

en
yy .=Kd;aulNdjh fyda fjk;a úfYaIs; ;;a;aj

t
yy ,nd .ekSug wfmalaId lrk m%;s,dN
4& fj<òfmd<$l¾udka; úYaf,aIKh

yy fj<òfmd< m%udKh ms<snò úYaf,aIKh
yy fj<òfmd< iólaIK f;dr;=re yd m%;sM,
yy b,lal mdßfNda.slhka ms<snò f;dr;=re
yy wf,úlrK Wml%u
63
5& ksIamdok ie,eiau
yy wuqøjH ,nd .kakd whqre
yy ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aulNdjh i|yd md,k Wml%u
yy ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh
yy ksIamdok iòyd wjYHjk hka;% iQ;% yd fjk;a fiajd
yy Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ;dlaIKh
yy Odß;dj
yy ,nd .;hq;= wkque;s" n,m;% yd imqrd,sh hq;= fr.=,dis
yy fiajl wjYH;dj yd yelshd
Ed
yy ,nd .;hq;= m%ñ;s

uc
yy
at
6& wf,úlrK ie,eiau

io
yy ksIamdokfha wf,ú ñY%Kfha f;dr;=re

na
yy ñ, lsÍfï Wml%u
lP
yy fnod yeÍfï l%ufõoh

ub
yy wf,ú m%j¾Ok Wml%u

lic
yy mdßfNda.slhka ròjd .ekSfï l%ufõo yd Wml%u

at
7& udkj iïm;a ie,eiau

io
yy
ns
l<ukdlrK wxYh" ixLHdj yd uÜgï

yy wjYH iqÿiqlï" l=i,;d yd yelshd
D
yy ta ta l<ukdlrK uÜgïj, n,;, yd j.lSï

ep
ar
8& uQ,H ie,eiau

tm
yy m%d.aOk wjYH;dj imqrd .kakd wdldrh

en
yy m%d.aOk jHQyh
yy uqo,a m%jdyhkaf.a yeisÍu
t
9& j¾Ok$ixj¾Ok$ie,eiau
yy fiajl j¾Ok$ixj¾Ok iòyd jk Wml%u yd mqyqKq ms<snò úia;r
yy NdKav yd fiajd j¾Ok iòyd jk Wml%u
yy wf,ú yd úl=Kqï j¾Ok$ixj¾Ok iòyd jk Wml%u
64
10& l<ukdlrK ie,eiau
yy ixúOdk jHQyh
yy l<ukdlrK uÜgï
yy n,;, yd j.lSï mejfrk wdldrh
yy ikaksfõok l%ufõoh
11& ;r.h
yy oekg mj;sk ;r.ldÍ jHdmdr
Ed
yy bÈßfha § we;sjk ;r.ldÍ;ajh 2'10 rEmh 

yy ;r.lrejkaf.a Yla;Ska iy ÿ¾j,;d
uc
yy ;u jHdmdrhg we;s wjia:d yd ;¾ck

at
yy ;r.hg uqyqK fok Wml%u

io
na
12& fjk;a
lP
yy wjodkï ;;a;aj úYaf,aIKh

ub
yy by; úia;r lrk ,o f;dr;=rej, i;H nj ;yjqre lsÍug jeo.;ajk f,aLk

yd idlaIH Wmf,aLk jYfhka bÈßm;a l< yels h'
lic
at
io
ns
mejreu
D
ep
Tn Ôj;ajk m%foaYhg iqÿiq jHdmdrhla weröu iòyd jHdmdr ie,eiaula

ar
ilikak'
tm
en
t
2'2'6 jHdmdrhl ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh
jHjidhl;ajh hkq by< wjodkulg uqyqK fok lghq;a;ls' lDIsld¾ñl

jHjidhl;ajh hkq Bg;a jvd by< wjodkulg uqyqK fok ld¾hhls' úYd,
wjodkulg uqyqK fkd§ jHjidhl;ajhla ÈhqKq fkdfõ' jHjidhlhka uqyqK
fok wjodkï ;;a;aj wêl neúka jHdmdrh id¾:l lr.ekSu iòyd ukdj ie,iqï
lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
65
jHdmdrhla ie,iqï lsÍfï § my; iòyka ;;a;aj ukdj ie,iqï lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ'
ksIamdok idOl yd iïm;a Ndú;h
ie,iqï lsÍu
1
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
2 ie,iqï lsÍu
Ed
3 wiajkq fk<Su fyda ksIamdokh ,nd .ekSu"

uc
m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu" ieliqï lsÍu" weiqreï

lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu ie,iqï lsÍu
at
io
na
ksIamdok idOl yd iïm;a Ndú;h ie,iqï lsÍu

lP
ub
ksIamdok idOl jk N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhl;ajh fukau

ksIamdok iòyd jeo.;a iïm;a jk bvï" c,h" Y%uh" uqo,a yd wfkl=;a ys`. iïm;a
lic
j,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug ie,iqï lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

at
io
ns
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu

D
wúksYaÑ; yd fjkia jk mdßißl" iudc yd wd¾Ól ;;a;aj hgf;a wkd.;h

ep
.ek is;ñka wruqKq lrd <`.d ùug yelsjk f,i id¾:lj jHdmdrhla mj;ajd
ar
.ekSug yels jk mßÈ ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' foaY.=Ksl yd
ld,.=Ksl n,mEï ksid jk wjodku" frda. yd m<sfndaO ksid jk wjodku" ñ,
tm
.Kkaj, úp,kh ksid jk wjodku" .nvd lsÍï" fnodyeÍï yd wf,úlrKfha

en
§ isÿúh yels ydks ksid jk wjodku yd fidr i;=re ydksj,ska jk w,dNh jeks
wjodkï ;;a;aj jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok m%Odk wjodkï ;;a;aj fõ'
t
fï ksid iïm;a Ndú;h" wiajkq fk<Su" fnodyeÍu id¾:lj isÿ l<

yelsjk f,i udkj iïm;" uQ,H iïm;" N+ñh yd wfkl=;a iajdNdúl iïm;a"
ld,h" fj<òfmd< ;;a;ajhg wkq.; ùu yd fjk;a ;;a;ajhkag yev .eiSug myiq
lrjk mßÈ ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍï wjYH fõ'
66
wiajkq fk<Su fyda ksIamdokh ,nd .ekSu" m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu"
ieliqï lsÍu" weiqreï lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu ie,iqï lsÍu
jHjidhlhka uqyqK fok m%Odk wjodkï ;;a;ajhla jkqfha

wiajekak fk<k úg ñ, .Kkaj, my< hEu" .nvd lsÍï" fnodyeÍï yd
wf,úlrKfha § úh yels ydksùï yd fidri;=re ydks" m<sfndaO ydks" Kh
fkdf.ùïj,ska yd fjk;a fya;= ksid jk w,dN wdÈh hs'
fï ksid ksis f,i ksIamdok ,nd .ekSu fyda wiajkq fk<Su" m%jdykh"
.nvd lsÍu" ieliqï lsÍu" weiqreï lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
me< ;jdka jHdmdrhla ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh .e,Sï igykla u.ska my;
Ed
iòyka mßÈ ksrEmKh l< yels h'

uc
m%Odk mshjr
at
²² lDIs jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ

fmr iQodku
io
lsÍu
na
²² n,m;% ,nd .ekSu

me< ;jdka ia:dk.;
lP
lsÍu iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;aÍu

ub
uQ,sl wjYH;d jk c,h"

lic
wuqøjH imhd ;eîu wdf,dalh" m%jdyk myiqlï

at
wdÈh ilid .ekSu

N+ñh ilid .ekSu
io
ns
frdamK udOH ilid ;jdka .Dy ieliSu

.ekSu fiajlhka nòjd .ekSu
D
ep
;jdka n`ÿka ilid u;=msg mi" je,s

ar
.ekSu ridhksl fmdfydr

tm
ldnksl fmdfydr
en
frdamKh lsÍu ;jdka n`ÿka" fmd,s;Ska

frdamK øjH
t
j¾Okh iòyd ;jdka

.Dy ;=< ;eîu
kv;a;=j
m%o¾Ykh yd wf,úh
2'11 rEmh  me< ;jdkl ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh

