4 METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING

4 METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING

1. SOCRATIC METHOD
• Developed by the Greek philosopher, Socrates

• The Socratic Method is a dialogue between

teacher and students, instigated by the continual
probing questions of the teacher, in a concerted
effort to explore the underlying beliefs that
shape the students views and opinions.
SOCRATIC METHOD

ELENCHUS
TO INQUIRE or
CROSS EXAMINE
 4 METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING

2. DIALECTIC METHOD
-from the greek word DIALECTIKE means
the act of conversation.

-it is the act of talking back and forth

disagreeing with one another and coming
up with a conclusion from an exchange
from a contradicting arguments.
 4 METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING

3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
-derived from the latin word SCIENTIA means to produce
knowledge

-The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing

facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process
involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a
prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the
results.

-in this method all truth is supported by facts that can be easily
tested or proven again by EXPERIMENT, LOGICAL REASONING and
OBSERVATION
 4 METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING

4. HISTORICAL METHOD
-the GREEK word IOTOPIA means to investigate or to find out
 Fallacies

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will

undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be
either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are
often identified because they lack evidence that supports
their claim.
 Kind of Fallacy Description Example

Argumentum ad This fallacy occurs Person A: To end the drug

Baculum when one appeals to problem in the country,
force or the threat of the big-time drug lords
should be put to jail, Mr.
Appeal to force or force to bring about President.
Appeal to the Stick the acceptance of a Person B: I am your
conclusion. president, don’t order me
Latin word, Baculum around. If you don’t like
means scepter or stick my programs, leave the
country!
scepter
 Kind of Fallacy Description
Argumentum ad This fallacy occurs when
Misericordiam an arguer attempts to
support a conclusion by
Appeal to Pity merely evoking pity from
the reader or listener. This
pity may be directed
Latin word, mesiricordia toward the arguer or
means pity or compassion some third party.
Example
Oh, Officer, there's no
reason to give me a traffic
ticket for driving without a
helmet because I was in a
hurry since I bought
medicine for my wife.
 Kind of Fallacy Description Example
Argumentum ad This fallacy occurs when Person A: I’m against the
Hominem an author attacks his presidents’ scheme on
opponent instead of his war on drugs.
Appeal to the Person opponent’s argument. Person B: Dilawan!!!
Person A: The president is
Attacking a person the best president we
ever had.
From the Latin word Person B: DDS!!!
HOMO means Man
 Kind of Fallacy Description
Argumentum ad Populum This fallacy is committed
when someone
Appeal to Emotion manipulates peoples'
(Bandwagon) emotions to get them to
accept a claim as being
Latin word Populum true. It attempts to prove
means people an argument as correct
simply because many
people believe it to be so.
Example
“80% of people believe
the death penalty to be
implemented, therefore,
the death penalty is
moral” “I have a lot of
Likes on my FB post. That
means I'm right.”
 Kind of Fallacy Description
Ignoratio Elenchi It occurs when the
premise of the argument
Missing the Point supports a specific
conclusion but not the
one the author draws.
This conclusion must be
significantly different from
the conclusion that is
drawn.
Example
“If you do not trust the
PNP
members, we dissolve the
PNP” “if you do not trust
the government, tanggalin
natin ang gobyerno”
 Kind of Fallacy Description Example
Argumentum ad This fallacy occurs when People for centuries
Ignorantiam the premises of an attempt to provide
argument state that conclusive evidence for
Appeal to nothing has been proved the claims of astrology,
Ignorance since the conclusion is and no one has ever
supported by something succeeded. Therefore, we
which is argued to be true must conclude that
because one cannot prove astrology is a lot of
it false. nonsense
 Kind of Fallacy Description
Argumentum ad This fallacy occurs when
verecundiam the cited authority or
witness is not trustworthy.
This fallacy is committed
Appeal to Unqualified when the person in
Authority question is not a
legitimate authority on
the subject.
Example
Person A: This virus not
that contagious as we
think of it. Person B: What
makes you say that? Are
you a doctor or a
specialist?