67
jHdmdr l<ukdlrKh
2'3
l<ukdlrKh ye`Èkaùu
l<ukdlrKh hk jpkfhys bx.%Sis w¾:h i,ld ne,Sfï § Management

hk jpkfha l%shd moh jk —Manage˜ hkak b;d,s NdIdfjka ì`§ wd jpkhla
(Managgiare) jk w;r tys f;areu —yeisrùu˜ hkakhs'
l<ukdlrKh hkq wdh;khl wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu iòyd tys

Ed
mj;sk ish¨ u iïm;a ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhl f,i fhdod .ekSug ie,iqï lsÍu"
uc
ixúOdkh" fufyhùu yd md,kh lsÍu f,i ir,j ye`Èkaúh yels h' tfiau
wdh;khl m%ldYs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu iòyd tu wdh;kfha we;s udkj yd
at
wfkl=;a iïm;a ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu yd md,kh lsÍu hk

io
l%shdj,sh l<ukdlrKh f,i ú.%y l< yels h' fjkiafjñka mj;sk mdßißl
na
iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj fhdod .ksñka M,odhs f,i wdh;khl wruqKq yd

mrud¾: <`.dlr .ekSu iòyd wka wh ,jd ld¾h lrjd .ekSu l<ukdlrKh
lP
f,i ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

ub
l<ukdlrKfha wjYH;dj
lic
my; iòyka ;;a;aj ksid j¾;udkfha jHdmdr iòyd ksjerÈ l<ukdlrKfha

at
wjYH;dj b;d jeo.;a ù we;'

io
iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj yd M,odhS f,i jHdmdrj,g fhdod .ekSu iòyd

ns
D
wdh;khl m%ldYs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu iòyd

ep
wdh;khl md,kh ir,j yd myiqfjka lsÍu iòyd

ar
;r.ldÍ yd wNsfhda.d;aul ;;a;ajhkg myiqfjka uqyqK § jHdmdrfha

tm
meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu iòyd

en
wdh;kfha wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu iòyd

t
iyfhda.S;dj ;yjqre lsÍu iòyd
wdh;khl mek k.sk .eg¨ úi`§u iòyd ;SrK .ekSug
fjkiajk mßirhg wkqj kuHYS,s yd ks¾udKd;aul ;SrK .ekSu iòyd
jHdmdßl wjodkï ;;a;ajhkg uqyqK §u iòyd
iudcuh j.lSï orñka hym;a l<ukdlrKhla we;s lsÍu iòyd

68
2'3'1 jHdmdr l<ukdlrKfha § jeo.;a jk jHdmdr mßirh
jHdmdr l<ukdlrKfha § jHdmdrh id¾:lj lrf.k hdu iòyd ta jgd

mj;sk mßirh ms<snò ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;a jk w;r th jHdmdr mßirh f,i
y`ÿkajhs' jHdmdrhl mßirh" iQlaIau mßirh yd id¾j mßirh f,i mq¿,a fldgia
follg fjkalr y`ÿkd.; yels h'
yy iQlaIau mßirh
iQlaIau mßirh hkq wdh;khlg noaOj we;s" wdh;kfha meje;aug Rcqj
n,mdk ;;a;aj fõ' wdfhdaclhka" mdßfNda.slhka" fiajlhka" iemhqïlrejka
yd ;r.lrejka iQlaIau mßirhg wh;a fõ'
Ed
yy id¾j mßirh
uc
id¾j mßirhg wh;a jkqfha wdh;khg ióm f,i iïnkaO fkdjk" wdh;kfha
at
meje;aug Rcqj n,mEula fkdue;s yd wdh;khg myiqfjka md,kh l<

io
fkdyels ;;a;aj fõ'

na
fïjd kï rch yd kS;s fr.=,dis" iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh" wd¾Ól

lP
mßirh yd cd;Hka;r mßirh fjhs'

ub
iQlaIau mßirhg yd id¾j mßirhg wh;ajk ix>gl my; rEm igyfkka

lic
fmkaúh yels h'

at
jHdmdr mßirh
io
ns
id¾j mßirh
ixialD;sl mßirh
D
wd¾Ól
wdfhdaclhka
ep
mßirh
rch ;r.lrejka fiajlhka
ar
jHdmdrh
tm
cd;Hka;r kS;s
iemhqïlrejka mdßfNda.slhka fr.=,dis
en
mßirh
t
iQlaIau mßirh
iudÔh ;;a;ajh
2'12 rEmh  lDIs jHdmdrhl jHdmdr mßirh
wdh;khg n,mdk iQlaIau yd id¾j mßirh ukdj l<ukdlrKh lsÍu

id¾:l l<ukdlrejkaf.a ld¾hhla fjhs' l<ukdlrKfha § jHdmdrh id¾:lj
lrf.k hdu iòyd iQlaIau yd id¾j mßirh fukau fN!;sl mßirh o
69
ukdj l<ukdlrKh lsÍu l< hq;= h' jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajhg fN!;sl mßir
idOl tkï ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl idOl Rcqj n,mdhs' ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl
úm¾hdi fya;=fjka jHdmdrj,g ksr;=rej wys;lr n,mEï isÿ fõ'
2'3'2 l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh
l<ukdlrKh ks¾jpkh lrkafkda l<ukdlrKh l%shdj,shla f,i

y`ÿkaj;s' l<ukdlrKh hkq fhojqï ksuejqï njg m;alrk l%shdj,shls' fuh
ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu yd md,kh lsÍu hk l%shd i;rlska
hqla; jk l%shdj,shla nj ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
Ed
uc
l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh
at
io
mßj¾;k
na
fhojqï ksuejqï
l%shdj,sh
lP
²² udkj iïm;a ²² ie,iqïlrKh

ub
NdKav
²² uQ,H iïm;a ²² ixúOdkh
yd
lic
²² fN!;sl iïm;a ²² fufyhùu

fiajd
²² md,kh
at
²² f;dr;=re
io
ns
ld¾hlaIu;dj iM,odhs;dj
D
M,odhs;dj
ep
ar
2'13 rEmh  l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh

tm
by; 2'13 rEmh wkqj l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sh meyeÈ,s jk w;r ld¾hlaIu;dj

en
yd M,odhs;dj l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,shg flfia n,mdkafka o hkak meyeÈ,s fõ'

t
1' ie,iqï lsÍu (Planning)
ie,iqïlrKh" l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sfha m<uq mshjr fõ' wdh;khl

wruqK ;SrKh lsÍu yd tu wruqK bgqlr .ekSug wjYH jk Wml%u yd l%shdud¾.
;SrKh lsÍu ie,iqïlrKh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
fï wkqj ie,iqïlrKh hkq j¾;udkfha isg wkd.;h ms<snò is;Su f,i
ir,j ye`Èkaúh yels h' l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;a u mshjr ie,iqïlrKhhs'
70
ie,iqïlrKh iu`. u l<ukdlrKfha wfkl=;a ld¾h werfUk w;r tu
ish¨ ld¾hhkaf.a id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh jkafka ie,iqïlrKfha id¾:l;ajh u;hs'
ie,iqïlrKfha §"
²²wruqKq yd mrud¾:
²²l%shdldrlï yd l%shdj,s
²²udkj" uQ,H yd fN!;sl ms<snò ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSu lrhs'
ksjerÈ ie,iqïlrKh fkdue;sj lsisÿ ld¾hhla id¾:l fkdfõ' fï ksid
ie,iqïlrKh jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr b;d fyd`Èka is;d n,d jeä ld,hla"
mßY%uhla yd msßjehla fhdod l<hq;= ld¾hhls'
Ed
tneúka ie,iqï fkdlrkakka wid¾:l;ajh ie,iqï lrkakka f,i

uc
ye`Èkaúh yels h'

at
²² ie,iqïlrKfhys jeo.;alu
io
»» bvï" c,h" Y%uh" uqo,a yd wfkl=;a ys`. iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu
na
»» wúksYaÑ; yd fjkiajk mßirhl id¾:lj jHdmdr lghq;= lsÍu

lP
»» wkd.;h .ek is;ñka wruqKq lrd <`.d ùu myiq lsÍu

»» l<ukdlrKfha wfkl=;a ld¾hhka myiq lsÍu iòyd
ub
»» wdh;kfha id¾:l;ajh yd meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu iòyd

lic
at
²² ie,iqïlrKh u.ska .kakd ;SrK

io
»» wruqKq yd mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu

ns
»» wruqKq yd mrud¾: bIag lr .ekSu iòyd wjYHjk iïm;a ms<snò ;SrKh

lsÍu
D
»» mj;sk iïm;a Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wruqKq yd mrud¾: bIaglr .ekSu

ep
»» l<hq;= lghq;= ms<snò ;SrKh lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu

ar
tm
²² ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh
en
ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sh mshjr kjhlska hqla; l%shdj,shls' tu mshjr kï¦

t
»» wruqKq yd mrud¾: ia:dms; lsÍu

»» b,lal ia:dms; lsÍu
»» wruqKq" mrud¾: yd b,lal <`.dlr .ekSu iòyd Wmdhud¾. y`ÿkd .ekSu
»» wdh;ksl mßirh ú.%ylr y`ÿkd .ekSu
»» mj;sk iïm;a ms<snò úYaf,aIKh
»» jHdmdßl wjia:d yd ;¾ck y`ÿkd .ekSu
»» Wml%u yd Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu
»» Wml%u yd Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍu
»» id¾:l fyda wid¾:lnj iòyd ks¾Kdhl ;SrKh lsÍu fõ'
71
²² b,lal ia:dms; lsÍu
ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sfha m<uq mshjr b,lal ia:dms; lsÍu fõ' fï iòyd
my; iòyka wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu wjYH fõ'
»» o¾Ykh (Vision)
»» fufyjr (Mission)
»» b,lal (Aims)
»» wruqKq (Objectives)
»» m%;sm;a;s (Policies)
»» Wmdh ud¾. (Strategies)
Ed
»» l%shd ud¾. (Procedures)

»» kS;sÍ;s (Rules)
uc
»» jevigyka (Programs)
at
»» jHdmD;s (Projects)
io
na
²² ie,iqïlrKfha § wkq.ukh l<hq;= l%shdud¾.

lP
yy ie,iqu ish mrud¾: u; mokï úh hq;= h'

ub
yy ie,iqïlrKh ksid ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä úh hq;= h'

lic
yy ie,iqu m%dfhda.slj l%shdjg kexúh yels úh hq;= h'

at
yy ie,iqu ksYaÑ; ld,rduqjlg wh;a úh hq;= h'

io
ns
yy ie,iqïlrKh iòyd iy th l%shd;aul lsÍu iòyd ish¨fokd iyNd.s úh

hq;= h'
D
yy ie,iqï kuH úh hq;= h'

ep
yy ie,iqï ir, yd meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h'

ar
yy ie,iqï id¾:l lr.ekSu iòyd ish¨fokd lemù lghq;= l< hq;= h'
tm
en
wdh;ksl ie,iqu
t
jHjidhlhl= ish wdh;kfha wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu iòyd ilik jevigyk

tu wdh;kfha ie,iqï u; mokï fjhs' ie,iqïlrKh yd ie,iqu w;r mq¿,a
fjkila we;' tkï ie,iqïlrKh l%shdj,shla jk w;r ie,iqu tu l%shdj,sfha
m%;sM,h fõ' ie,iqfï iajNdjh wkqj ie,iqu my; i|yka wdldrhg j¾. l<
yels h'
²² Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï (Strategic plans)
²² Wml%ñl ie,iqï (Tactical plans)
²² wjia:dkql+, ie,iqï (Contingency plans)
72
2' ixúOdkh lsÍu (Organizing)
ixúOdkh lsÍu hkq wdh;khl b,lal ld¾hlaIu yd iM,odhS f,i bgqlr

.ekSu iòyd fiajlhka" iïm;a" ld¾hhka yd j.lSï w;r úêu;a iïnkaëlrKhla
we;s lrñka iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Suhs'
ir,j iòyka l<fyd;a zljqreka l=ula lrkafka o@ hkak ms<snò fidhd ne,Suls'
ixúOdkfha m<uq mshjr f,i /lshd y`ÿkd .ekSu isÿl< hq;= h' fuys §
/lshd y`ÿkd .ekSu" /lshd ks¾udKh" Y%u úNckh ms<snò i,ld n,hs'
isÿl< hq;= ld¾hhka y`ÿkd .ekSu iy tajd ksYaÑ; l%ufõohlg f.dkq

Ed
lsÍu" /lshd y`ÿkd .ekSu jYfhka ie,lsh yels h' fuys § úfYaIfhka u isÿ
l<hq;= ld¾hhka yd j.lSï y`ÿkd .ekSu jeo.;a fjhs'
uc
Y%u úNckh hkq jHdmdrhl jev fnod f.k lghq;= lsÍuhs' tys § fiajlhkag
at
myiqfjka l< yels ld¾h ,nd§ lghq;= lsÍug bv i,id fohs' fï ksid fiajlfhda
io
wod< ld¾hh flfrys úfYaI m%d.=KHhla ,nd .ks;s' fï wkqj fnod fjkal<
na
ld¾hhka u wod<jk f,i wdh;kfha" fomd¾;fïka;=lrKh isÿl< yels h' fï

wkqj fomd¾;fïka;=lrKh hkq wdh;kfha úúO wxYj,g wkqj tajdfha fmdÿ
lP
,laIK i,ld n,ñka ld¾h fyda /lshd j¾. lsÍuhs'

ub
bka miqj wdh;kfha ixúOdk jHQyh we;s lsÍu l< hq;= h' tu.ska
lic
wdh;kfha ;sfnk úúO wxY yd ;k;=re w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla we;slr

at
j.lSï yd n,;, fnodfok wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs' iq¿ fyda uyd mßudK ´kEu
io
wdh;khl fydò ixúOdk jHQyhla mej;sh hq;= fõ' jHdmdr iòyd m%Yia; ixúOdk
ns
jHQyhla ieliSfï § jHdmdrfha iajNdjh" wruqKq yd b,lal jHdmdrfha úYd,;ajh"

whs;sfha iajNdjh" j;alï yd uQ,H ;;a;ajh" jHdmdrhg n,mdk wNHka;r yd
D
ndysr ;;a;aj" jHjidhlhdf.a kdhl;aj ffY,sh yd olaI;dj jeks lreKq ms<snò

ep
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

ar
ixúOdk jHQyhla ieliSfuka miqj ixúOdk igyklska jHdmdrfha md,k

tm
wjldYh" talShNdjh" úOdk ,nd §fï oduh" md,k OQrdj,sh" n,;, yd j.lSï"
tajd mejÍ we;s mqoa.,hka fukau ;SrK .ekSfï rgdj jeks jeo.;a wxY ksrEmKh
en
lrhs' iïm;a fnodyeÍu" ixúOdk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ld¾hhla fjhs' jHdmdrfha

t
úúO ld¾h bgq lsÍu iòyd wjYH udkj" fN!;sl" uQ,H iïm;a yd wod< f;dr;=re
ksjerÈ f,i ksjerÈ fõ,djg ,nd§u w;HjYH ld¾hhla fõ' ixúOdkh lsÍu
jeo.;a jkafka fï fya;=fjks' fï iòyd ukd iudfhdackhla wjYH fõ'
ixúOdkh lsÍfï § l=ula" flfia" ljqreka úiska l=uk fj,dfõ lrhs o hk

.eg¨ ms<snò i,ld ne,Su u.ska th jvd id¾:lj isÿ l< yels h'
73
3' fufyhùu (Leading)
fufyhùu f,i woyia lrkqfha wdh;khl wruqKq <`.dlr .ekSu iòyd

wdh;kfha udkj iïm;a yd wfkl=;a iïm;a flfrys u.fmkaùu yd fm,Uùuhs'
wdh;ksl fydò ie,eiqula yd ixúOdkhla ;snqK o m%Yia; fufyhùula fkdue;sj
wruqKq <`.dlr .ekSu l< fkdyels h'
id¾:l fufyhùula iòyd¦
1 kdhl;ajh
2 ikaksfõokh
Ed
3 wNsfm%arKh jeo.;a fõ'

uc
at
1 kdhl;ajh
io
kdhlhd hkq ;j;a msßilg fyda

na
lKavdhulg n,mEï l< yels mqoa.,fhl= 2'14 rEmh 

lP
jk w;r tu lKavdhu fyda msßi o

iEuúg u Tyq kdhlfhl= f,i ms<s.; hq;= h'
ub
zmSg¾ vl¾Z mjik mßÈ wdh;khl id¾:l;ajhg l<ukdlrKh jeo.;a jkafka

lic
hïfia o l<ukdlrejka kdhlfhl= ùu o ta yd iudkj jeo.;a fõ' wdh;khlg

at
l=uk iïm;a ;snqK o kdhl;ajh fkdue;súg tu wdh;kh wid¾:l fõ'

io
ns
kdhl;aj .=Kdx.
kdhl;ajh i;=j my; i|yka .=Kdx. mej;sh hq;= h'
D
ep
wka wh iu. tl;=ù wruqKla bgqlr .ekSug l%shd lsÍu

ar
tm
wd;au Yla;sh iy úYajdih ;sîu

en
wdo¾Yj;a ùu yd úplaIKYS,S ùu
t
m%Yia; ikaksfõokhla mj;ajd .ekSu
wka whf.a woyiaj,g .re lsÍu iy weyqïlka §u
ld¾h w;r iy wkq.dñlhska w;r mj;sk .eg¨ fidhd ne,Su
úi`ÿï ,nd §ug blaukska l%ufõohla ilia lsÍu
bjiSu iy wêIaGdkh
74
2 ikaksfõokh
ikaksfõokh hkq tla md¾Yajhl isg ;j;a md¾Yajhlg f;dr;=re" mKsúv
,nd §u;a tajd uekúka f;areï f.k Bg m%;spdr oelaùu hk oaúud¾.sl l%shdj,shla
fõ'
ikaksfõokh ms<snò úoaj;=ka th úúO mßÈ w¾: olajd we;'
ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu
udkj iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu
iudc yd ixialD;sl wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu

Ed
mqoa., fm!reI;ajh y`ÿkd .ekSu

uc
oekqu ,nd .ekSu

at
udkisl iqjh
io
na
wNsfm%arKh lsÍu
lP
l<ukdlrKfha § ikaksfõokh ;rï jeo.;ajk fjk;a ld¾hhlaa

ub
fkdue;' l<ukdlrejkaf.a fyda jHjidhlhkaf.a ish¨ ld¾hhkays id¾:l;ajh

;SrKh jkafka Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõokfha M,odhS;dj u; h' fuys § l<ukdlrejka
lic
iEuúg u ksjerÈ jdÑl yd ,sÅ; ikaksfõok Wml%u Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu isÿl<

at
hq;= hs'
io
ns
3 wNsfm%arKh
D
wNsfm%arKh hkq fiajlhdf.a yelshdj Wmßufhka jHdmdrhg ,nd .ekSu

ep
iòyd fiajlhka Wkkaÿfjka" WfoHda.fhka yd ;Dma;sfhka jev lsÍug ie,eiaùuhs'

ke;fyd;a fiajlhka ish leue;af;ka jev lsÍug fm,Uùuhs' fuys § ksYaÑ;
ar
b,lal <`.d lr .ekSug fiajlhka fm,Uùu isÿ lrhs'

tm
fï wkqj wNsfm%arKh hkq

en
wdNHka;ßl ye`.Sï ms<snò ixl,amhls

t
ufkdaúoHd;aul l%shdj,shls
fiajlhdf.a wjYH;d ;Dma;su;a lsÍu yd iïnkaO ld¾hhls
fuys § wNsfm%arl" wNsfm%arKh yd wNsfm%arKh lsÍu hkqfjka uQ,sl

ixl,am ;=kla we;' fiajlhka wNsfm%arKh lsÍfï yelshdj iy n,h iys; øjH
wNsfm%arl fjhs' m%Odk u wNsfm%arlh jkafka uqo,a h' tfiau myiqlï" §ukd"
;k;=re" ms<s.ekSu jeks foa mjd wNsfm%arl fjhs' ;jo uQ,H fkdjk wNsfm%arl f,i
75
mqyqKqj yd ixúOdkh" Wiiaùï" /lshd" iqrlaIs; nj" iqNidOk myiqlï" iqÿiq
wdh;ksl mßirh" w.h lsÍï yd fiajl woyia úuiSu jeks foa bÈßm;a l<
yels h' wNsfm%arl ksid fiajlhka wNsfm%arKh úh hq;= h' wNsfm%arKh fkdjk lsis
fohla wNsfm%arl f,i ie,lsh fkdyels h' wNsfm%arKh jk øjH u.ska fiajlhka
wNsfm%arKh lsÍu iòyd l<ukdlrejka lghq;= l< hq;= h'
4' md,kh (Controlling)
jHdmdrhl mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug ilia l< ie,iqu ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul
jkafka o hkak mÍlaIdlr fjkialï we;akï tajd y`ÿkdf.k ksjerÈ lsÍu iòyd
iqÿiq l%shdud¾. f.k lghq;= lsÍu md,kh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
ukd f,i ie,iqï l<" ixúOdkh l< yd id¾:lj bÈßhg hdu iòyd
Ed
fufyhjQ ld¾hhla m%udKj;a iM,odhl ld¾hh moaO;shla fkdue;sj id¾:l

fkdfõ'
uc
id¾:l md,k l%shdj,shla iòyd my; mshjr imqrd,sh hq;= h'

at
io
m%ñ;s ia:dmkh lsÍu yd ks¾Kdhl ;SrKh lsÍu

na
lP
ld¾h idOkh uekSu

ub
m%ñ;s yd ld¾h idOkh ixikaokh lsÍu yd fjkialï uekSu

lic
at
iqÿiq ms<shï fh§u

io
ns
fuu l%shdj,sh 2'15 rEmh u.ska meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

D
m%ñ;s yd ld¾h
ep
m%ñ;s ia:dmkh ld¾h idOkh

lsÍu yd ks¾udKh uekSu idOkh ixikaokh
ar
lsÍu yd fjkialï
tm
ukd md,khla
en
isÿ ù ke; ukd

t
md,khla
isÿ ù we;
m%;sM,j,g
tl`. ke;
m%;sM,j,g
tl`. h
ms<shï fh§u
2'15 rEmh  md,k l%shdj,sh
76
²² md,kfha jeo.;alu
my; iòyka fya;= ksid jHdmdrj,g md,kh jeo.;a fjhs'
²² fjkiajk mdßißl yd f,dal ;;a;ajhg id¾:lj uqyqK §u
²² ie,iqug wkqj ld¾h isÿjkafka o hkak fidhd ne,Su
²² wêldßh yd j.lSï ksis mßÈ isÿ jkafka o hkak fidhd ne,Su
²² l<ukdlrejka yd fiajlhka w;ska isÿjk w;miqùï yd jerÈ fidhd ne,Su
²² ixlS¾K yd úYd, wdh;kj, l<ukdlrKh myiqj iòyd
²² úúO msßjeh wju lsÍu
²² jHdmdr w;r mj;sk ;r.h ch .ekSu
Ed
²² jHdmdrfha meje;au ia:djr lr.ekSug yd ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq ùu

uc
at
2'3'3 l<ukdlrKh yd ;SrK .ekSu

io
na
l<ukdlrKh yd ;SrK .ekSu hkq .yg fmd;a; fuka noaOj mj;skakls'

lP
l<ukdlrejka fuka u jHjidhlhka iEuúg u ;SrK .ekSu l< hq;= h' ;SrK
.ekSu hkq mj;sk f;dr;=re u; msysgd úúO ks.ukj,g t<öuhs' tu ksid
ub
jHdmdrhla l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï § ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSug ksjerÈ f;dr;=re

lic
ksjerÈ fõ,djg ;sìh hq;= h' f;dr;=re jeä jQ úg ;SrK .ekSu wmyiq fõ' tfiau
f;dr;=re ys`. jQ úg ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSug fkdyels fõ'
at
io
ns
g ;SrK .ekSug wmyiq h

j eäú
D
e
r;=r
f;d
ep
;SrK
ar
f;d
r;=r
e wv
tm
qúg ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSug wmyiq h

en
t
jHjidhlfhda yd l<ukdlrefjda ;SrK .ekSfï § wjodkulg uqyqK fo;s'

tneúka iEuúg u wjodku wkqj ;SrK .ekSu l< hq;= h'
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh (Decision Making Process) lsishï ksYaÑ; .eg¨jla
úi`§u iòyd .; hq;= h'
77
úl,am úi`ÿï y`ÿkd .ekSu;a iqÿiq úl,am f;dard .ekSu;a we;=<;a l%shdj,sh
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h' ta wkqj ;SrK .ekSu mshjr
lsysmhl l%shdj,shls' tajd kï"
²² .eg¨j y`ÿkd .ekSu
²² .eg¨jg fya;= fiùu
²² úl,am úi`ÿï fiùu
²² úl,am úi`ÿï we.hSu
²² jvd iqÿiq úl,am úi`ÿu f;dard .ekSu
²² l%shd;aul lsÍug ie,iqï ieliSu
²² úi`ÿï l%shd;aul lsÍu
Ed
²² m%;sfmdaIKh fõ'
uc
by; l%shdj,sh ;=<ska ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSug jHjidhlhkag yd

l<ukdlrejkag bv ie,fihs' tfiau ;SrK .ekSfï n,h by< l<ukdlrejka
at
i;= kï th uOH.; ;SrK .ekSu f,i o ;SrK .ekSfï n,h my< l<ukdlrejka
io
w;rg fn§ hk mßÈ lghq;= lr we;akï th úuOHlrKh f,i o úia;r l<

na
yels h'
lP
úfYaI lreKq
ub
jHjidhlhd l<ukdlrejl= f,i

lic
at
jHjidhlhd wdh;khla wdrïN lrkafkl= jk w;r l<ukdlre

io
wdh;kh mj;ajdf.k hkafkla fjhs' fï ksid jHjidhlfhl=g wdh;khla

ns
mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd l<ukdlrK yelshdj jeo.;a fõ' fuys § jHjidhlhd

jHdmdßl wjia:d y`ÿkd .kakd w;r l<ukdlre wdh;kh mj;ajdf.k hk
D
úg we;sjk .eg¨ y`ÿkdf.k úi`ÿï fidhhs' jHjidhlhd yd l<ukdlre

ep
w;r mj;sk m%Odk u fjki kï jHjidhlhd ksjerÈ ld¾hhla lrk w;r

l<ukdlre ksjerÈj ld¾h lrhs'
ar
tm
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdug jeo.;a jk há;, myiqlï yd fiajd

en
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd wjYHjk há;, myiqlï yd fiajd

t
ms<snò úu¾Ykh lsÍu ´kEu jHjidhlhl= l<hq;= ld¾hhls' fuys § my; iòyka
há;, myiqlï yd fiajd ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
Wmldrl fiajd
m%f,aLkh
myiqlï iemhSu
78
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
at
io
ns
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
79
Õ
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
at
io
ns
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
80
yy ñ, md,kh
mdßfNda.slhd iy ksIamdolhd wdrlaId lsÍu iòyd jeo.;a jk kS;sÍ;s
iuQyhla ñ, md,k mk;a hgf;a mj;shs'
wêl f,i ñ, my< hEu ksid isÿjk ydkslr ;;a;ajj,ska ksIamdolhd

wdrlaId lsÍug yd ñ, .Kka wêl f,i by< hdïj,ska mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId
lsÍu iòyd ñ, md,k kS;s Í;s yd fr.=,disj,ska W;aidy ork w;r ta wkqj lghq;=
lsÍu jeo.;a fjhs' tfiau fj<òfmdf<a mj;sk ñ, .Kka wêl f,i úp,kh ùu
je,elaùu iòyd ñ, kshduk Wml%u y`ÿkajd §ug rch W;aidy orhs'
yy lïlre kS;s
Ed
lïlrejkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu iòyd úYd, kS;sÍ;s iuqodhla

mj;S' fiajlhka fiajfha msysgqùu" fiajh w;aysgqùu" fiajl iqnidOkh yd hym;a
uc
jev mßirh" fiajlhkag ysñ jrm%ido" ksjdvq yd ,ndÈh hq;= myiqlï jeks úYd,
at
lreKq rdYshla kS;sfhka wdjrKh ù we;s w;r ta ms<snò yeoEÍu jeo.;a fjhs'
io
na
yy mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj
lP
mdßfNda.slhka wdrlaId lsÍfï wruqKska úYd, wKmk;a m%udKhla mj;sk

w;r mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIl mk;" wdydr mk; yd uyck fi!LH wdrlaIdjg wod<
ub
mk;a hgf;a úYd, kS;s Í;s yd fr.=,dis iuQyhla we;'

lic
fuu kS;sÍ;s fr.=,dis hgf;a wdydr ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh" weiqreïlrKh"

at
f,an,alrKh" fnodyeÍu" .nvd lsÍu yd m%pdrKh hk ld¾h rdYshla wdjrKh

io
jk w;r fuu lghq;= ksis mßÈ kS;Hkql+,j isÿ lsÍug jHjidhlhka j.n,d
ns
.ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

D
yy ;;a;aj iy;sllrKh
ep
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha kshqla; jHjidhlhkag ;;a;aj iy;sl ,nd .ekSu

ar
jeo.;a fõ' fuys § iEuúg u SLS" ISO" HACCP, GMP" OHSAS, GHP jeks ;;a;aj
iy;sl ms<snò wjfndaOh jeo.;a fjhs' jHjidhlhskag GMP" SLS" HACCP jeks
tm
;;a;aj iy;sl ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r tu ksid ksIamdokj,g mdßfNda.slhska

en
w;r by< ms<s.ekSula ,efnk w;r ;r.lrejkaf.a ksIamdok iuÕ fj<òfmd<

;=< jeä ;r.hla ,ndÈh yels h' kuq;a uOHu yd l=vd mßudK jHjidhlhskag
t
SLS" ISO" HACCP jeks ;;a;aj iy;sl ,nd .ekSu ;rula wmyiq ld¾hhla fjhs'
flfia jqjo uOHu yd l=vd mßudK ksIamdolhskag fuu ;;a;aj iy;sl

,nd .ekSug wmyiq neúka fuu iy;slh ,nd .ekSfï uQ,sl mokula jk fydò
l<ukdlrK l%u (Good Management Practices) fyj;a GMP iy;slh Y%S ,xld
m%ñ;s wdh;kfhka ,nd.; hq;= h' GMP iy;slh ,nd .ekSu ksid jHjidhlfhl=g
by< ms<s.ekSula ,efnk w;r th SLS" ISO" HACCP jeks by< uÜgfï ;;a;aj
iy;sl ysñlr .ekSu iòyd m<uq mshjr fjhs'
81
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § ;;a;aj wdrlaIl iòyd úYd, Wkkaÿjla j¾;udkfha
ork w;r bka wfmalaId lrkqfha mdßfNda.slhd" ksIamdolhd yd mßirh wdrlaId
lsÍuhs'
wu;r oekqug
;;a;aj wdrlaIl moaO;s lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'
ISO 9000 ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;shls'

fuu.ska W;aidy orkqfha ´kEu uÜgfï wdh;khla
Ed
ld¾hlaIu ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;shla mj;ajd

uc
.ekSu iòyd jeo.;ajk cd;Hka;r uÜgfï ;;a;aj

l<ukdlrK yd ;;a;aj iy;sl moaO;shla mj;ajd
at
.ekSuhs' fï hgf;a ISO 9000" ISO 9001" ISO 9004"

io
ISO 19011, ISO 17025 fmkajdÈh yels h'

na
úoHd.dr ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;s u.ska W;aidy orkqfha úoHd.dr

lP
;=< ;;a;aj md,kh iòyd jk l<ukdlrK moaO;s yd ;dlaI‚l ld¾h ÈhqKq

ub
lsÍuhs'
lic
ISO 14000 mßir l<ukdlrK moaO;shls' fï u.ska wdh;kj,

at
mßirh l<ukdlrKh iòyd u. fmkaùu yd ;;a;aj bÈßm;a lr we;'

io
ISO 22000 ( 2005 wdydr wdrlaIl" l<ukdlrK moaO;shla jk w;r

ns
wdydrj, .=Kd;aulnj yd wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu iòyd fuu ;;a;aj iy;sl

moaO;sh bÈßm;a lr we;'
D
ep
ISO 2001 : 2011 n,Yla;s l<ukdlrK moaO;shls'

ar
tm
ISO 50001 : 2011 n,Yla;s l<ukdlrK moaO;s

u.ska wdh;kfhys n,Yla;sh ld¾hlaIuj mßyrKh
en
iòyd wjYHjk u.fmkaùu yd ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK

moaO;sh fuhska bÈßm;a lr we;'
t
OHSAS 18001 jD;a;Sh iqrlaIs;;dj yd

fi!LHhg wod< ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;s
fiajlfhl=f.a jD;a;shg wod< iqrlaIs;;dj yd
fi!LH mj;ajd .ekSu iòyd jeo.;ajk u. fmkaùu
yd ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;s fuhska bÈßm;alr we;'
82
HACCP wdmod úYaf,aIK iy ;SrKd;aul
md,k ;;a;aj iy;slhls' wdydr wdrlaIKh yd
ta wdYs%; wdmod l<ukdlrKh iòyd fuu ;;a;aj
md,kh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r" fuhska W;aidy
orkqfha wdydr ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha wuqøjH ,nd
.ekSfï isg wjidk mßfNda.slhd olajd jk úúO
wjia:dj, § tu wdydrhg ffcj" ridhksl fyda
fN!;sl wdmod isÿúh yels wjia:d yd wdldr ksis
mßÈ y`ÿkdf.k md,kh lsÍuhs'
Ed
by; iòyka úúO ;;a;aj md,kh ms<snò jeä f;dr;=re Y%S ,xld
m%ñ;s wdh;kfhka ,nd.; yels h'
uc
at
my; iòyka wKmk;aj,ska mkjd we;s úúO kS;sÍ;s yd fr.=,disj,g

io
hg;aj lghq;= lsÍu jHdmdßlhkaf.a j.lSuls'

na
lP
mdßißl mk; hgf;a jk kS;sÍ;s" fr.=,dis

ub
lic
T!IO yd iqjò ú,jqka mk; hgf;a jk kS;sÍ;s

at
io
lsreï ñkqï wd{d mk; hgf;a mj;sk kS;sÍ;s

ns
m%ñ;s ld¾hdxYhg wod< mk; hgf;a jk kS;sÍ;s

D
ep
wdkhk" wmkhk md,k mk; hgf;a mj;sk kS;sÍ;s

ar
tm
en
m%f,aLkh
t
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hk fndfyda jHjidhlhka fkdi,ld yßk kuq;a

b;d jeo.;a Wmldrl fiajdjla jkafka m%f,aaLkh (Documentation) fõ' ta ksid
´kEu jHjidhlhl= ish¨ u f;dr;=re ksjerÈ mßÈ m%f,aLkh lsÍu jeo.;a h'
83
´kEu jHjidhlhl= m%Yia; mßÈ m%f,aLk mj;ajd.; hq;= w;r tys my; iòyka
f,aLk wksjd¾hfhka mj;ajd.; hq;= h'
jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑh ^Business registration &

jHdmdrhg wod< jHdmdr ie,eiau ^Business plan&
jHdmdrhg wod< kS;s Í;s ix.%yh ^Bylaws&
/iaùï jd¾;d ^Meeting minutes&
úúO fufyhqï msúiqï ^Different operating agreements)
Ed
ryiH .súiqï ^Secret agreements&

uc
fiajl jd¾;d
at
wjfndaO;d .súiqï
io
na
nvq jÜfgdare
lP
.sKqï yd uQ,H jd¾;d

ub
wf,ú f;dr;=re
lic
wdkhk yd wmkhk f,aLk

at
io
jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

ns
jHdmdrfha ,shdmÈxÑ iy;slh ´kEu jHdmdrhl Wmamekak iy;slh fõ'

D
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍulska f;drj jHdmdrhl kshq;= ùu kS;Hkql+, fkdue;s neúka

ep
jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' ,shdmÈxÑ fkdl< jHdmdrhlg wdOdr"
ar
Kh myiqlï ,nd.; fkdyels w;r NdKav ieliSu yd wf,ú lsÍu o l<

tm
fkdyels h' l=vd jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï b,a¨ï m;% lÜg,h ´kEu m%dfoaYSh
f,alï ld¾hd,hlska fkdñf,a ,nd .; yels h' fuu b,a¨ï m;% lÜg,hl jHdmdrh
en
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï b,a¨ï m;%h" fuu jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hk .%du ks,Odß n,

t
m%foaYfha .%du ks,Odßf.a iy;slh yd wdydr ieliSu wdY%s; l=vd jHdmdrhla kï

m%foaYfha uyck fi!LH mÍlaIlf.a iy;slh ,nd .ekSug wjYH b,a¨ïm;% mj;S'
úêu;a mßÈ iïmQ¾K l< b,a¨ïm;%h iu`. .%du ks,Odßf.a iy;slh yd uyck
fi!LH mÍlaIlf.a iy;slh bÈßm;alr ,shdmÈxÑ .dia;=j f.ùfuka jHdmdrh
,shdmÈxÑ l< yels h' ;j o jHdmdrh iSudiys; mqoa.,sl iud.ula f,i ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍug iud.ï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld¾hd,fhka isÿl< hq;= h' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl
iud.ula f,i ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ;rula ixlS¾K ld¾hhls'
84
jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN
jHdmdrfha whs;sh ;yjqre ùu

jHdmdrhg wkkH;djla ysñ ùu
Kh ,nd .ekSfï myiqj
rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wkq.%yh ,nd .ekSu myiq ùu
kS;suh /ljrKh ,eîu
jHdmdrhla f,i lghq;= lsÍfï § ms<s.ekSula ,eîu
Ed
wdkhk iy wmkhk f,aLk

uc
NdKav wdkhk ls%hdj,sh ffk;slj isÿ lsÍfï § wjYH jk ,sÅ; fr.=,dis

wdkhk f,aLk fõ'
at
Wod (-¡ ² nÿ f,aLk

io
² ixhq;sh ms<snò f,aLk

na
úfoaY rgj,ska f.kajk oE ms<snòj úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu wdkhk

lP
f,aLkj, wruqK fõ'

ub
wmkhkh isÿ lrk NdKav iòyd wod< ,shlshú,s wmkhk f,aLk fõ'
lic
Wod (-¡ ² ksfrdaOdhk iy;sl

at
jHjidhlfhl= foaYSh .kqfokq lghq;=j, fh§fï § úYd, wjodkula yd

io
;r.hla fkdue;s w;r tneúka úYd, f,aLk ixLHdjla mj;ajd .ekSu wjYH
ns
fkdfõ' kuq;a jHdmdrh cd;Hka;r fj<òdug fhduq jkafka kï úYd, f,aLk

ixLHdjla mj;ajd.; hq;= fjhs'
D
ep
f,aLk m%Odk f,i my; iòyka mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'
ar
jdKsc f,aLk
tm
en
m%jdyk f,aLk
t
uQ,H f,aLk
rcfha f,aLk
fuu tla tla f,aLk j¾.hg wh;a f,aLk iòyd WodyrK 2'4 j.=fjka
fmkajd fohs'
85
2'4 j.=j - tla tla f,aLk j¾.hg wh;a f,aLk
jdKsc f,aLk m%jdyk f,aLk uQ,H f,aLk rcfha f,aLk
² ñ, .Kka ² fvdla ßisÜ m;a ² Khjr ,sms ,nd ² wdkhk

leòùu .ekSfï Wmfoia m;% wmkhk m%ldYk
² yqjudre ì,a%
² úl=Kqï b,a,Sï ² fk!Ndr m;a ² wdkhk wmkhk
ì,am;%
Ed
² m¾f*daud ² ksjdi msgm;a ² úiajYH ,ÿm; ² cd;Hka;r

uc
bkafjdhsis ^Trust receipts& wdkhk

iy;sl ÎTC&
at
io
² fj<ò ² uqyqÿ ud¾. ì,a ² Ndr §u ;yjqre

na
bkafjdhsis lsÍfï iy;slh

lP
ub
² mÍlaIK iy;sl ² .=jka ud¾. ì,a ² f.dvnEfï

iy;slh
lic
at
² weiqreï úia;r ² keõ.; lsÍfï ² mdßfNda.sl

io
ns
iy;sl bkafjdhsis
D
² rlaIK iy;sl ² jrdh.;

ep
lsÍfï iy;sl
ar
² ksIamdok
tm
mÍlaIK
en
iy;slh
t
² fi!LH
wdrlaIK
iy;slh
² iólaIK iy;sl
² OQulrK iy;sl
86
myiqlï iemhSu
fj<òfmd<l we;s m%d:ñl ksIamdok ^Primary products& iòyd fuka u

fj<òfmd< ls%hdldß;ajhg wjYH wfkl=;a fiajd iïnkaëlrKh yd ia:djrj
mj;ajd .ksñka mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d iemsÍfï ls%hdj,shhs'
fuys § my; iòyka wxY ms<snò wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= h'
yy m%jdykh
yy .nvdlrKh
yy m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh
Ed
yy m%jdykh
uc
jHdmdr ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS f,i ÈhqKq ùu i|yd fhojqï iy ksujqï

at
m%jdykh fuka u fiajlhka m%jdykh o w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ' fï ksid há;,

io
myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu rgl jHdmdr ixj¾Okhg w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ' m%jdyk
na
fiajd f,i uydud¾. wdY%s; m%jdykh" ÿïßh wdY%s; m%jdykh" .=jka yd c, ud¾.
wdY%s; m%jdykh fmkajd Èh yelsh'
lP
ub
yy .nvdlrKh
lic
jHdmdßl ld¾h ukdj isÿ lsÍu i|yd w;sYhska u jeo.;a fiajdjla

jYfhka .nvdlrKh fmkajd Èh yels h' my; i|yka fya;= ksid .nvdlrKh
at
jHjidhlhkag jeo.;a fõ'

io
ns
yy ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd ld,Sk fhojqï yd wuqøjH wjYH mßÈ .nvdlr ;nd
.ekSu ksid ksIamdokh wLKavj isÿ l< yels h'
D
yy ksIamdok wf,úh isÿ jk ;=re .nvd lr ;nd .; hq;= h'

ep
yy ksIamdÈ;" tajd b,a¨ï lrk ld,h yd m%foaYh wkqj ld¾hlaIuj b,aü

ar
imqrd,Su i|yd iqÿiq mßÈ .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r tA wkqj
tm
b,aüg wkqj iemhqu ,nd Èh yels h'

en
yy ksIamdokh ld,Skj isÿ jk úg yd w;sßla; iemhqu l%udkql+,j fj<|fmd<g

t
,nd §u i|yd .nvdlrKh jeo.;a fjhs'

yy ñ, .Kka úp,kh md,kh i|yd fukau ksIamdolhdg by< ñ,la ,nd
.ekSu i|yd jeo.;a fjhs'
fuys § i,ld ne,sh hq;= úfYaI lreK kï tA tA NdKavj, iajNdjh wkqj

.nvd lrk ;;a;aj md,kh lr" .nvd lr" tajd iqrlaIs; f,i ;nd .ekSuhs'
tA wkqj wod< NdKavj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wdrlaId lr .; yelsh'
87
yy m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh
jHdmdßlhska uqyqK fok ;dlaIKsl .eg¨ iòyd m¾fhaIK isÿlr
m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï fiùu jeo.;a fõ' fï iòyd fkdlvjd isÿ lrk m¾fhaIK
jeo.;a fõ'
laIqø" l=vd yd uOH mßudK jHjidhlhka i|yd m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh
b;d jeo.;a h' kj NdKav ksIamdokh y÷kajd §u" mj;sk NdKav kùlrKh yd
kj iemhqï cd, ixj¾Okh iòyd m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh jeo.;a fjhs' tfia u
NdKav ksIamdok msßjeh wvq lsÍu" .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lsÍu" mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d
ksjerÈj y÷kd .ekSu" kj ksIamdok ;dlaIKhka ìys lsÍu yd ÈhqKq lsÍu fuka u
wdh;ksl ld¾hlaIu;dj j¾Okh i|yd m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh jeo.;a fõ'
Ed
Y%S ,xldfõ jHjidhlhkag wod<j m¾fhaIK fiajd imhk wdh;k

uc
at
²² ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

io
²² lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j
na
²² f;a" rn¾" fmd,a yd fjk;a m¾fhaIK wdh;k

lP
²² Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh

ub
²² úYajúoHd,
lic
²² cd;sl bxðfkare m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

at
²² wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h

io
²² cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dkh

ns
yy jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï yd wdpdrO¾u

D
ep
jHdmdrhla isÿ lsÍfï § iodpdr iïmkakj yd j.lSï iuQyhla iys;j

ar
idOdrK jHdmdrhl kshqla; ùug lghq;= l< hq;= h' iudc j.lSï yd wdpdrO¾u
tm
ms<smeÈh hq;af;a jHdmdrhla lsÍfï § fndfyda idOl kS;sÍ;s u.ska isÿl< fkdyels
neúks'
en
t
wNHka;r wdpdr O¾u

wNHka;r wdpdrO¾u f,i i,lkqfha jHdmdrhla isÿ lsÍfï § jHdmdrh
;=< § jHjidhlhd yd l<ukdlrejka lghq;= l< hq;=" yeisßh hq;= yd l;d
l< hq;= wdldrh" fiajlhka md,kh" mdßfNda.slhka bÈßfha fiajlhka lghq;=
l< hq;= whqre" fiajl whs;sjdislï" b,a,Sï" jegqma f.ùu" mdßfNda.slhkaf.a
wjYH;d bgq lsÍu" idOdrK jHdmdrhla lsÍu" idOdrK ñ,lrKh" fnodyeÍu"
wf,úlrKh yd .=Kd;aulnj mj;ajd .ekSu jeks lreKq h'
88
ndysr wdpdrO¾u
fuhska woyia lrkqfha idOdrK ñ, m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajd .ekSu" idOdrK
ksIamdokh" wf,úh" ;r.lrejka iu`. idOdrK f,i lghq;= lsÍu" mj;sk kS;shg
.re lsÍu" nÿ f.ùu jeks lreKq h'
iudc j.lSï
iudc j.lSï f,i i,lkqfha jHdmdrh u.ska iudchg odhdo l< hq;=
yd iudchg ,nd Èh hq;= ;;a;aj fõ' tkï mßir ixrlaIKh" mi ixrlaIKh"
jkdka;r ixrlaIKh" i;=ka ixrlaIKh" fmdÿ iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍu" uyck
fiajh" orejka wdrlaId lsÍu" jeäysá yd wirK msßiaj,g msysgùu jeks lreKq h'
idOdrK jHdmdrhl kshqla; jk jHjidhlhska ish jHdmdr" jHdmdßl yd
Ed
iudÔh wdpdrO¾uj,g wkq.;j isÿ lsÍu iòyd lghq;= l< hq;= h'
uc
wNHdih
at
io
01 nyqjrK m%Yak
na
1 isg 5 olajd m%Yakj, jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;dard háka brla

w`Èkak'
lP
1& jHjidhl;ajh jvd fyd`Èka úia;r lsÍu isÿjkafka my; iòyka

ub
ljr ms<sfj<ska o @
lic
i' wjodku u.yeÍu" ks¾udKd;aul nj" wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh

at
ii' wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh" wjodku u.yeÍu" Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d

io
y`ÿkd .ekSu
ns
iii' ks¾udKd;aul nj" wjodku l<ukdlrKh" Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d

D
y`ÿkd .ekSu
ep
iv' ks¾udKd;aul nj" kjH;d iïmdokh" wjodku oeÍu" wkd.;h

mqfrdal:kh fkdlsÍu
ar
v' ks¾udKd;aul nj" wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh lsÍu" wjodku u.yeÍu"

tm
Yla;Ska iy ÿ¾j,;d y`ÿkd .ekSu

en
2& jHjidhl;ajh ms<snò my; iòyka m%ldY i,ld n,kak'

t
A jHdmdr wjia:d ks¾udKYS,Sj y`ÿkdf.k kfjda;amdok

ìys lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
B jHmdr ìyslsÍug m%:u Y ÿ w ; úYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs'
C jHjidhl;ajh ìysùu iòyd mjq,a miqìu fya;= fjhs'
jHjidhl;ajh iïnkaOfhka jvd ksjerÈ jkafka"
i' A yd B h' ii' A yd C h' iii' B yd C h' iv' A, B, C ish,a, h'
v' ish,a, ksjerÈ fkdfõ'
89
3& jHdmdßl jYfhka úis;=re uiqka ksIamdokh lr wmkhk lsÍfï jHdmdrhla
wdrïN lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mqoa.,fhl= i;=j ;sìh hq;= ,laIK
A wjodku oeÍfï yelshdj
B uiqka wNsckkh lsÍfï yelshdj
C úYd, m%d.aOkhla fhoùfï uQ,H yelshdj
D uqo,a l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï yelshdj
by; iòyka ,laIK w;ßka jHjidhlhl= f,i Tyq ;=< ;sìh hq;= ,laIK
Ed
jkafka"
uc
i' A, B yd C h' ii' A , B yd D h' iii' B, C yd D h' iv' A, C yd D h'

at
v' A, B, C, D ish,a, h'

io
4& l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sh jvd ksjerÈj fmkakqï lrkafka my; iòyka

na
ljr ms<s;=frka o@
lP
i' ie,iqï lsÍu" md,kh" ixúOdkh yd fufyhùu

ub
ii' md,kh" ixúOdkh" fufyhùu" ie,iqï lsÍu

lic
iii' ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh" md,kh" fufyhùu

at
iv' ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh" fufyhùu" md,kh

io
v' fufyhùu" ixúOdkh" ie,iqï lsÍu" md,kh

ns

5& jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍfï § ,nd.; yels Wmldrl fiajd jYfhka
D
i,lkafka my; iòyka l=uk tajd o@

ep
i' ksIamdok iòyd fj<òfmd< myiqlï" Kh myiqlï" ;dlaIKsl

ar
oekqu iòyd mqyqKqj

tm
ii' uqo,a" hka;% iQ;%" Y%uh" fhojqï

en
iii' úÿ,s n,h" c,h" ¥rl:k" m%jdykh

iv' foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh" fj<ò m%pdrKh
t
v' by; iòyka ish,a,
90
02 jHQy.; rpkd m%Yak
1& i' jHjidhl;ajh w¾: olajkak'

ii' jHjidhlhl= i;= fm!reI l=i,;d fudkjd o@
iii' jHjidhlhl= uqyqK fok wjodkï ;;a;aj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03 rpkd m%Yak
Ed
1& lsß wdY%s; jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk jHjidhlfhl=g

wjYH jk jHdmdßl ie,eiaula iïmdokh lrkak'
uc
at
2& úis;=re u,a j.djla wdrïN lsÍug m%:u ta iòyd jk Y ÿ w ;

io
úYaf,aIKh yd fj<òfmd< iólaIKhla isÿ lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrkak'
na
lP
ub
lic
at
io
ns
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
91
Ed
uc
at
io
na
lP
ub
lic
at
io
ns
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
92

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WÑ; ;dlaIKsl Ys,am l%u Ndú;fhka

01 jeú,s fnda. yd wmkhk lDIs fnda.

Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a ia:dkhla lDIsl¾udka;h Wiq,hs' ,xldfõ

jk úg m%Odk jeú,s fnda.j,g uQ,slj wh;a jk f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a 3% l muK

muK úfoaY úksuhla Wmhd .kS'

m%Odk jeú,s fnda.j,g wu;rj j.d lrk wfkl=;a wmkhk lDIs

jeú,s fnda. wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSu

² Èis`È fmd,a ² fldmamrd

fmd,a lgqj wdY%s;

² fmd,a lgq w`.=re

² fldyq $ fl¢ wdY%s; ksIamdok

² fldyqn;a wdY%s; ksIamdok

fmd,a j;=r wdY%s;

² úkdlsß ² fnda;,a l< fmd,a j;=r îu

fmd,a uoh wdYs%; ksIamdok

Èis`È fmd,a (Desiccated coconut) ksIamdokh

meKs ri uqiq jQ m%KS; rihla we;'

1'2 rEmh  fmd,a f.ä moï lsÍu

2& fmd,a f,,a, bj;a lsÍu (Dehusking)

fuys § moï lr.;a fmd,a f.ä"

fmd,a W,lska fyda fmd,a f,,s bj;a lrk

f,,a, bj;a lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h'

1'3 rEmh  fmd,a f,,a, bj;a lsÍu

3& fmd,a lgqj bj;a lsÍu (Hatcheting)

mqyqKq lïlrejka ,jd úfYaIs;

WmlrKhla wdOdrfhka fmd,a uohg

ydks fkdjk f,i fmd,a lgqj l=vd

lïlrefjl=g mehlg f.ä 150 ¡ 300la

4& fmd,a l=reÜg bj;a lsÍu

1'6 rEmh  fmd,a lemSu yd fia§u

6& ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu (Sterilization)

lmd .;a fmd,a uo len,s" kgk WKq

c,fha ^100 0C& ñks;a;= 1 1$2 la muK .s,ajd

;nd ÔjdkqyrKh isÿ lrhs' kgk WKq c,hg

wu;rj 88¡93 0C w;r WIaK;ajfha mj;sk

jdIamj,g ñks;a;= 5l muK ld,hla ksrdjrKh ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu

l%shdldß;ajh ksfIaOkh l< yels h'

7& l=vd len,sj,g fjka lsÍu (Shredding / Disintegration)

ÔjdkqyrKh lrk ,o fmd,a uo len,s hka;%dkqidrfhka wjYH m%udKhg

yd yevhg lmd .ekSu fuys § isÿ fõ'

Wod (¡ ishqï (fine)" r¿ (coarse)" uOHu (medium)

8& úh<Su (Drying)

l=vd len,sj,g fjka lr.;a fmd,auo len,s úh<khl oud m%Yia;

muK jk f;la úh<d .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

9& ye,Su" weiqreï lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍu

(Sifting, packing and storage)

úh<k ,o Èis`È fmd,a tajdfha fldgiaj, m%udKh

Èis`È fmd,a l¾udka;fha § w;=re M, f,i bj;a lrk

fldmamrd ksIamdokh 1'9 rEmh  fldmamrd

ÿï .id úh<Su" iQ¾h ;dmfhka úh<Su iy .fvd,a fmdarKqjla fhdod úh<SSu

olajd muK fõ' iQ¾hdf,dalfhka iy .fvd,a fmdarKqj u.ska úh<Su taldnoaO lr

fmd,a f;,a ksIamdokh

fmd,a f;,a ksiaidrK m%Odk l%u folls'

²² úh<s l%uh ² f;;a l%uh

6] olajd f;;ukh wvq l< fldmamrd hka;%hla u.ska l=vd len,sj,g

we;s keUqre;dj úh<s ls%hdj,shg jvd jeä h'

ksiaidrKh l< fmd,a f;,a fkdb`ÿ,a fmd,a f;,a f,i y`ÿkajhs'